Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:

Święci jako patronowie obiektów sakralnych w państwie zakonnym w Prusach – na przykładzie miast
Saints as patrons of the sacral objects in the cities in the state of the Teutonic Order

Autorzy:

Rozynkowski, Waldemar

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2154339.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014-12

Wydawca:

Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne Diecezji Elbląskiej w Elblągu

Tematy:

patronage
saints
Teutonic Order
Prussia

Opis:

The author discusses the medieval practice in the State of the Teutonic Order of placing sacral objects, especially parish and monastic churches, cathedrals and hospital chapels, under patronage of selected saints. Though there was nothing exceptional about it in the Christian Europe, the choice of saints, dependent on their particular traits and popularity, is interesting. Among the most popular ones were, of course, the Holy Virgin Mary, venerated especially by the Cistersians and Dominicans, St George, St John the Evangelist and St Nicholas – the latter being the patron of merchants and sailors. It may be safely said that local cults correlated to a large degree with the presence or absence of particular religious orders in the area, with their preferences as to the patronage of certain saints over others. One of the most widely known saints in Europe was undoubtedly St James, especially along the popular pilgrimage route from Prussia to Santiago de Compostella. St Adalbert of Prague also deserves special mention, especially for his mission and martyrdom in Prussia.

Źródło:

Studia Elbląskie; 2014, 15; 9-19
1507-9058

Pojawia się w:

Studia Elbląskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:

The General Procurators of the Teutonic Order Towards the Polish-Teutonic Conflict

Autorzy:

Bar, Přemysl

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28697006.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Historii im. Tadeusza Manteuffla PAN w Warszawie

Tematy:

General Procurators
Teutonic Order
Polish-Teutonic Order conflict
dispatches
Roman curia
Council of Constance and Basel

Opis:

The article deals with the activities of the General Procurators of the Teutonic Order regarding the Polish-Teutonic dispute in the first thirty years of the fifteenth century. Based on their dispatches sent to Marienburg, it can be assumed that the Procurators were not passive executors of the Grand Master’s orders. Their frequently occurring disagreements resulted not only from their distinctive personal qualities but also from their different perspectives on assessing what was in the best interest of the Teutonic Order. The Grand Masters lacked professional knowledge not only of law (especially canon law) but also of how the Roman curia functioned.

Źródło:

Acta Poloniae Historica; 2023, 126; 181-205
0001-6829

Pojawia się w:

Acta Poloniae Historica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:

Prozopografia pruskiej gałęzi zakonu niemieckiego w pierwszej połowie XIV wieku. Uwagi krytyczne na marginesie książki Norberta Delestowicza
Prosopography of the Prussian Branch of the Teutonic Order in the First Half of the 14th Century: Critical Remarks on the Book by Norbert Delestowicz

Autorzy:

Krajniak, Radosław

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388146.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023-12-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

Teutonic Order
Teutonic Knights
Prussia
late Middle Ages
prosopography

Opis:

The book by Norbert Delestowicz on members of the Teutonic Order in the first half of the 14th century was highly anticipated within the scholarly community, and the research conducted by the historian from Poznań seemed promising. Until now, comprehensive biographies were prepared only for the representatives of the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order, who appeared in primary sources up to 1309. In his endeavour to bridge this historiographical gap, the author of the reviewed book undertook an extensive effort to create a collective portrait of the analysed group and to construct several hundred biographies of Teutonic knights, priests, and sariant-brothers. However, the laborious task of accurately collecting and organising the vast amount of source material posed numerous challenges for the author, leading to evident shortcomings. This discussion article aims to highlight various errors that can be found throughout the book, including those in the general chapters, individual biographies, and the appended lists of Teutonic officials and convent members. Many of these errors suggest the disorder that prevailed during the creation of different parts of the book, as well as shortcomings stemming from incomplete or inadequate use of available primary sources and relevant scholarly publications. Regrettably, the extent of identified deficiencies prevents us from considering the reviewed monograph as a fully successful scholarly publication.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 4; 119-156
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:

Einstellung der bevölkerung Preussens zur herrschaft der Ordensritter
Attitude of the population of Prussia to the reign of the Teutonic Knights

Autorzy:

Ekdahl, Sven

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1065305.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Archiwum Główne Akt Dawnych

Tematy:

Zakon krzyżacki
Grunwald
Prusy
Teutonic Order
Prussia

Opis:

The history of the Lizard Union proves existance of strong opposition against the rule of the Teutonic Knights even before its defeat at the battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg). That hostile attitude was clearly expressed when several banners of Chełmno Lands (banner – unit of the cavalry) left the battlefield on July 15, 1410 by the end of the battle. Moreover, a country knights took over the town and castle of Ostróda for the Polish king to help him to march to Marienburg. Other knights, among them Nicolaus of Renis (Mikołaj z Ryńska), planned to take the Marienburg in a similar manner. In this context it has to be pointed out that the country's nobility of Chełmno Lands was not required to fight outside its borders for the Order after the privilege for Chełmno of 1233. Participation in military campaigns beyond the Vistula River and its tributaries Drewenz and Ossa was performed voluntarily and those who were taking part received from the Order payment and compensation for all incurred losses. The following campaigns can be set as an examples: Samaiten 1402, Gotland 1404 and Dobrzyń 1409. At the end of 1410 a cash payment of 4,000 marks was made on the orders of the Grand Master for Chełmno Lands. The sum, which was the equivalent of about 300 war horses, was not completely used what deeply disappointed the knights who valued higher their losses. An open question remains concerning to what extent that special arrangement for the Chełmno Lands had impact on the behavior of parts of their chivalry in the battle of Grunwald. Similar agreements were also held with the knights in Warmia and in the New March (Neumark); they could also be used for military service outside their borders only voluntary under the above enumerated conditions. This became a problem for the Teutonic Order and often led to annoyance particularly with the nobles in the New March. The four bishops of Pomesania, Warmia, Chełmno Lands and Kulm paid homage to the Polish king after the battle of Grunwald, as did the abbess of St. Bridget in Gdańsk who wrote a request for assistance to Władysław Jagiello slightly after the Polish-Lithuanian victory. Her wishes were promptly answered in the affirmative manner on 6th August. The case of Bishop Heinrich Vogelsang of Warmia is of particular interest because he set out for Poland in late September or early October and was therefore considered by the Teutonic Order as a traitor. Grand Master Heinrich von Plauen sought long in vain to replace him with a supporter of the Teutonic Order. The major cities in Prussia seemed to have an ambivalent attitude towards the heavy defeat of the Knights. According to the messages that reached the Bishop of Poznan on July 29 and briefly after, the inhabitants of Thorn beheaded their komtur and killed 50 Order soldiers. A similar fate suffered other Order soldiers in Gdansk mid-August. The city Elblag apologized later for paying the homage to the Polish king using as an excuse the fact that the German Order prohibited repeatedly to repair the damaged city walls. In the general analysis of this issue the following questions are worth answering: How different were the reactions of the inhabitants of Prussia to the changing military and political situation after the battle of Grunwald? Can the different forms of behavior be recognized depending on social class? And were the numerous tributes the result of desperation and seeing the situation as "hopeless" or rather an expression of long-suppressed resentment of Teutonic Order’s authority?

Źródło:

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica; 2016, 23; 109-114
0860-1054

Pojawia się w:

Miscellanea Historico-Archivistica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:

Bulgarians, Cumans, Teutons, and Vlachs in the First Decades of the Thirteenth Century

Autorzy:

Ivanov, Ivelin

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31234113.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

Second Bulgarian Tsardom
Cumans
Vlachs
Teutonic Order
Burzenland

Opis:

The article refers to some aspects of the history of today’s Bulgarian and Romanian territories, going back to the end of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century. First, the author emphasizes the impact of the Teutonic Order in Burzenland on Bulgarian-Cuman relations in the period under question. The article provides a different alternative viewpoint on the events of the second decade of the 13th century. Contrary to researchers who focus on the South and the Bulgarian-Latin conflict, the author seeks a solution to the problem by analyzing events in the North, reaching the lands of Burzenland region in Eastern Transylvania. He analyses the Teutonic-Cuman conflict of 1211–1222 and the success of the Teutons in Cumania after 1215. The author concludes that the dramatic change in the Bulgarian-Cuman relations could be explained by a new source of military and political influence that emerged in the second decade of the 13th century – the Teutonic Order. Next, the paper is aimed at the highly discussed and controversial issue of Bulgarian-Vlach relations during the rule of the Assenid dynasty. Based on the written sources, the author explains the mass presence of Vlachs in the actions of the first Assenids with specific social, economic and political factors in the last two decades of the 12th and the beginning of the 13th century.

Źródło:

Studia Ceranea; 2022, 12; 491-505
2084-140X
2449-8378

Pojawia się w:

Studia Ceranea

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

/5

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:

Murowany zamek prokuratorów krzyżackich w Bytowie w średniowieczu. Chronologia wznoszenia, rozplanowanie i układ przestrzenny
The Medieval Brick Castle of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów: Construction Chronology, Layout and Spatial Arrangement

Autorzy:

Jóźwiak, Sławomir
Wasik, Bogusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32388140.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023-12-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

Teutonic Order
Teutonic castles
Teutonic Pflegers
Bytów
medieval fortifications
late medieval warfare

Opis:

Teutonic castles in Prussia have long captivated the interest of scholars, with greater emphasis placed on the fortresses of Teutonic commanders and, notably, Malbork Castle. Lesser attention, however, has been given to the castles of lower-ranking Teutonic officials. One such castle is the Teutonic Pflegers’ fortress in Bytów, which stands to this day. Research on this site has been ongoing since the early 20th century, primarily conducted by art historians who have predominantly relied on architectural elements to delve into the castle’s construction chronology and spatial arrangement. Remarkably, numerous written accounts, both medieval and modern (16th–17th centuries), have been preserved concerning this castle. By incorporating these historical documents alongside archaeological findings made over the past three decades, the authors have reassessed prior conclusions about the castle’s early history and reconstituted its medieval spatial layout. Regrettably, little information is available regarding the initial residence of the Teutonic Pflegers in Bytów during the latter half of the 14th century. The brick castle was erected around the turn of the 15th century, displaying a rectangular design with four corner towers. The primary building was located on the northwestern side. Within the courtyard, a distinctive feature was a transverse wall that divided the castle into two sections, viewing from the side of the kitchen. This architectural choice was distinct from other fortifications of Teutonic officials constructed in the first half of the 15th century in Prussia. The design of the castle in Bytów was innovative, while its architecture and spatial layout were to align with the evolving demands of warfare, such as the development of firearms.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2023, 88, 4; 5-37
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:

Zakonu Niemieckiego interpretatio Polonica. Uwagi o krzyżackim wątku dzieła naukowego Gerarda Labudy

Autorzy:

Dorna, Maciej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1900642.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-09-30

Wydawca:

Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek

Tematy:

Gerard Labuda
zakon krzyżacki
historiografia
Teutonic Order
historiography

Opis:

This paper describes the approach of one of the greatest Polish medievalists, Gerard Labuda, to the question of the Teutonic Order and its role in the history of Poland and the whole Baltic region.

Źródło:

Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2021, 3 (30); 245-262
2084-1213

Pojawia się w:

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:

Organizacja administracji państwa zakonnego w Prusach do końca XIII wieku
The organization of the administration of the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia until the end of the 13th century

Autorzy:

Grala, Tomasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1026462.pdf

Data publikacji:

2012-06-25

Wydawca:

Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II

Tematy:

średniowiecze
Krzyżacy
historia
Middle Ages
Teutonic Order
history

Opis:

Formed during the crusading movement, the Teutonic Knights developed the internal structures in the Holy Land after the act of 1198, structures which survived several centuries and proved to be very useful in the process of building their own state in Prussia. The following work briefly presents the offices of the deputy of the Grandmaster and the chief of military affairs, the official responsible for all hospital affairs, the official responsible for dressing and armament, the treasurer and the castellan. All these officials, except for the castellan, formed the group of the great nobles in Prussia from the 14th century. The increase in property outside the Holy Land contributed to the vertical power structure. A pioneering period in the history of the Teutonic Knights ended during the reign of Grand Master Hermann von Salza; then a new period of building their own state on the Baltic began. Equipped with the imperial privilege, the Teutonic Knights came to the Vistula, where they received from Konrad Mazowiecki in 1230 the privilege conferring the land of Chełmn on them, the land which was the territorial base of their future activity in Prussia. Since then, supported by the knights from western Europe and Germany, they systematically had been conquering Prussia. In the early period of the conquest Polish dukes also helped them. The Teutonic Knights were the winners in the dispute with the Bishop of Prussia, Christian. After suppressing two Prussian uprisings and conquering the land of Jaćwież, the Teutonic Order reached the line of the Niemen and strengthened its reign in the whole Prussia. The organization of the formed religious state was of monarchical type. Dualistic, that is, theocratic and feudal character of the state affected administrative divisions introduced by the Knights. They built well-functioning administration, whose characteristic feature was the division into commandries. Although the number of commandries was not steady and the range of their influence would change, generally the primary administrative divisions survived until the fall of the monastic state in Prussia. Among the source material used in this work the chronicles included in Scriptores Rerum Prusicarum are of the basic importance. These chronicles are as follows: The Prussian Chronicle by Peter of Dusburg, The Chronicle of Oliwa by Abbot Stanislaus. In addition, the author used works by German and Polish historians such as: the works of Gerard Labuda, Marian Biskup, Sławomir Jóźwiak, the collective work edited by Zenon Hubert Nowak, S. Kujot, Hartmut Boockmann, Udo Arnold. The full list of the used sources and literature is in the footnotes.

Źródło:

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2012, 97; 73-94
0518-3766
2545-3491

Pojawia się w:

Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:

The Teutonic Order and monasteries in Gdańsk Pomerania in the first half of the 14th century
Zakon krzyżacki a klasztory na Pomorzu Gdańskim w pierwszej połowie XIV w.

Autorzy:

Kubicki, Rafał

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28712936.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Tematy:

Teutonic Order
Cistercians
Norbertines
Mendicant Friars
Gdańsk Pomerania

Opis:

Przedmiotem opracowania jest próba charakterystyki polityki prowadzonej przez zakon krzyżacki (niemiecki) wobec klasztorów na Pomorzu Gdańskim w pierwszej połowie XIV w. W dotychczasowych ocenach tradycyjnie wskazywano na konsekwentnie stosowane ograniczenia odnośnie do fundacji klasztorów mniszych w Prusach i dążenie zakonu niemieckiego do poddania ścisłej kontroli wszystkich zgromadzeń posiadających swoje siedziby na Pomorzu Gdańskim. W artykule wskazano przede wszystkim na dwa czynniki mające wpływ na relacje zakonu niemieckiego z klasztorami na Pomorzu Gdańskim, to jest na proces implantacji klasztorów i terytorializacji urzędów zakonu niemieckiego na Pomorzu Gdańskim. Z przeprowadzonych analiz wynika, że relacje zakonu niemieckiego z klasztorami na Pomorzu Gdańskim były nie tyle następstwem konsekwentnie realizowanej przez niego polityki, ale raczej wypadkową wielu czynników, wynikających z sytuacji panującej w danym zgromadzeniu zakonnym (cystersi) i odnośnie do konkretnego klasztoru (przy kład dominikanów w Gdańsku). Przy czym zakon niemiecki występował zazwyczaj jako władca terytorialny, potwierdzający transakcje kupna–sprzedaży względnie nadania lub zamiany dóbr oraz jako arbiter w sporach z innymi instytucjami (z władzami miejskimi). Funkcję taką pełnili miejscowi komturzy lub sam wielki mistrz zakonu. Udział tego ostatniego był zazwyczaj związany z potrzebą ogólnej regulacji, jak w przypadku generalnej konfirmacji dla dóbr klasztoru w Oli wie i Żarnowcu dokonanej przez wielkiego mistrza Ludolfa Königa. Ogólnie, wzajemne relacje zakonu z klasztorami były poprawne, jeśli nie wręcz dobre. Trzeba też podkreślić, że stanowisko zakonu niemieckiego wobec klasztorów na Pomorzu Gdańskim było elementem szerszej polityki kościelnej prowadzonej na tym terenie także wobec biskupa włocławskiego i arcybiskupa gnieźnieńskiego.

Źródło:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2023, 26; 86-109
2544-2562

Pojawia się w:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:

Techniki budowy zamków w ziemi chełmińskiej. Nowe dane w świetle badań archeologiczno‑architektonicznych z lat 2016–2018

Autorzy:

Wasik, Bogusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28713085.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Tematy:

castles
construction
construction technique
Teutonic Order
Chełmno Land

Opis:

In the years 2016–2018, as part of the research project “Castra terrae culmensis – na rubieży chrześcijańskiego świata”, five castles at the Chełmno land were studied. They supplemented the existing knowledge concerning construction techniques. Castles in Starogród and Bierzgłowo represent the oldest period of brick construction in Prussia. They constituted a continuation of wood and earth fortifications. When building the walls, the older embankments were completely removed (Starogród) or lowered (Bierzgłowo). The curtains were set in narrow ditches, at different levels. The castle in Lipienek represents a type of castle, which was built around 1280. However, it was located in the place of a gord, which deviates from the rule when it comes to this type of castles. However, here the builders took advantage of designing methods, construction staging, and large embankment works typical for such type of castles. However, the presence of a rampart forced a modification of the standard technique. It was necessary to partially level it in order to be able to build the basement walls individually. The presence of earthworks – embankments, was also found in the fore court II in Papowo Biskupie. They were also characteristic for irregular castle zwingers erected during this period (Starogród, Bierzgłowo). Whereas, in Unisław it is possible to trace the technique of building an arcade foundation.

Źródło:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2023, 26; 276-299
2544-2562

Pojawia się w:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:

ZAMEK POKRZYŻACKI W MIEJSCOWOŚCI ROGÓŹNO-ZAMEK
FORMER TEUTONIC KNIGHTS CASTLE IN ROGÓŹNO-ZAMEK

Autorzy:

Stocka, Marzenna

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/535637.pdf

Data publikacji:

2006

Wydawca:

Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa

Tematy:

CASTLE IN ROGOZNO-ZAMEK
ROGOZNO-ZAMEK
TEUTONIC KNIGHTS CASTLE
TEUTONIC ORDER

Opis:

The locality of Rogozno-Zamek lies between Grudziadz and Lasin. The ruins of a Teutonic Order castle tower on a hillock above the mouth of the river Gardega into the Osa. The selection of a site convenient for erecting a fortification was determined by the outstanding defensive properties of the lay of the land. The construction of a brick castle in Rogozno was commenced after 1275, on the site of an earlier wooden fortification. From 1285 the castle was manned by Teutonic Knights, headed by commander (komtur) Winand. In 1335 the 'komturia' (area administered by the komtur) was replaced by a 'wojtostwo' (area administered by a 'wojt'/commune head/). In 1466-1590 the castle was the seat of the local 'starosta'. After 1772 a large part of the buildings was demolished to serve as a source of building material necessary for raising a Prussian fort in Grudziadz. In 1934 the ruins of Rogozno Castle were recognised as an historical monument. Work on protecting the object was inaugurated in 1911. The plan of the upper castle was recreated in the course of archaeological research conducted in 1941-1942 under the supervision of H. Jacobi. The mediaeval castle was composed of three parts: the castle proper, the upper castle standing on top of the hill, the middle castle with a tall gate tower, and a sprawling forecastle on a neighbouring elevation, separated from the main fortification by a moat. The upper castle included four wings, and was encircled by outer walls. The western part of the hill features scarce preserved fragments of the upper castle walls. The grounds of the inner forecastle contain an extant square, five-storey gate tower, originally preceded by a gate gorge, and a bridge leading to the non-residential part of the forecastle. Another surviving element is a long fragment of the outer wall with a corner turret built on a circular plan. Today, the castle is considerably devastated due to natural destruction, efforts to obtain building material, and incorrect exploitation. Only a part of the object, which urgently calls for additional protection measures, is suitable for reconstruction.

Źródło:

Ochrona Zabytków; 2006, 1; 27-38
0029-8247

Pojawia się w:

Ochrona Zabytków

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:

Rejestr listów wypowiednich rycerzy księcia opolskiego Bernarda do wielkiego mistrza zakonu krzyżackiego Michała Küchmeistera z 1414 r.

Autorzy:

Woźny, Maciej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28712317.pdf

Data publikacji:

2023

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Tematy:

Bernard of Opole
knighthood
hunger war
letters
Teutonic Order

Opis:

The article concerns the participation of Opole knights in the Polish-Teutonic War of 1414. The basis for the analysis is the register of letters of declaration which arrived on 19 July in Malbork. This source makes it possible to compare the degree of involvement of individual Silesian dukes (in this case, Prince Bernard) in this conflict and can be the basis for estimating the size of contingents brought by each of them. The letters mention slightly more than 200 knights, which indicates that Bernard was one of the most important Silesian allies of Władysław Jagiełło at that time. Moreover, the prince’s itinerary shows that the prince of Opole and his knights returned to Upper Silesia before the end of the war.

Źródło:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2023, 26; 377-403
2544-2562

Pojawia się w:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:

Vom Ordensland zum Herzogtum. Religiöse Überzeugung oder politisches Kalkül des Hochmeisters Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach?
From the state of the Teutonic Order to the duchy: religious beliefs or a political calculation of Grand Master Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach?

Autorzy:

Arnold, Udo

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194226.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

the Teutonic Order
Prussia
Reformation
Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach

Opis:

The article underlines the fact that Prussia became Protestant prior to Saxony (considered to be the “mother country of the Reformation”) and other German states. After the end of the Thirteen Years’ War one of the problems constituted the relations between the Grand Master and the Polish King as they went beyond the area of politics affecting also religion and law. Having been elected Grand Master Albrecht Hohenzollern introduced significant changes in the political system of the state. He was related to King Sigismund the Old thanks to his mother, who was Sigismund’s sister. It was unusual for the Teutonic Order to have elected twenty-one-year-old Albrecht to be Grand Master as normally the tendency was to appoint the most respectable member of the Order. Albrecht Hohenzollern launched many reforms the aim of which was to centralize the Teutonic administration. Gradually, the corporate style of management was being transformed into a one-person leadership. Albrecht Hohenzollern also planned to carry out religious reforms. That is why he tried to contact Martin Luther. He attempted to establish the first contact with Luther in the years 1521–1522. The next attempt was made by Martin Luther. In 1523 Luther wrote a letter to the Teutonic Order, where he suggested the rejection of the principle of purity and taking over the lands in hereditary ownership by Teutonic brothers as it was done by noble families. In practice, it would have meant the liquidation of the Order. Albrecht refused to accept the ideas, which did not mean that he disliked Luther. Albrecht met Luther at the end of 1523 in Wittenberg. Luther repeated his guidelines to make the Teutonic state a secular duchy. In May 1524 there was another meeting. Taking into account the political situation at that time, the political isolation of the Teutonic Order and the threat to become subjected to Poland, Albrecht decided to convert into Lutheranism. In this way, he made himself independent of the Pope and in the long run he could set up the foundations to make himself less and less dependent on Catholic Poland. Owing to secularization, Albrecht saved his personal rule and transformed the monastic state into the first Protestant European country.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 2; 21-40
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:

Gdańsk Affairs at the Council of Constance (1414–1418)

Autorzy:

Bar, Přemysl

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/938066.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018-12-13

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Tematy:

the concil of constance
gdańsk
teutonic order
bridgettine
convent

Opis:

At first sight it might seem that the Procurator of the Teutonic Order, Peter Wormditt, had represented the interests of the Gdańsk townspeople more than the Grand Master and the Order’s leadership at Constance. In reality, what came first was the good name of the Order in the eyes of the European public. The leading representatives of the Order did not always understand, from a procurator’s perspective, the consequences and wider ramifications of their decisions concerning their subjects. Therefore, paradoxically, Wormditt’s criticisms of the Grand Master were motivated by the wish to spread and preserve the good name of the Teutonic Knights. Naturally, the Gdańsk affairs were not of such significance that they were part of the agenda of the main Council meetings. On the other hand, the Council of Constance gradually grew in importance as the town drew in representatives from nearly all of the Church hierarchy, European universities, and delegations from rulers, princes, and towns. The presence of the Roman king and his court also attracted many people from across Europe who came hoping to settle public or even private affairs. Gdańsk and its townspeople contributed, albeit slightly, to the fact that the description of the Council of Constance as a European congress, or a Medieval global event, would appear to be entirely justified.

Źródło:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2018, 22; 7-21
2544-2562

Pojawia się w:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:

Dienerzy w służbie zakonu krzyżackiego w Prusach w drugiej połowie XIV – pierwszej połowie XV wieku. Liczebność, utrzymanie, zakwaterowanie
Dieners in the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia in the Second Half of the 14th Century – the First Half of the 15th Century: the Group Size, Maintenance, Accommodation

Autorzy:

Jóźwiak, Sławomir

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1075898.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018-03-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

the Middle Ages
topography
Teutonic castles
Prussia
servants
the Teutonic Order

Opis:

In the late medieval Monastic State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia dieners were people who came from knightly families (not infrequently from beyond the territory of Prussia) and were maintained by Teutonic dignitaries and officials (they were provided with accommodation, food, clothes and pay) in exchange for the diplomatic, military-knightly and courtly service (the participation in military actions, the manning of castles, transporting information, the defence of envoys and guests, the examination of the territory occupied by the enemy, the participation in corteges, etc.). In the first half of the 15th century (the available data refers only to this period of time), every high Teutonic official, commander and Vogt had even a few dozens of dieners at their disposal, except extraordinary situations such as the manning of frontier castles in Klaipėda and Dybów. In the whole territory of the Teutonic State in Prussia there might have been about 450–500 dieners at that time. The source analysis conducted here which concerned the castles in Malbork, Świecie, Elbląg and Brandenburg allow us to state that dieners were provided with the accommodation in the buildings situated in the outer wards of the castles. They were given rooms (chambers) exclusively for their use or individual rooms in infirmaries of dieners/servants. As may be inferred from the relatively numerous sources in the Malbork castle they were accommodated on the ground floor in the southern part of the eastern wing of the first internal ward, in the infirmaries next to the Church of St. Lawrence (the southern wing of the first internal ward). In Konigsberg the solution was quite exceptional. Dieners residing there were allowed to have their residential space within the outer wards of the castle (which cannot be proved), but the infirmary where they resided was situated in the territory of the so called wolnizna [Burgfreihei], in the north of the north-east part of the outer ward.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 1; 7-37
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 16.

Tytuł:

Techniki budowy zamków w typie kasztelu w państwie krzyżackim w Prusach
Techniques of construction of castellumtype castles in the state of the Teutonic Order in Prussia

Autorzy:

Wasik, Bogusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1927169.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018

Wydawca:

Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa

Tematy:

zamki krzyżackie
kasztele
zamki konwentualne
średniowieczne techniki budowlane
zakon krzyżacki
Teutonic Order castle
Castelle
conventual castles
medieval building techniques
Teutonic Order

Opis:

W artykule scharakteryzowane zostały techniki budowy zamków regularnych (kasztelowych) w Prusach. Wznoszono je od ok. 1280 r., kiedy to stabilizacja i rozwój państwa stworzyły podstawy do rozwoju monumentalnej architektury. Okres ten charakteryzuje ilościowy i jakościowy rozwój budownictwa. Wysoka klasa architektury szła w parze z rozwojem technik budowlanych i realizacją przemyślanych inwestycji. Nowsze badania wskazują, że zamki kasztelowe budowano według podobnych schematów, począwszy od wyboru miejsca budowy, przez projektowanie, porządek prac murarskich, po wielki nakład prac ziemnych. Cechy te, powtarzalne do pocz. XV w., wskazują na obecność ugruntowanej tradycji budowlanej w Prusach.
The article describes the techniques of building regularly-shaped castles (Castelle) in Prussia. They started to appear around 1280, when the stabilization and development of the state provided a basis for the development of monumental architecture. This period is characterized by rapid advances in architecture, both in quantitative and in qualitative terms. The development of high-class architecture was accompanied by progress in building techniques and the completion of well thoughtout investments. More recent studies indicate that castellum-type castles were built according to similar patterns, ranging from the choice of a construction site, through design, order of masonry work, to extensive earthworks. These features, repetitive until the beginning of the 15th century, evidence the presence of a well-established building tradition in Prussia.

Źródło:

Ochrona Zabytków; 2018, 2; 33-60
0029-8247

Pojawia się w:

Ochrona Zabytków

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 17.

Tytuł:

O strażnicy krzyżackiej w Jegławkach
On the Teutonic Order’s watchtower in Jegławki

Autorzy:

Białuński, Grzegorz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049858.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-12-24

Wydawca:

Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie

Tematy:

fortyfikacje
Jegławki
Prusy
Zakon Krzyżacki
fortifications
Prussia
Teutonic Order

Opis:

Ostatnio ponownie wprowadzono do literatury i potocznego obiegu istnienie zamku krzyżackiego w Jegławkach (Jäglack). Ów domniemany krzyżacki zameczek miał zostać zniszczony dopiero podczas tzw. najazdów tatarskich w czasie drugiej wojny północnej (1655–1660), a na jego miejscu powstał nowożytny pałac, którego obecna bryła pochodzi z XIX w. Ta w zasadzie pojedyncza informacja zaistniała już w historiografii, zwłaszcza popularnonaukowej, ale też naukowej, nie wspominając szerzej o Internecie. Można mieć jednocześnie poważne wątpliwości co do identyfikacji wspomnianego obiektu pałacowego w Jegławkach jako zamku krzyżackiego. Stąd zasadne wydaje się jak najszybsze zweryfikowanie tej informacji i ewentualne jej sprostowanie.
Recently, the existence of the Teutonic Order’s castle in Jegławki (Jäglack) has been reintroduced into the scholarly literature. This alleged castle was to be destroyed only during the so-called Tatar invasions during the Second Northern War (1655–1660), and in its place a modern palace was built, the present shape of which dates back to the nineteenth century. This single piece of information has already appeared in the historiography, especially in popular research, but also in academic works, not to mention online. At the same time, one can have serious doubts as to the identification of the aforementioned palace in Jegławki as a Teutonic Order castle. Hence, it seems justified to verify this information as soon as possible and correct it, if necessary.

Źródło:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2021, 315; 251-259
0023-3196
2719-8979

Pojawia się w:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 18.

Tytuł:

Na pograniczu świata barbarzyńskiego i feudalnego. Rody staropruskie po podboju krzyżackim
On the Borderland of the Barbarian and Feudal World. Old Prussian Kinship after the Teutonic Order’s Conquest of Prussia

Autorzy:

Białuński, Grzegorz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049863.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-12-24

Wydawca:

Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie

Tematy:

ród
Prusowie
zakon krzyżacki
Kinship
Old Prussians
Teutonic Order

Opis:

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia dwa znaczenia rodziny, jedno z epoki barbarzyńców – w okresie pogaństwa pruskiego, drugie po ich podboju przez Zakon Krzyżacki, w epoce feudalnej. Zakładano, że Prusowie, podobnie jak inne ludy barbarzyńskie, uznawali pokrewieństwo obu stron, linie (patrylinearne i matrylinearne), mierzone jako „kolana” (od głowy przez ramiona do łokci i paznokci). Oznaczało to, że rodzina nie była sztywną i stabilną grupą, ale zróżnicowaną w każdym pokoleniu. Nawet bliscy krewni mieli różne kręgi pokrewieństwa. Tylko bracia i siostry należeli do tej samej grupy. Oznaczało to również, że rodzina nie miała jednego miejsca. Pierwszym i najważniejszym zadaniem rodziny było wróżenie, jak również również odbiór lub zapłatę za nieruchomość. Drugim i równie ważnym zadaniem rodziny wydaje się być ochrona własności. Kolejnym zadaniem rodziny kognitywnej była powszechna przysięga. Każdy członek gminy był zobowiązany do stawania z bliskimi i dochowania złożonej im przysięgi, zaś z drugiej strony mógł liczyć na konsekwentne wsparcie krewnych. Rodzina w epoce feudalnej była czymś innym. Została zbudowana na bazie agnatycznej, a zatem składała się z zamkniętej grupy, wywodzącej się od tego samego przodka w dół linii patrylinearnej. Jej funkcja podlegała również pewnym ograniczeniom. Również krąg osób uprawnionych do zadań indywidualnych został zmieniony. Trendem było zawężenie tego kręgu. Ze względu na to, że rodzina kognitywna nie pozwalała ambitnym rodzinom na zwiększanie swojego znaczenia i bogactwa, zwłaszcza w pomnażanu ich własności ziemi, pod koniec epoki pogańskiej w Prusach, rosło znaczenie pokrewieństwa na bazie agnatycznej, jak to miało miejsce od jakiegoś czasu w feudalnej Europie. Zlikwidowania dawnych struktur rodowych dokonał ostatecznie Zakon Krzyżacki. Kognitywna rodzina była niezbędna i możliwa tylko w społeczeństwie kolektywnym. Nową erę zdefiniował: indywidualizm i relacje rodzinne. Wraz z powstaniem nowej władzy solidarność rodzina zniknęła. Na jej miejscu pojawiła się niepodzielna jednostka agnatyczna. Rozpad rodziny kognitywnej nie nastąpił od razu, nie było też jednej decyzji ani środka prawnego od nowych władców w tej sprawie. Był to pewien proces, a niektóre stare elementy zostały zachowane. Do takich elementów należały: krwawa zemsta i „weregild” jako akt pokory, wspólne zamieszkiwanie krewnych, znaczenie linii matrylinearnej, zwłaszcza wuja-siostrzeńca, wspólną własność posiadaną przez grupę krewnych oraz przenoszenie imion w obu liniach. Po rozpadzie rodziny kognitywnej krąg krewnych, oparty na kanonie praw, zmieniał się i był stale pomniejszany. Pojawiły się także nowe zasady dziedziczenia, a w końcu ważne i nowe formy identyfikacji rodzin agnatycznej epoki feudalnej, a mianowicie herby i pieczęcie. W wyniku tych zmian w XV wieku w Prusach ślady dawnej rodziny kognitywnej są trudne do znalezienia.
This article presents two meanings of family, one from the Barbarian epoch – in the period of Prussian paganism, the second after their conquest by the Teutonic Order, in the feudal era. It was assumed that the Prussians, like other barbarian peoples, recognized kinship along both lines (patrilineal and matrilineal), measured as “knees” (from the head through the shoulders down to the elbows and nails). This meant that the family was not a rigid and stable group, but varied in every generation. Even close relatives had different kinship circles. Only brothers and sisters belonged to the same group. It also meant that the family did not have a single seat, as well as a single authority. The first and foremost task of the family was divination, and as a consequence this also involved the reception of or payment for property. The second and equally important task of the family seems to be have been the protection of ownership. Another task of the cognitive family was a common oath. Each member of the community was obliged to stand with his relatives and assist him with an oath, but on the other hand, he could rely on consistent support from other relatives. The family in the feudal era was something else. It was built on an agnatic basis, and therefore consisted of a closed group deriving from the same ancestor down the patrilineal line. Its functions had also undergone some restrictions. The circle of people entitled to individual tasks also changed. The trend was a narrowing of this circle. Due to the fact that the cognitive family did not allow ambitious families to increase their significance and wealth, especially in multiplying their ownership of land, at the end of the pagan era in Prussia, the importance of kinship was growing on an agnatic basis, as has been the case in feudal Europe for some time. The breakdown of the old ancestral structures was finally made by the Teutonic Order. The cognitive family was only indispensable and possible in a collective society, the new era was defined by individualism and family relationships. With the rise of the new authority, the solidarity of the family disappeared. In its place an indivisible agnatic unit appeared. The disintegration of the cognitive family did not happen immediately, nor was there any single decision or legal measure from the new rulers in this matter. It was a certain process, and some of the old elements were retained into modern times. Such elements included: blood revenge and ‘weregild’ as an act of humility, the cohabitation of relatives, the importance of the matrilineal line, especially uncle–nephew, commonly held property possessed by a group of relatives, and the transfer of names down both lines. After the disintegration of the cognitive family, the circle of relatives, which was based on canon law, changed and constantly decreased. New rules of inheritance also appeared, and finally an important and new form of identifying families of the agnatic feudal era, namely heraldic emblems and seals. As a result of these changes in the 15th century in Prussia, traces of the former cognitive family are difficult to find.

Źródło:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2021, 315; 282-300
0023-3196
2719-8979

Pojawia się w:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 19.

Tytuł:

Na pograniczu świata barbarzyńskiego i feudalnego. Rody staropruskie po podboju krzyżackim
On the Borderland of the Barbarian and Feudal World. Old Prussian Kinship after the Teutonic Order’s Conquest of Prussia

Autorzy:

Białuński, Grzegorz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365757.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie

Tematy:

ród
Prusowie
zakon krzyżacki
Kinship
Old Prussians
Teutonic Order

Opis:

This article presents two meanings of family, one from the Barbarian epoch - in the period of Prussian paganism, the second after their conquest by the Teutonic Order, in the feudal era. It was assumed that the Prussians, like other barbarian peoples, recognized kinship along both lines (patrilineal and matrilineal), measured as “knees” (from the head through the shoulders down to the elbows and nails). This meant that the family was not a rigid and stable group, but varied in every generation. Even close relatives had different kinship circles. Only brothers and sisters belonged to the same group. It also meant that the family did not have a single seat, as well as a single authority. The first and foremost task of the family was divination, and as a consequence this also involved the reception of or payment for property. The second and equally important task of the family seems to be have been the protection of ownership. Another task of the cognitive family was a common oath. Each member of the community was obliged to stand with his relatives and assist him with an oath, but on the other hand, he could rely on consistent support from other relatives. The family in the feudal era was something else. It was built on an agnatic basis, and therefore consisted of a closed group deriving from the same ancestor down the patrilineal line. Its functions had also undergone some restrictions. The circle of people entitled to individual tasks also changed. The trend was a narrowing of this circle. Due to the fact that the cognitive family did not allow ambitious families to increase their significance and wealth, especially in multiplying their ownership of land, at the end of the pagan era in Prussia, the importance of kinship was growing on an agnatic basis, as has been the case in feudal Europe for some time. The breakdown of the old ancestral structures was finally made by the Teutonic Order. The cognitive family was only indispensable and possible in a collective society, the new era was defined by individualism and family relationships. With the rise of the new authority, the solidarity of the family disappeared. In its place an indivisible agnatic unit appeared. The disintegration of the cognitive family did not happen immediately, nor was there any single decision or legal measure from the new rulers in this matter. It was a certain process, and some of the old elements were retained into modern times. Such elements included: blood revenge and ‘weregild’ as an act of humility, the cohabitation of relatives, the importance of the matrilineal line, especially uncle-nephew, commonly held property possessed by a group of relatives, and the transfer of names down both lines. After the disintegration of the cognitive family, the circle of relatives, which was based on canon law, changed and constantly decreased. New rules of inheritance also appeared, and finally an important and new form of identifying families of the agnatic feudal era, namely heraldic emblems and seals. As a result of these changes in the 15th century in Prussia, traces of the former cognitive family are difficult to find.

Źródło:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2016, 291, 1; 11-29
0023-3196
2719-8979

Pojawia się w:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 20.

Tytuł:

Obraz Zakonu Krzyżackiego w ikonografii podręcznikowej Polski, Niemiec, Litwy i Rosji w XX wieku

Autorzy:

Lewandowska, Izabela

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1364925.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie

Tematy:

iconography
school handbooks
regional identity
Teutonic Order
Prussian lands

Opis:

The article was written on the basis of source materials gathered for the purposes of the international project “Pruzzenland [ziemie pruskie]. Porównawcza analiza regionalnych konstrukcji tożsamości w podręcznikach szkolnych Niemiec, Polski, Litwy i Rosji,” executed in the years 2010–2013 by the Georg–Eckert–Instytut in Braunschweig (Germany) and the Institute of History and International Relations at the University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn in cooperation with partners in Russia (Moscow) and Lithuania (Vilnius, Kaunas). The research aims at a comparative analysis of school handbooks that were one of the most important means of shaping the identity of the young generation in the 20th and 21st centuries. A total of 740 handbooks in four languages was analysed. The resulting two monographies, one in Polish and one in German, differ slightly in terms of content but are based on the same source material. The works analyse several main topoi: Prussian landscape, specificity of Prussian tribes, battle of Grunwald, issues of religion, canon of important figures across the ages, migrations in the 20th century, history of education and contemporary Polish education regarding the region. Since both monographes do not use the available illustrative materials extensively, this text analyses the image of the Teutonic Order in handbook iconography. The library search that preceded the writing process consisted in analysing scanned pages from handbooks gathered within the project. Not all 288 handbooks included therein regarded the Middle Ages or the modern times, which chronologically encompass the operations of the Order. Some of those publications have very general titles and only browsing through them allowed for the identification that they actually regard later times.

Źródło:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2020, 307, 1; 98-120
0023-3196
2719-8979

Pojawia się w:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 21.

Tytuł:

Chronologia wznoszenia krzyżackiego murowanego zamku prokuratorskiego w Nidzicy w świetle źródeł pisanych
The Chronology of Erecting the Teutonic Brick Pfleger Castle in Nidzica in the Light of Written Sources

Autorzy:

Jóźwiak, Sławomir

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197805.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-09-30

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

Teutonic Order
Prussia
castle construction
administration
late Middle Ages

Opis:

The erection of the brick castle of the Teutonic Order in Nidzica (border territory of the state of the Teutonic Order with Mazovia), intended as the seat of the Teutonic pfleger, directly subordinate to the commander of Ostróda, began at the end of the 14th century. The castle has so far been studied almost solely by historians of art, who were not entirely familiar with the numerous medieval written sources that referred to it. The analysis of the records (documents, correspondence, bills, stock lists) carried out in this article provides answers to two key questions. First, the brick castle of the Teutonic pfleger in Nidzica, which has survived to this day, was built in the period of 1399–1409, contrary to the suggestions of previous researchers, who dated it about 20 years earlier. The main (western) wing was completed in 1405. In the following years, intensive construction work was carried out on the other three wings of the main castle and the surrounding defensive curtain wall (and possibly the outer bailey). In March 1409, the first mention of a Teutonic pfleger appeared in the sources, and the newly built castle became his headquarters. Secondly, the earlier wood-earthen fortress (probably erected in the 1350s) was placed in a different location, which is still unrecognized today.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 3; 5-22
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 22.

Tytuł:

Czy faktycznie pod Grunwaldem śpiewano Bogurodzicę?
Was Bogurodzica really sung at Grunwald?

Autorzy:

Obremski, Krzysztof

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048513.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-10-27

Wydawca:

Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe

Tematy:

Bogurodzica
Grunwald
Teutonic Order
propaganda war
zakon krzyżacki
wojna propagandowa

Opis:

The answer to the question posed in the title of the article is negative. The two times that Bogurodzica was sung in July 1410 served as a verbal a praise of the Polish army’s piety and thus an important element of the propaganda war against the Teutonic Order; at the same time, these performances counterbalanced the futile siege of Malbork as well as the disproportion between the triumph on the battlefield and the outcomes of the Toruń peace treaty; on the international stage, they mitigated the allegations of the sinful alliance between Poles and the “Saracens” (Tatars) and the schismatics. Polish chroniclers treated the litany Kyrie eleison as pars pro toto: in their accounts, the two words of the chorus were transformed into a native song.

Źródło:

Prace Polonistyczne; 2021, 76; 379-393
0079-4791

Pojawia się w:

Prace Polonistyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 23.

Tytuł:

Pojęcia notoryjności i famy w protokole procesu polsko-krzyżackiego z lat 1320–1321
The Notions of Notoriousness and Fama in the Minutes from the Trial between Poland and the Teutonic Order of 1320–1321

Autorzy:

Maćkowiak, Patryk

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197829.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-03-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

trial between Poland and the Teutonic Order of 1320–1321
Kingdom of Poland
Ladislaus ‘Elbow-high’
Teutonic Order
trial records
witness testimony
fama
notoriousness

Opis:

In the years 1320–1321 a canonical trial took place between the Polish king Ladislaus ‘Elbow-high’ and the representatives of the Teutonic Order authorities over the possession of Pomeranian lands, seized by the Teutonic Knights in the years 1308–1309. The research that has been carried out on the legal documents from the trial so far has inadequately accounted for their legal layer. The purpose of this article is to partially fill these gaps by addressing the issue of how legal concepts functioned in the context of witness testimony. When comparing the proceedings of 1320–1321 with the trial between Poland and the Teutonic Order of 1339, which was similar in many aspects, attention was drawn to the difference in the understanding of the concept of fama in both cases. Next, the paper discusses the issue of the testifiers elaborating on the answers to the question of the existence of notorium and publica vox et fama regarding the events presented in intenciones. The analysis of selected legal and juridical texts, which functioned at that time both in the educational process and in the court practice, and then comparing them with some testimonies, showed that at least some witness statements were adapted to the concepts and phrases typical of the legal language of the era. This influences the need to revise the older historiography, as it has hitherto been emphasized that the language of testimony reflects the individual style of the original statement. The article concludes that the studies of the minutes from the testimony, in addition to taking the usual critical steps, should include an analysis of the language with regard to the presence of concepts and phrases characteristic of legal language.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 1; 5-25
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 24.

Tytuł:

Von Preußen ins Reich. Der Burgdorfer Krieg und die Heimatreise der einfachen Ordensbrüder Rudolf und Konrad von Kyburg aus dem Jahre 1383
From Prussia to the Reich: The Burgdorf War and the Journey Home by Two Ordinary Teutonic Knights – Rudolf and Konrad von Kyburg in 1383

Autorzy:

Gotówko, Piotr

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1058556.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-03-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

journeys
travel expenses
Teutonic Order
Teutonic Knights
Prussia
Switzerland
Burgdorf War
late Middle Ages

Opis:

Not many primary sources document the lives of ordinary Teutonic Knights who were not among the highest officials of the Order. Therefore, the preserved mentions from the town of Burgdorf, modern-day Switzerland, prove to be of great importance. These refer to two Teutonic Knights, Konrad and Rudolf von Kyburg, who returned to their homeland during the summer of 1383. It is all the more interesting due to the fact that the older of the two – Konrad – was referred to in a document of 1375 as an ordinary Teutonic Knight staying in Balga. His younger brother is also likely to have served in the Teutonic Order in Prussia. The reason for their journey home was the Burgdorf War, which was started in November of 1382 by their nephew Rudolf II von Kyburg, who made an unsuccessful attempt at capturing the town of Solothurn. It resulted in a conflict with Bern, which was the most powerful city in that region. The return of Konrad and Rudolf to their homeland would not have been possible without the approval of their superiors, including the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order. The scarce primary sources that were preserved indicate that the two Teutonic Knights tried to alleviate the conflict by diplomatic means, however, without success. They were given a certain amount of time before they were obliged to return to Prussia. The issue of financing the journey is really interesting. Even though the presence of the two Teutonic Knights was certainly beneficial for the von Kyburg family, it is highly unlikely that the relatives covered their travel expenses, as the family had been impoverished long before the war even began, and it needed to allocate all the available resources for the defense of the ancestral castle. Thus, the Teutonic Order was forced, against its thirteenth-century rules, not only to approve but also finance the purely private journey of its two longtime members to their homeland.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 1; 5-27
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 25.

Tytuł:

Ungarisch-preussische Handelsbeziehungen im Mittelalter
Hungarian-Prussian Trade Relations in the Middle Ages

Autorzy:

Pósán, László

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1064755.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018-12-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

Hanseatic League
East Central Europe
trade
Teutonic Order
Late Middle Ages

Opis:

The aim of the article is to present trade contacts between Prussia and Hungary from the end of the 13th century to the mid-15th century. The problem has hitherto remained beyond the interest of researchers dealing with trade relations. On the basis of the Hanseatic, Polish and Hungarian sources the author analyses the structure of goods being traded, participants of the trade and trade routes. The author points out the connection between the development of trade contacts with political relations in East Central Europe. After the death of King Louis I of Hungary (1382) the trade conducted between Hungary and Prussia, which went through the Polish territories, became heavily dependent on the balance of power between the Teutonic Order, the Kingdom of Poland and the Kingdom of Hungary. The author underlines that the range of goods which were the subject of the trade started to grow at the end of the 13th century. Apart from metals (copper, iron, silver) Hungarian merchants sold to Prussian merchants wax, furs, wine, cheap cloth and southern products such as fruit, spice and condiments. In the 15th century Melnaterite (Kupferwasser), the mineral used in dyeing, was exported from Upper Hungary to the Baltic zone. Merchants from Prussian towns exported to Hungary goods imported from West Europe, mainly cloth. Until the mid-15th century the main role in Prussian trade with Hungary was played by merchants from Toruń, while in the second half of the 15th century their place was taken over by merchants from Gdańsk.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 4; 115-145
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 26.

Tytuł:

About the date when the foundation privilege was granted to Chełmno and Toruń,
O czasie wystawienia przywileju lokacyjnego Chełmna i Torunia

Autorzy:

Dorna, Maciej

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193870.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

diplomatics
the Chełmno privilege
Kulmer Handfeste
the Teutonic Order
Chełmno Land

Opis:

The article addresses the problem of dating the foundation privilege for Chełmno and Toruń. The author presents the discussion which has been held so far in reference to the problem; he also attempts to estimate the value of the arguments used in the debate. The author devotes a great deal of space to the analysis of the argumentation of the German researcher Marc Löwener, who made an attempt to revise the well-established opinion that the foundation privilege for Chełmno and Toruń had been issued on 31 December 1233. According to the author, the attempt did not bring convincing arguments for dating the Chełmno foundation privilege in 1232; still, the author considered this option to be adequate. The author maintains that the evidence for the aforementioned dating of the document is the content of the document issued by the Magdeburg burgrave Burchard von Querfurt in Schraplau in 1233. In the same way, the author interpreted the results of his research on the various styles of commencing a new year in the Monastic State. According to the findings, the Teutonic knights in the 13th century used the a nativitate style. Another argument supporting the opinion that the Chełmno foundation privilege was issued in 1232 is the fact that in the Chełmno document the title “Lodewicus in Quidin provisor” was used with reference to the governor of Kwidzyn, while in 1233 the title should have taken the form of “provisor Insule Sancte Marie”.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2015, 80, 4; 85-102
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 27.

Tytuł:

A Conflict for Values in the Origins and at the Beginning of the Thirteen Years’ War,
Konflikt o wartości w genezie i początku wojny trzynastoletniej

Autorzy:

Kwiatkowski, Stefan

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194027.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

the Teutonic Order
Prussian Confederation
law and justice in cultural sense

Opis:

W przededniu wojny trzynastoletniej stanęły naprzeciwko siebie dwie koncepcje ładu krajowego: zakonna i stanowa. Ścierały się one ze sobą od dłuższego czasu, aż w końcu stały się nie do pogodzenia. Zakon, jeśli chodzi o zasadę, stał na gruncie priorytetu prawa Bożego, z zasady niezmiennego, wiecznego. Jego poddani, skonfederowani w Związku Pruskim, powoływali się na to, co przysługuje poddanemu z racji otrzymanych przywilejów, prawa pozytywnego, pojmowanego jako gwarancja zachowania sprawiedliwości między ludźmi. Podstawą sporu o wartości stało się pojęcie ius i pochodne od niego: iustitia i iustum, zaprowadzające ład w stosunkach między ludźmi, regulujące to, co przysługiwało człowiekowi w relacjach z innymi ludźmi. Zakon, jako duchowny pan kraju, stał na stanowisku, że iustitia opiera się na autorytecie prawa kanonicznego i cesarskiego, następnie władzy krajowej wyposażonej w przyrodzone prerogatywy (znany jest cytat opinii brata zakonnego wobec poddanych: „my jesteśmy waszym prawem”). Krzyżacy i ich poplecznicy twierdzili, że związkowcy występują przeciw słusznym prawom Zakonu i Kościoła, że chociaż na mocy iustitia poddani są zobowiązani do posłuszeństwa i lojalności, to jako ludzie o określonym, wysokim statusie postępują buntowniczo, czyli niegodnie. Związkowcy powoływali się na przywileje należące do prawa krajowego. Na nich opierali poczucie swej godności (ehrbar Leute) i subiektywne rozumienie sprawiedliwości. Postawy tej nie można zrozumieć bez uwzględnienia jej kulturowego kontekstu. Według związkowców na mocy ogólnego wyobrażenia o prawie i sprawiedliwości przywódcy zakonni i prałaci mieli być związani powinnością zachowania sprawiedliwości człowieka względem drugiego człowieka, oddania tego, co mu się należy. Dlatego w argumentacji związkowej pojęcie sprawiedliwości odnosi się do praw ludzi, którzy są poddanymi władzy zakonnej, ale wyposażonymi w prawne gwarancje. Ius i iustitia miały być fundamentem z jednej strony ładu krajowego (zapewnienie dobra powszechnego, w szczególności pokoju i sprawiedliwych sądów), z drugiej zaś – gwarancją czci i honoru poddanych. To założenie w znacznej mierze określało faktyczne stosunki poddanych z władztwem zakonnym już w okresie wcześniejszym. Jednakże w połowie XV w. przedstawiciele Zakonu i Związku Pruskiego zradykalizowali swe pozycje. Krzyżacy dążyli do umocnienia swoich władczych prerogatyw w kraju. W argumentacji związkowców, zasługującej zresztą na uwzględnienie przez historyka jej antropologicznych aspektów, Zakon pogwałcił prawa mieszkańców Prus, a przez swoje zarzuty wobec nich zniesławił ich i zakwestionował publicznie, na szerokim forum ich poczucie godności, honoru i prawowierności.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 5-30
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 28.

Tytuł:

Kariera Michała Küchmeistra w zakonie krzyżackim w Prusach do 1410 roku
The Career of Michael Küchmeister in the Teutonic Order in Prussia until 1410

Autorzy:

Jóźwiak, Sławomir

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913220.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-12-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

Teutonic Order
Prussia
Michael Küchmeister
territorial authority
administration
late Middle Ages

Opis:

The analysis of primary sources presented in this article determines that the career of Michael Küchmeister in the administrative structures of the State of the Teutonic Order in Prussia until 1410 at certain points significantly differed from what the scholarly literature previously assumed. His first office to appear in primary sources was the castle commander of the Commandry of Rhein, newly established in 1394. After that territorial administration unit was dissolved in 1397, Küchmeister held other offices in the Commandry of Balga, such as the companion of a local commander and the Pfleger of Rastenburg. However, in 1400 he certainly was not the Schäffer of Elbing. Immediately before the end of June 1402, Küchmeister was appointed the Großschäffer of Königsberg. Most likely he held this office until the end of September 1404. From this moment, he was probably the Pfleger of Gerdauen for a year and then in September 1405, he was granted the office of a Vogt in Samogitia which had been re-conquered by the Teutonic Order. He stayed there until August 1409. In September 1409, by command of Grand Master Ulrich von Jungingen, he set out on a diplomatic mission to Hungary. Unfortunately, there is no record of his actions in the period of six months between August 1409 and April 1410. At the end of April 1410, he was appointed the Vogt in the Teutonic Neumark. The further steps in the career of Küchmeister, who eventually reached the office of the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order in January 1414, are well known.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2021, 86, 4; 55-69
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 29.

Tytuł:

The capture of the Marienwerder Castle, or where the Teutonic Order’s expansion to the East was stopped

Autorzy:

Almonaitis, Vytenis

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/676418.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Slawistyki PAN

Tematy:

Marienwerder
Lithuania
Kaunas
Teutonic Order
Baltic Crusades
Vytautas
Jogaila (Jagiełło)
1384

Opis:

The capture of the Marienwerder Castle, or where the Teutonic Order’s expansion to the East was stoppedThis paper analyzes the construction, features, and significance of the Marienwerder castle, and its capture by Lithuanian forces in 1384. Located in what is now Kaunas, the castle represented the furthest eastern point of the Teutonic Order’s penetration into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. As the sparse historiography on it suggests, the event seems to have been overlooked by contemporary historians. In fact, this castle of the Teutonic Order was not just an ordinary fortress, but a mighty stronghold. A detailed analysis of primary sources allows classifying the capture of Marienwerder as a major event in the war between the Order and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as well as one of the major victories scored by the latter. It may be concluded that the Teutonic Order’s expansion to the east, which had been started from Torun, was then stopped at Kaunas. Zajęcie zamku Marienwerder albo gdzie zakończyła się ekspansja zakonu krzyżackiego na wschódW artykule analizowane są budowa, znaczenie i zajęcie w 1384 r. zamku zakonu krzyżackiego Marienwerder, który mieścił się na terytorium miasta Kowna. Był to najbardziej wysunięty na wschód zamek krzyżacki, który najgłębiej wchodził w terytorium Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Skromna historiografia świadczy o tym, że został on zapomniany przez współczesnych historyków. A jednak mowa jest tu nie o zwykłej rezydencji zakonu, a o potężnej twierdzy. Szczegółowa analiza źródeł pierwotnych pozwala uważać zajęcie zamku Marienwerder za jedno z najważniejszych wydarzeń w wojnie między zakonem krzyżackim a Wielkim Księstwem Litewskim, jak również jednym z największych zwycięstw tego ostatniego. Można również twierdzić, że ekspansja zakonu na wschód, rozpoczęta od Torunia, zakończyła się na Kownie.

Źródło:

Acta Baltico-Slavica; 2017, 41
2392-2389
0065-1044

Pojawia się w:

Acta Baltico-Slavica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 30.

Tytuł:

Topografia i układ przestrzenny krzyżackiego zamku komturskiego w Toruniu w świetle średniowiecznych źródeł pisanych
Topography and spatial layout of the castle of the Teutonic commander in Toruń in the light of the medieval written sources

Autorzy:

Jóźwiak, Sławomir
Trupinda, Janusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193981.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

the Middle Ages
medieval architecture in Prussia
the Teutonic Order
Prussia
Teutonic castles
castle

Opis:

The information included in the medieval written sources enrich our knowledge about the Toruń castle destroyed in 1454. The construction of the part of the defensive walls (made from stone?) lasted at least from 1255. In 1262 the stronghold in its original form had been already erected. In the subsequent years (1263) works took place to construct its interiors (at least a chapel located on the first floor in the eastern part of the southern wing). The main octagonal tower situated in the northern part of the courtyard of the High Castle was frequently mentioned in the medieval written sources (starting from 1381). However, it must have been erected earlier. The information about buildings located beyond the space of the High Castle is particularly interesting. The buildings included the „gemach” of the commander (with a chapel, refectory and a kitchen) in the northern part of the western outer bailey, the „gemach” of the castle’s commander – probably in the vicinity (it was created later – after 1409) and the „summer house” („somerhaws”) with the „summer hall” („aula estivalis”) existing since at least the 1380s and situated in the southern part of the western Low Castle. Among other buildings recorded in the medieval written sources there were also the „gemach” of the Teutonic head of the mint („Münzmeister”) located next to the western defensive wall of the Low Castle; the „gemach” of the steward of Königsberg (Kaliningrad, Russia) mentioned from the end of the 14th century and situated probably in the western part of the Low Castle; the building of the infirmary which might have been located in the north-east part of the Low Castle. In the topography of the castle there were also outbuildings. For example, at least two mills were situated within the defensive walls probably in the eastern part of the Low Castle. To sum up, the medieval written sources present a picture of a complex construction of the Toruń castle.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 3; 7-35
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 31.

Tytuł:

Percepcja materialnego dziedzictwa zakonu krzyżackiego na przykładzie Pucka
Perception of the cultural heritage of the Teutonic Order on the example of Puck

Autorzy:

Musiaka, Łukasz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/650641.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego

Tematy:

Percepcja
dziedzictwo kulturowe
zakon krzyżacki
Puck
Perception
cultural heritage
Teutonic Order

Opis:

One of the important places on the map of the former State of the Teutonic Order on the Baltic Sea shore was Puck. Nowadays, there are: parish church, ruins of the castle of the Teutonic Knights and the clearly visible spatial layout of the chartered town with a large market preserved. Except natural attractiveness of the seashore location, elements of the medieval heritage play an important role in the promotion of the town, as well as in shaping a sense of pride and patriotism of the local residents. In the presented article the author attempts to determine the level of knowledge of the people living in the area of the former Teutonic State in the field of history and material cultural heritage of the Teutonic Order. The basis of analyzes were the results of a survey carried out in Puck on May 2015.
Jednym z ważnych miejsc na mapie dawnego państwa krzyżackiego nad Bałtykiem był Puck. Do dzisiaj zachowały się tam fara, ruiny zamku krzyżackiego oraz doskonale widoczny układ przestrzenny miasta lokacyjnego z dużym rynkiem. Elementy średniowiecznego dziedzictwa kulturowego pełnią dziś ważną rolę w promocji miasta, jak również w kształtowaniu poczucia dumy i patriotyzmu lokalnego mieszkańców. W artykule autor podjął próbę określenia poziomu wiedzy osób mieszkających na terenach dawnego państwa zakonnego na temat historii i materialnej spuścizny kulturowej zakonu krzyżackiego. Podstawę prowadzonych analiz stanowiły wyniki badań ankietowych zrealizowanych w Pucku w maju 2015 roku.

Źródło:

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica; 2016, 25
1508-1117
2353-4826

Pojawia się w:

Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Geographica Socio-Oeconomica

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 32.

Tytuł:

Different points of view on the Battle of Grunwald/ Tannenberg 1410 from Poland and Germany and their roots in handwritten and printed traditions

Autorzy:

Ekdahl, Sven

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/946348.pdf

Data publikacji:

2010-12-30

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Dziennikarstwa, Informacji i Bibliologii

Tematy:

Grunwald, Tannenberg
Battle of 1410
Teutonic Order
Polska
Germany
traditions
propaganda.

Opis:

The essay deals with a number of differing views from Poland and Germany on the Battle of Grunwald/Tannenberg 1410 and describes their roots in handwritten and printed traditions. Particularly important is the consideration of the propaganda on both sides, which began immediately after the battle and is in many ways still in effect. The medieval scheme rex iustus – rex iniquus, which derived from the Augustinian world of ideas, was an important propaganda tool for the Poles, while the Teutonic Order above all denounced the participation of “heathen” in the Polish and Lithuanian armies. The paper also takes into account other aspects of the differing viewpoints.

Źródło:

Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi; 2019, 13; 41-65
1897-0788
2544-8730

Pojawia się w:

Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 33.

Tytuł:

Funkcje siedzib drobnych urzędników krzyżackich na obszarze komturstw człuchowskiego i tucholskiego
Functions of residences of minor officials of the Teutonic Order in the area of komturship Czluchowski and Tucholski

Autorzy:

Knyżewski, Marcel

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/514838.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Fundacja dzień dobry! kolektyw kultury

Tematy:

Teutonic castles
Teutonic Order
construction fortified
Middle Ages
zamki krzyżackie
zakon krzyżacki
budownictwa warowne
średniowiecze

Opis:

Article relates to functions of castles and manors that belonged to minor officials Teutonic in south Pomerelia (komturship Człuchów and Tuchola). These areas had provincial character in the State of the Teutonic Knights. Castles and manors of komturship seem to be typical in terms of its functions to other such facilities in the former monastic state in Prussia. The most interest-ing thing in terms of residential tasks seem mansions in Kosobudy, Debrzno and Chojnice. The first of them could be the temporary residence of high dignitaries. Debrzno and Chojnice may not have a permanent crew. Noteworthy is the fact that most of these objects probably did not present a strongly defensive forms. Probably all or almost all (question as in the case of urban mansions) seat monastic functions in relation to the breeding and cultivation.

Źródło:

Amor Fati; 2015, 4; 193-204
2449-7819

Pojawia się w:

Amor Fati

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 34.

Tytuł:

Symboliczne znaczenie ornamentów źródeł ruchomych z wybranych zamków zakonnych. Przyczynek do dalszych badań nad religijnością krzyżacką w średniowiecznych Prusach
Symbolic Significance of Portable Ornaments from Selected Teutonic Castles. Contribution to Further Research on Teutonic Religiosity in Medieval Prussia

Autorzy:

Szczupak, Dominika

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197791.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-12-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

Teutonic Order
Teutonic castle
the Middle Ages
religiosity
Malbork
Toruń
Elbląg
refectory
architectural detail
sculpture

Opis:

Medieval religiosity was manifested primarily through the worship of relics and individual saints, organisation of prayers, funding the purchase of candles, reading pious literature, and belief in miracles and epiphany. The knowledge on the subject has been provided through the studies of various medieval written sources and decorative elements in the representation rooms of Teutonic castles, which have survived to this day. Historical materials discovered during archaeological research, and renovation and maintenance works constitute equally important sources for exploring the issue of religiosity among the members of the Teutonic Order. Previously, they had not been analysed in this regard, which prompted the author of the article to put this topic under consideration, based on the example of selected discoveries made in several castles in the area of the former State of Teutonic Order in Prussia. Both the form and ornamentation of the archaeological materials may have referred to the piousness of Teutonic Knights, as indicated by the symbolic significance of the images in question, which are accepted by Christianity. Most depictions were found on the surface of architectural details from church interiors or refectories in high castles. The ornaments on their surfaces made references primarily to the figures of Mary and Christ, as well as to the apostles and parables from the Gospel of St. Matthew. At times, they may also have acted as reminders against the evil that threatened the souls of the brethren.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 4; 69-96
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 35.

Tytuł:

The Relics of St Barbara at Althaus Kulm: History, Patronages, and Insight into the Teutonic Order and the Christian Population in Prussia (Thirteenth–Fifteenth Centuries)

Autorzy:

Leighton, Gregory

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1059251.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-03-31

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

teutonic order
prussia
relics
st barbara
cult of saints
warfare
local christianity

Opis:

This article summarizes the history of the relics of St Barbara in Althaus Kulm (Starogród Chełmiński), a topic with extensive research in Polish and German circles, but only recently addressed by scholarship in English. It begins with an overview of the relics’ history and a summary of St Barbara’s vita, pointing out the quick rise in her cult in the Teutonic Order’s Prussian territory (Ordensland). Following this, it assesses the function of the relics through three lenses: warfare, daily life, and as a symbol of the Order’s power using three methodological frameworks. These are hierophany (manifestations of the sacred) for warfare, naming practices for studying the impact of St Barbara on the local population, and as a reflection of the Order’s territorial power (Landesherrschaft). The article ultimately demonstrates that the relics were a significant element of the multifaceted structure of religious life in medieval Prussia, both within and outside of the Teutonic Order. Appended to the text are two previously unpublished accounts of the relics of St Barbara and their arrival in Althaus, demonstrating the reputation of the shrine not just in the Ordensland, but within Christendom. It concludes with a summary of the research findings, and a consideration of these findings in light of more ‘recent’ interpretations of the Teutonic Order and the Prussian Crusades.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2020, 85, 1; 5-50
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 36.

Tytuł:

Qui bona fide a non domino emit. Digesta justyniańskie jako prawny punkt odniesienia w sporze gminy miejskiej z władcą zwierzchnim w późnośredniowiecznych Prusach
Qui bona fide a non domino emit: Justinian’s Digest as the Legal Reference Point in the Conflict between the Urban Municipality and its Ruler in Prussia in the Late Middle Ages

Autorzy:

Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194315.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

Late Middle Ages
Prussia
the Teutonic Order
Elbląg
towns
Roman law
conflicts

Opis:

The article addresses the conflict generated in the last decade of the 13th century between the Prussian branch of the Teutonic Order and the city of Elbląg. The analysis of the preserved sources allowed us to show the dynamics of the conflict, in which the authorities of Elbląg appealed not only to Canon law, but also to the norms of Roman civil law included in the Digesta (Pandects) of Justinian. It was an untypical conduct for then Prussian circumstances. On 16 August 1300 in Paris, the authorities of Elbląg obtained a legal interpretation concerning several controversial matters issued by two well-known lawyers – the advisor to King Philip IV of France, Pierre de Belleperche and Hugo de Besancon. The ruling was based on the interpretation of the sentence by Ulpian Domitius (Digesta 32,2,13). One of the problems addressed in the interpretation was the range of the military duties falling to Elbląg’s burghers regarding the Teutonic Order. The authorities of Elbląg endeavoured to find a legal explanation to support their negative attitude towards the Teutonic Order’s new practice of summoning new military contingents from the city of Elblag to take part in military activities undertaken by the Teutonic Order in the remote eastern edges of the Prussian Land. The legal opinion issued by both lawyers from Paris was favourable for the inhabitants of Elbląg, as it was stipulated that any decision about summoning was the jurisdiction of the Schultheiß (scultetus) elected by the city council. It is difficult to establish what the actual role of the opinion issued by the Paris lawyers was in the conflict between Elbląg and the Teutonic Order, but the mere fact that Elbląg’s burghers’ asked these lawyers in Paris for help indicates that the inhabitants of Elbląg at the end of the 13th century were not only affluent merchants, but also people with an ambition to exercise power. Such ambitions were supported by the authorities of the city, characterised by wide intellectual and cultural horizons. The actions undertaken by the inhabitants of Elbląg addressed in the article remain one of the very few examples of recourse to the ancient system of Roman law in a conflict concerning a particular local law (in this case the law of the city of Lübeck).

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 3; 7-30
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 37.

Tytuł:

W sprawie lasów i leśnictwa w południowo-wschodnich Mazurach od XIV do początku XVIII wieku
On forests and forestry in south-eastern Masuria from the 14th to the beginning of the 18th century

Autorzy:

Białuński, Grzegorz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049829.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-12-24

Wydawca:

Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie

Tematy:

leśnictwo
Mazury
osadnictwo
Prusy
zakon krzyżacki
forestry
Masuria
settlement
Prussia
Teutonic Order

Opis:

Dzieje lasów w Prusach otrzymały co prawda fundamentalne opracowanie pióra F. Magera, ale nadal pewne szczegóły pozostają nie wyjaśnione. Uboga jak do tej pory jest polska literatura na ten temat. Najpoważniejsze okazuje się ostatnie omówienie T. Brzeczkowskiego. Niniejsza praca też nie stanowi kompletnego obrazu tej tematyki, raczej są to szczegółowe uwagi uzupełniające dotychczasową historiografię. Podstawą rozważań jest obszar dwóch starostw w południowo-wschodnich Mazurach – starostwo leckie (tj. giżyckie) i ryńskie. Uwagi obejmują okres od XIV do początków XVIII w., opierają się głównie na źródłach archiwalnych z dawnego archiwum królewieckiego.
The history of forests in Prussia was the focus of a major study by F. Mager, but still some details remain unclear. The Polish literature on this subject has thus far been limited. The last discussion by T. Brzeczkowski was the most serious. This study does not provide a complete picture of the subject, but rather includes detailed comments supplementing the existing historiography. The basis for the considerations is the area of two elderships in south-eastern Masuria – the Lec (ie Giżycko) and Ryn elderships. The notes cover the period from the 14th to the beginning of the 18th century, and are mainly based on archival sources from the former Königsberg archives.

Źródło:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2021, 315; 22-40
0023-3196
2719-8979

Pojawia się w:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 38.

Tytuł:

„Banderia Prutenorum”, czyli poczet chorągwi krzyżackich obalonych piórem Jerzego z Krakowa
'Banderia Prutenorum', or a fellowship of Teutonic flags, overthrown by the pen of Jerzy from Krakow

Autorzy:

Mazurkiewicz, Roman

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036376.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020-12-20

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie

Tematy:

Banderia Prutenorum
Teutonic Order
the battle of Grunwald
Jan Długosz
Jerzy Harasymowicz

Opis:

The paper is dedicated to the volume of poems by Jerzy Harasymowicz, entitled 'Banderia Prutenorum' (1976). The author explores the dependence of this volume on a work of the same title, which was released in mid-15th century through the initiative of Jan Długosz. The medieval manuscript contains illustrations and short descriptions of 56 Teutonic flags captured by Polish troops in the battle of Grunwald (1410). The author of these pictures was Stanisław Durink, while the descriptions were made by Jan Długosz, among other authors. Using the illustrations of Teutonic flags from the medieval model, Harasymowicz added his own poems, showing in bad light particular troops (flags) of the Teutonic Order, as well as their great defeat in the battle against Polish‑Lithuanian forces. The author of the paper analyses the ideological‑persuasive meaning of these poems, as well as their language and depiction.  

Źródło:

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Historicolitteraria; 2020, 20; 305-319
2081-1853

Pojawia się w:

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Historicolitteraria

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 39.

Tytuł:

Wykaz czynszów i służb okręgu Barciany z około połowy XV wieku
The Register of Rents and Military Services in the District of Barciany of the mid-15th Century

Autorzy:

Kubicki, Rafał

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1055013.pdf

Data publikacji:

2018-09-30

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

The Teutonic Order in Prussia
economy
settlement
economic sources
registers of rents

Opis:

The subject of the study is the edition of the list of rents and military services of the Barciany district, including a list of services of the then western part of the Pfleger’s territory of Giżycko. This source complements earlier lists of rents from 1422 and 1437, which were issued under the so-called grand book of rent (Das Grosse Zinsbuch des Deutschen Ritterordens). The basis of the edition is the account preserved in Geheimes Staatsarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz (Secret Archive of Prussian Cultural Heritage) in Berlin Dahlem (GStA PK), as part of the collection of letters from the former archives of the Teutonic Order (Ordensbriefarchiv No. 28754). The data included in the list may be useful in further work on the reconstruction of the condition of the settlement of Barciany and Kętrzyn in the mid-15th century. Taking into account previous accounts, thanks to the source presented here, one may trace the changes in the village development and the type, number and distribution of service goods in individual villages.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2018, 83, 3; 159-171
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 40.

Tytuł:

The Negotiations Leading to the Second Peace of Toruń
Rokowania prowadzące do zawarcia drugiego pokoju toruńskiego

Autorzy:

Szweda, Adam

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194009.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

Polska
Prussia
the Teutonic Order
the Thirteen Years’ War
negotiations,
treaty documents

Opis:

Od pierwszych miesięcy trwania wojny trzynastoletniej odbywały się rozmowy, których celem było znalezienie pokojowego rozwiązania. Ich przebieg był warunkowany z jednej strony rozwojem działań wojennych, z drugiej – różnymi oczekiwaniami walczących stron. Zakon krzyżacki od początku prezentował stanowisko legalistyczne, odmawiając ustępstw, co zmieniło się dopiero po kolejnych klęskach i stratach terytorialnych. Stany pruskie uznające władzę króla domagały się całkowitego usunięcia Zakonu z Prus, natomiast elity polskie przejawiały chęć kompromisu. Z szeregu negocjacji wyróżnić można rozmowy w Kobelgrubbe w 1465 r., prowadzone w dużej mierze między przedstawicielami stanów – podległych królowi i wielkiemu mistrzowi. Pokazały one niemożność wewnątrzpruskiego porozumienia na późnym etapie konfliktu. Ostateczne porozumienie zostało zaprzysiężone przez obu panujących, obecnych podczas finalnej fazy negocjacji, co nadało porozumieniu obowiązującą moc prawną, jeszcze przed wymianą głównych dokumentów traktatowych.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 31-46
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 41.

Tytuł:

Dokument dotyczący Bezławek z 1409 ROKU

Autorzy:

Kwiatkowski, Krzysztof

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1364924.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie

Tematy:

Late Middle Ages
Teutonic Order
rural settlements
Freien
Bezławki (formerly Bäslack)
Prussia

Opis:

The presented contribution contains a discussion and a version of the document on the Bezławki settlement (Germ. Bäslack) dated 29 June 1409. This source survived only as a 16th-century copy included in a larger notebook with excerpts of documents confirming the bestowal of lands, estate sale and purchase transactions and land borders within the Rastenburg Hauptamt. Next to information relevant to the history of Bezławki and the nearby settlements, the discussed document also presents the manner of creating dependencies between the less affluent and the rich landowners belonging to the group of the so-called free men (Germ. Freien). As a result, it illustrates the mediatisation process, which is rather poorly confirmed by source documents and virtually non-researched for Prussia of the 1st half of the 15th century.

Źródło:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2020, 307, 1; 147-153
0023-3196
2719-8979

Pojawia się w:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 42.

Tytuł:

GOTYCKIE DEKORACJE MALARSKIE ELEWACJI KOŚCIOŁA PARAFIALNEGO P.W. ŚW. KATARZYNY ALEKSANDRYJSKIEJ W GOLUBIU Przyczynek do badań nad dekoracją maswerkową w architekturze Państwa Zakonnego w Prusach
GOTHIC PAINTED DECORATIONS ON THE ELEVATION OF THE CHURCH OF ST. CATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA IN GOLUB. A Contribution to Studies about Tracery Decoration in the Architecture of the Teutonic Order State in Prussia

Autorzy:

Tuliszewski, Piotr

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/536670.pdf

Data publikacji:

2006

Wydawca:

Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa

Tematy:

CHURCH OF ST. CATHERINE OF ALEXANDRIA (GOLUB)
GOTHIC DECORATIONS
POLYCHROME
TEUTONIC ORDER STATE

Opis:

The Gothic painted decorations of the plastered blind windows and friezes on the elevation of the parish church in Golub have been mentioned at the end of the nineteenth century by German conservators and historians of East Prussian architecture (J. Heise, A. Boetticher) in the catalogues of historical monuments written by them. Nonetheless, it was not until the research, drawings and measurements of the roof truss construction were carried out in December 2004 by the employees of ROBiDZ (Torun), that the presence of the titular painted decorations was unearthed. The discoveries were made in a rather inaccessible spot, i. e. under the roof of the chapel of the Holy Cross, covering part of the eastern axes of the northern elevation. The second stage of the measurements performed next to the bell tower disclosed remnants of identical engraved tracery decorations at the level of the fourth storey of the southern tower elevation. The excellent condition of the preserved compositions engraved on a thin layer of lime plaster made it possible to reconstruct their original form. This material, together with photographic documentation, was used for making inventory drawings based on a CAD-type programme. The documentation produced by ROBiDZ (Torun) classified four types of the originally polychromed tracery decoration. With the exception of a plastered band on the cornice, the other compositions share an identical tripartite division of the lower lancet sphere as well as a band above it, featuring a carpet pattern with a recurring four-leaf motif. Moreover, a characteristic feature of the Golub tracery is the fact that the classical three-, four- and five-leaf motifs occur next to each other, and have been executed both from petals cut out of a circle and those which are enclosed within a lancet. The presented article embarks upon an attempt at defining the provenance of the forms of the discovered compositions. A formal analysis has been unquestionably facilitated by the studies conducted by specialists as well as the conservation documentation of similar objects by, i. a. M. Poksinska and E. Pilecka. Golub, located in the territory of the Teutonic Order state, only 40 kms from Torun, must have found itself within the range of the impact exerted by this cultural centre, the second largest in Pomerania, a fact decisive for a search for analogous decorations in the buildings of Golub and its environs. We cannot exclude the probability that the described tracery should be attributed to a group of artists working not only Toruń but also in the provinces. They included representatives of various nationalities and assorted West European trends, influencing art in the region of Chełmno, Kujawy and Varmia. It must be added that the imposing number of architectural solutions and decorative motifs in the land of Chełmno makes it impossible to indicate a concrete source of inspiration for the solutions encountered in Golub. Cited analogies prove that fourteenth-century ornamental motifs were popularised in Toruń and the neighbouring regions by means of the pattern books and construction complexes which appeared in these terrains as part of a cultural exchange augmented by the intensive trade contacts maintained by the Baltic towns. The presented study does not propose an ultimate classification of all types of the tracery decorations originally executed on the elevation of the parish church in Golub. Within this context, the documented examples comprise only part of the whole repertoire of the ornamental blind windows in the church. Initial results of the examination of the chemical composition of lime mortar in the blind windows and tower cornice made it possible to identify the pigments used in the decorations, i. a. iron oxide red, ochre and plant black. The execution technology of the painted tracery could be ultimately explained after complex conservation studies. With all certainty, the tracery discovered in Golub in 2005, both engraved in plaster and painted, confirms the great popularity of this decoration technique in the state of the Teutonic Knights, used not only on sacral edifices but also on secular and town buildings. In turn, the immense variety of the types of compositions attests to the fact that the basic purpose of such ornaments was to enhance the decorativeness and prestige of the embellished objects.

Źródło:

Ochrona Zabytków; 2006, 1; 39-51
0029-8247

Pojawia się w:

Ochrona Zabytków

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 43.

Tytuł:

Niespokojne lata. Pieniądz na pograniczu Królestwa Polskiego i Zakonu Krzyżackiego w latach 1410-1466
Unsettled years. Currency on the borders of the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order during the years 1410-1466

Autorzy:

Musiałowski, Adam

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584769.pdf

Data publikacji:

2015

Wydawca:

Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe

Tematy:

Królestwo Polskie
Zakon Krzyżacki
skarby monet
Kingdom of Poland
Teutonic Order
coin hoards

Opis:

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza 46 skarbów monet odkrytych na terenach konfliktów zbrojnych Królestwa Polskiego oraz Zakonu Krzyżackiego. W jej efekcie stwierdzić można, że napięcia te nie miały znaczącego wpływu na wzajemne relacje gospodarcze obu krajów oraz na obieg pieniężny na tym terenie. Struktura skarbów monet wskazuje, iż odzwierciedlają one potrzeby ekonomiczne obu stron.
An analysis of 46 coin hoards discovered in the border area of the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order inclines one to the belief that the series of military conflicts between these two states had no significant impact on their economic relations or on monetary circulation. The structure of the hoards reflects the material possessions of the local population, as well as their needs as consumers on both sides of the frontier.

Źródło:

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia; 2015, 61; 67-76
0065-0986
2451-0300

Pojawia się w:

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 44.

Tytuł:

Zakon krzyżacki a patronat nad beneficjami kościelnymi w średniowiecznym Toruniu
The Teutonic Order and the patronage over the church benefices in medieval Toruń
Der Deutsche Orden und das Patronat über die kirchli-chen Benefizien im mittelalterlichen Thorn

Autorzy:

Sumowski, Marcin

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/529382.pdf

Data publikacji:

2014

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Miłośników Torunia

Tematy:

Zakon Krzyżacki
Toruń
średniowiecze
The Teutonic Order
medieval
Der Deutsche Orden
Thorn
Mittelalterliche

Źródło:

Rocznik Toruński; 2014, 41; 155-167
0557-2177

Pojawia się w:

Rocznik Toruński

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 45.

Tytuł:

The so‑called “council of eight” in the summer campaign of 1410

Autorzy:

Wróbel, Dariusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/938088.pdf

Data publikacji:

2019-12-17

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Gdańskiego

Tematy:

history of wars
kingdom of poland
teutonic order in prussia
polish medieval magnates

Opis:

The paper presents the issue of the functioning of a narrow group of royal advisors – the so‑called “council of eight” during the summer campaign of 1410, about which Jan Długosz wrote in his chronicle. Several days after entering the Prussian territory, the king chose from among all his advisors eight trusted people led by Vytautas the Great. The circumstances in which this group was selected allow to perceive the king’s decision as a remedial measure against the difficulties in the realisation of the campaign plan. These people were chosen due to their influence with the nobility and their importance in the king’s environment. Other criteria – political allegiance, territorial origin – played a secondary role. The main idea of selecting this narrow group of advisors was to improve the efficiency of the decision‑making process in the time of war. Its functioning was visible in the key moments of the campaign (councils before and after the Battle of Grunwald, talks with Heinrich von Plauen, decision to stop the siege of Marienburg). Most of the members were given management over the castles won in Prussia from the king. This exclusive group was dissolved with the end of the summer campaign.

Źródło:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza; 2019, 23; 304-322
2544-2562

Pojawia się w:

Studia z Dziejów Średniowiecza

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 46.

Tytuł:

Dolegliwości zdrowotne członków zakonu krzyżackiego w XIV-XV wieku
Health problems of members of the Teutonic Order in the 14th and 15th centuries

Autorzy:

Szczupak, Dominika

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2135579.pdf

Data publikacji:

2022-08-18

Wydawca:

Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie

Tematy:

urazy
kontuzje
choroby
średniowiecze
zakon krzyżacki
injuries
traumas
diseases
Middle Ages
Teutonic Order

Opis:

Średniowieczne źródła pisane z XIV-XV w. oraz badania antropologiczne szczątków kostnych, odkrytych w krypcie „północnej” katedry w Kwidzynie, umożliwiły wyróżnienie trzech rodzajów dolegliwości zdrowotnych, z jakimi mogli zmagać się członkowie zakonu krzyżackiego. Urazów i kontuzji kończyn dolnych i/lub górnych doznawano w trakcie walk bądź wskutek nieszczęśliwych wypadków. Dochodziło wówczas do złamań, ran postrzałowych, czy też uszkodzeń więzadeł kolana. W XIV-wiecznych przekazach narracyjnych odnotowano nawet zaburzenia psychiczne, które mogły być uwarunkowane kilkoma schorzeniami. Wśród Krzyżaków szerzyły się także mniej lub bardziej poważne choroby zakaźne, takie jak przeziębienia, problemy gastryczne, dyzenteria, dżuma oraz prawdopodobnie wścieklizna. Ostatnimi wyróżnionymi w artykule dolegliwościami zdrowotnymi były choroby przewlekłe. Krzyżacy zmagali się m.in. ze zmianami zwyrodnieniowymi, ubytkami w uzębieniu, kamicą nerkową i problemami ze wzrokiem.
Medieval written sources from the 14th and 15th centuries and anthropological studies of bones discovered in the “northern” crypt of the Kwidzyn cathedral allowed the researchers to distinguish three types of health problems that members of the Teutonic Order probably struggled with. Injuries and trauma of lower and/or upper limbs were sustained during the fights or accidents. These led to fractures, gunshot wounds or damage to knee ligaments. The 14th century narrative records mention even mental disorders that could be conditioned by several diseases. More or less serious infectious diseases, such as colds, gastric problems, dysentery, plague and possibly rabies, were spreading among the Teutonic Knights. The last type of health problems highlighted in the article are chronic diseases. The Teutonic Knights struggled with, for instance, degenerative changes, dental defects, kidney stones and problems with proper vision.

Źródło:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2022, 317, 2; 219-234
0023-3196
2719-8979

Pojawia się w:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 47.

Tytuł:

Die Visitation als Mittel traditioneller Ordensstruktur nach 1466
Inspections as the Means of the Traditional Teutonic Structure After 1466

Autorzy:

Arnold, Udo

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194085.pdf

Data publikacji:

2017

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

the Teutonic Order in Prussia
grand master
the Teutonic administration,
the reform of the monastic life

Opis:

The loss of the significant part of the territory by the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order after 1466 entailed structural changes in the state. Inspections constituted an important scrutinizing factor in various fields of life. They were a permanent element of the reforms undertaken in the Teutonic Order. The expertise of the inspectors originally were not precisely defined. However, with time they became more and precise. In the times of the rule of Grand Master Heinrich Reuß von Plauen we know only about one inspection from the Austrian bailiff in 1469. During the rule of the subsequent Grand Master Heinrich Reffle von Richtenberg (1470–1477) no inspection was recorded. During the times of Martin Truchsess von Wetzhausen (1477–1489) problems connected with the reform of the monastic life in Prussia were addressed. The discussion concerned the problem of poverty among Teutonic brothers. The great inspection was planned to take place in 1481 prior to the General Chapter. However, the General Chapter did not take place. The inspection of Livonia was postponed for 1488. In the times of Johann von Tiefen (1489–1497) the forms of inspection applied so far were discussed. One of the evidences of this discussion was a letter written by the secretary of the Grand Master’s chancery Dr Michale Sculteti, which included forms intended for the inspection. Friedrich von Sachsen-Meißen (1498–1510) at the turn of 1498/1499 issued a regulation concerning inspections and appointed inspectors. In 1502 a detailed catalogue of questions was compiled in the Teutonic chancellery as it had been earlier done by Sculteti. In the times when the Grand Commander was Simon von Drahe (1507–1510) inspections became an important tool of the internal policy of the Grand Master Friedrich von Sachsen. The decision of the General Chapter saying that an inspection should take place every year in the Teutonic Order was enforced. However, in the times of the Grand Master Albrecht von Brandenburg-Ansbach (1511–1525) inspections ceased to play an essential role in the internal policy. Only one inspection from this period is recorded – in 1519.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2017, 82, 1; 21-36
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 48.

Tytuł:

The Teutonic Order’s Politics toward Polish-Lithuanian Union in 1413 and the Reincorporation’s Formula of the Union of Horodło
Polityka zakonu krzyżackiego wobec unii polsko-litewskiej w 1413 roku a horodelska formuła inkorporacyjna

Autorzy:

Wróbel, Dariusz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2056204.pdf

Data publikacji:

2020

Wydawca:

Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej

Tematy:

Teutonic Order
Union of Horodło
Lithuania
Polska
zakon krzyżacki
unia horodelska
Litwa
Polska

Opis:

The article addresses anew the problem of the Teutonic Order’s significance in the Union of Horodło based on the latest research and presents various crisis aspects of the Teutonic Order and its state in Prussia after 1410, with particular emphasis of the policy of incorporation in 1411–1413. The study justifies the thesis that despite the signatories’ declarations, Poland and Lithuania were not threatened by the Order, but they in fact had aggressive plans against it. Lithuania’s incorporation to Poland made sense in terms of consolidation and its anti-Teutonic stylistics reflected the attitudes expressed at the meeting in Horodło.
W artykule na nowo poruszono problem znaczenia kwestii krzyżackiej w unii horodelskiej w oparciu o najnowszy stan badań oraz przedstawiono różne aspekty kryzysu zakonu krzyżackiego i jego państwa w Prusach po 1410 roku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem polityki korporacji w latach 1411–1413. Wywody uzasadniają tezę, że wbrew deklaracjom sygnatariuszy unii i skardze na krzyżaków, zredagowanej w Horodle, Polska i Litwa nie były zagrożone przez zakon, lecz same miały agresywne zamiary wobec niego.

Źródło:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia; 2020, 75; 163-193
0239-4251

Pojawia się w:

Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 49.

Tytuł:

Między Rynem a Szestnem. Czy w Szestnie powstało komturstwo krzyżackie?
Between Ryn and Szestno. Was the Teutonic Order’s commandery established in Szestno?

Autorzy:

Białuński, Grzegorz

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049852.pdf

Data publikacji:

2021-12-24

Wydawca:

Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie

Tematy:

administracja
komturstwo
państwo krzyżackie
Ryn
Szestno
administration
commandery
State of the Teutonic Order

Opis:

W żadnych dotychczasowych wykazów komturstw krzyżackich komturia w Szestnie nie pojawia się. Istnieją jednak pewne wzmianki źródłowe, które zmuszają do zadania zawartego w tytule pytania. Chodzi mianowicie o repertorium dokumentów dotyczących okręgów szestneńskiego i leckiego (giżyckiego) na początku XVI w.: Sehesten und Letzen. Extraordinarie [1503–1523]. Co prawda zawiera ono jedynie ich regesty, ale na ogół kopie owych dokumentów zachowały się w zespole Ordensbriefarchiv. I tak już na samym początku tego rejestru wzmiankowany został Hauskomptur zu Sehesten. Niestety regest, jak też zachowana kopia, nie jest datowany. Nieco dalej znajdujemy kolejne dwa regesty dokumentów wystawionych w 1516 r., w tym jeden przez komtura szestneńskiego (Compthur von Sehesten), drugi zaś zawierający jego relację (Comptur zu Sehesten). W zespole Ordensbriefarchiv zachował się też inny dokument, w którym wzmiankowano komtura w Szestnie. Wreszcie ostatni znany nam dokument z wiadomością o komturze w Szestnie pochodzi z zespołu Pergamenturkunden. O pomyłce pisarzy lub kopistów nie może być mowy, a wcześniej i później znajdujemy inne wzmianki o urzędnikach szestneńskich – prokuratorach (Pfleger) i namiestniku (Stathalter).
The commandery in Szestno does not appear in any previous lists of the Teutonic Order’s commanderies. However, there are some mentions in written sources that prompt the question in the title. This concerns a series of documents relating to the Szestno and Lec (Giżycko) districts at the beginning of the 16th century: Sehesten and Letzen. Extraordinarie [1503–1523]. This only contains their regests, but usually copies of these documents have been preserved within the Ordensbriefarchiv collection. The Hauskomptur zu Sehesten is mentioned at the very beginning of this register. Unfortunately, the register, as well as the preserved copy, is not dated. There are also another two regests of documents issued in 1516, including one by the Szestno commander (Compthur von Sehesten) and the other containing his account (Comptur zu Sehesten). A further document has survived in the Ordensbriefarchiv collection, mentioning the commander in Szestno. The final document mentioning the commander in Szestno comes from the Pergamenturkunden collection. There can be no question of a mistake by the writers or copyists, and sooner or later there are other mentions of Szestno officials – prosecutors (Pfleger) and a governor (Stathalter).

Źródło:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2021, 315; 168-180
0023-3196
2719-8979

Pojawia się w:

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 50.

Tytuł:

The Second Peace of Toruń of 19 October 1466 in the Polish, Prussian and Teutonic Historiography of the 15th–16th Centuries
Drugi pokój toruński z 19 października 1466 r. w polskiej, pruskiej i krzyżackiej historiografii XV-XVI wieku

Autorzy:

Zonenberg, Sławomir

Powiązania:

https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1194056.pdf

Data publikacji:

2016

Wydawca:

Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu

Tematy:

the Thirteen Years’ War
Polska
the Teutonic Order
Royal Prussia
the Duchy of Prussia

Opis:

Na sposób pisania o drugim pokoju toruńskim poważnie wpłynęło środowisko społeczne i polityczne, z którego wywodzili się kronikarze, cel tworzenia utworów, ale także gatunek pisarski, jaki uprawiali. Najobszerniej o pokoju pisała strona zwycięska, zwłaszcza w XV w. W dziejopisarstwie polskim nie przedstawiono całej treści traktatu, co w tym przypadku wynikało z założeń utworów i ich objętości. Wpływ na to mógł mieć też od pewnego momentu fakt opublikowania treści traktatu w Polsce. Co natomiast istotne, jeśli nawet nim dysponowano, nikt – oprócz Jana Długosza – nie ekscerpował go bezpośrednio. Relacje polskich kronikarzy z XVI w. są mniej szczegółowe, a ponadto nie zawierają występującego u Długosza emocjonalnego zaangażowania, poczucia triumfu i patriotyzmu oraz rozważań historiozoficzno-moralnych. Najpewniej z tego powodu, że kwestia ta – po likwidacji państwa krzyżackiego w 1525 r. – nie budziła w ich czasach, zwłaszcza zaś w drugiej połowie XVI stulecia, już większego zainteresowania. W dziejopisarstwie pruskim dwóch autorów – tj. Jan Lindaua i Hieronim Waldaua, piszących w XV w. – zaprezentowało całą treść traktatu. Wynikało to zapewne z tego, że ich utwory nie miały charakteru stricte historiograficznego. W całym dziejopisarstwie pruskim analizowanego okresu w przypadku relacji o pokoju występuje wyraźny podział na autorów pozostających w bliskich kontaktach z rządzącymi oraz piszących od nich niezależnie. Informacje tych pierwszych są obszerne i szczegółowe, natomiast drugich – skąpe. Odnosi się ponadto ogólne wrażenie, że dla dziejopisarzy pruskich drugi pokój toruński, który silnie wpłynął na losy ich ojczyzny, miał daleko większe znacznie niż dla kronikarzy polskich – zwłaszcza tych z XVI stulecia. W dziejopisarstwie krzyżackim i zwolenników Zakonu natomiast widać ewidentne dążenie do nieprzekazywania treści pokoju i jego bardzo negatywną ocenę. Można być przekonanym, że u przyczyn takiego postępowania legły czynniki polityczno-propagandowe.

Źródło:

Zapiski Historyczne; 2016, 81, 4; 47-67
0044-1791
2449-8637

Pojawia się w:

Zapiski Historyczne

Dostawca treści:

Biblioteka Nauki

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