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Tytuł:
Spór o archipelagi na Morzu Południowochińskim a bezpieczeństwo Azji Wschodniej
the South China Sea Archipelagos Dispute and East Asian Security
Autorzy:
Modzelewski, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/566682.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie. Instytut Nauk Politycznych
Tematy:
China
South China Sea
East Asian security
Opis:
The South China Sea archipelagos dispute, which concerns the four archipelagos - the Pratas Islands, the Macclesfield Bank, the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands, influences East Asian security. There aren’t natural resources on islands, rocks, atolls, reefs, cays and shoals which constitute these archipelagos and in principle they cannot be inhabited. However, the four archipelagos are the subject of dispute and all parties use different arguments to substantiate their claims to these territories and make efforts to establish sovereignty over them. They take action which poses a threat to security of sea lanes of communication, freedom to flow and other parties« energy security, food security, ecology security and military security. Undetermined status of the disputed territories and - what is the most important - their economic and strategic importance creates a great number of threats to East Asian security. The Spratly Islands dispute is the most burning question, but efforts which have been made by the members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations in the Post-Cold War Era had some positive effects. The People’s Republic of China s attitude will be the key to solve the archipelagos problem in the future. Presently Beijing s attitude to- ward the Spratly Islands is not so implacable like it was in the middle of the 90. However, the People’s Republic of China didn’t resign to establish sovereignty over the whole archipelago.
Źródło:
Forum Politologiczne; 2008, 8 - Współczesny Daleki Wschód w stosunkach międzynarodowych - rywalizacja i mocarstwowość; 221-262
1734-1698
Pojawia się w:
Forum Politologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ambient noise induced by large-amplitude internal waves in the ocean
Autorzy:
Serebryany, A.
Aredov, A.
Okhrimenko, N.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/332834.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Akustyczne
Tematy:
noise
Indian Ocean
South China Sea
Opis:
Experimental data on the ambient noise generated by large-amplitude internal waves in the ocean are considered. The data are obtained by us during oceanic expeditions in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea. In both cases the generation of noise was caused by solitary internal waves with 50-m amplitudes. The internal waves were accompanied by strong orbital currents (up to 1.5 m/s) which created intense convergence with choppy surface waves at the sea surface. Simultaneous observations of internal waves and parameters of the ambient noise were carried out from a drifting vessel during calm weather. In both cases, the increase in the level of the ambient noise coincided with the passages of internal waves. The analysis of experimental data and the data of numerically modeling are presented.
Źródło:
Hydroacoustics; 2009, 12; 209-216
1642-1817
Pojawia się w:
Hydroacoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Background of the Disputes over the South China Sea Islands
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2031848.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Southeast Asia
South China Sea
security
conflict
Opis:
In the light of the official statements made by the capitals of its coastal states, there is probably not a single centimetre of free space left in this sea, to which a claim has not been issued. In some parts of the sea, the claims of three, four of even five states overlap, creating a truly Gordian knot. The significance of the South China Sea causes that if the dispute over the archipelagos is not settled by implementing peaceful methods and means, at the negotiation table, East Asia region is likely to become a potential source of destabilisation and conflict whose size, in respect to the location and the number of parties directly or indirectly engaged in the dispute might turn out to be extremely hazardous.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2014, 5; 11-19
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
China in the South China Sea. Can China’s presence in the South China Sea lead to war?
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1963335.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
the South China Sea
China
competition
navy
naval forces
Opis:
China has been expanding its presence on the South China Sea, which causes tensions in the region. However, when different aspects of the situation are analysed, an open armed conflict seems hardly possible. Looking at China’s activity in this body of water, it appears the Chinese state strives to safeguard its interests, primarily the economic ones, nonetheless it should be emphasized that it pursues its superpower ambitions at the same time.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2018, 9; 15-29
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The artificial islands of Vietnam in the South China Sea
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/20434452.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Vietnam
artificial islands
South China Sea
Spratly Islands
Opis:
The militarisation of the South China Sea has specific implications for the regional security situation. The construction of artificial islands and platforms by the states of the region leads, on the one hand, to the assertion of their possessions and the enhancement of their security and, on the other hand, contributes to rising tensions in the region. The construction of such facilities by Vietnam goes unchallenged, there is no criticism and even some support – not so with China. Most countries see Vietnam as the country most able to stand up to its large neighbour. Vietnam otherwise operates more slowly and on a smaller scale, so it is commonly seen as defensive as it builds on islands that have belonged to Hanoi for decades and are close to the mainland coast.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2023, 25; 47-62
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Some Comments on Vietnam’s Security in the 21st Century
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1963353.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Vietnam
international security
21st century
South China Sea
Opis:
The main objective set by many countries is ensuring security. The means to accomplish this goal are the armed forces, obliged to guarantee safe functioning of the state and its citizens. There are states, for which maintaining a powerful, modern army has enormous significance for their superpower status, for their preparedness to a potential conflict or as a deterrent for the neighbouring states. Therefore, in the following text I will deal with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, because of its history, and especially due to the region where it is situated - one of the hottest places on Earth, full of misunderstandings, disputes and conflicts causing that the states situated there, including Vietnam, are modernising their armies.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2019, 10; 71-78
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bipolar Disorder in Statehood: is China “Dr. Jekyll” or “Mr. Hyde” or Both?
Autorzy:
Jones, David A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/648529.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
China
South China Sea
United States
State Bi-polarity
TPP
TTIP
Opis:
American and Chinese interests seem to be at one time in agreement and at another at loggerheads over issues that involve armed services, diplomacy, economics, human rights, intelligence, trade and culture. Part of what may appear to be a growing déracinement, or mutual disenchantment, arising from diverse viewpoints over infrastructure development globally but especially in sensitive developing areas such as the stand-off in the South China Sea and elsewhere along the Pacific coastline of Southeast Asia, and the Western Pacific Rim. China seems to be reconstructing its ancient feudal empire, actual or imaginary, in the territory to its South, the ASEAN bloc. This article will address some issues of compatibility and conflict that unite China but that sometimes divide it from the United States and the West, then assesses what alternative strategies should be adopted or abandoned in the interests of global and regional harmony coupled with security. It urges greater cooperation and collaboration, a development of a code of conduct for state behavior in the Indo-Asia-Pacific region, together with a concerted East–West effort to maintain a stable economy for China and a sustainable trade relationship between China, Europe, and North America.
Źródło:
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 2018, 22, 1
1641-4233
2300-8695
Pojawia się w:
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Seasonal Water Mass Transformation in Sulu and Surrounding Seas
Autorzy:
Purba, Noir P.
Damanik, Finri S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193321.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
Tematy:
Celebes Sea
Indonesian Throughflow
South China Sea
Sulu Sea
T-S diagram
Opis:
This study aims to describe and reveal ocean system dynamics in Sulu and its surrounding seas. Data were used based on historical in-situ datasets which involve their physical characteristics with temperature and salinity data downloaded from the World Ocean Database (WOD). Sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, seasonal T-S plots, and caballing coefficient were used to distinguish water-mass types. At the same time, water column stability was analyzed based on the Brunt-Vaisala Frequency (N2). The results revealed that the three areas were influenced by a seasonal variation. The Sulu Sea affected by the SCS and the Pacific Ocean, including local waters from the Philippines. The SCS waters have lower SST (28 °C) and salinity (33.4 psu) compared to other regions. During the South-East Monsoon, the thermocline layer is thicker compared to the North-West Monsoon in the Celebes Sea. Similarly, in the same area, there is a layer that is thicker than the others. There are at least five main water masses in these waters that originate from the SCS and the Pacific Ocean. There are five water-mass types found in the three regions. The most stable area is SCS with a buoyancy value of around 12 cycl/h in a 100-meter depth, and the buoyancy during SEM is more stable than NWM. Finally, WOD updated 2018 is valuable to analyze water mass dynamics, especially using temperature and salinity.
Źródło:
World Scientific News; 2021, 153, 2; 142-156
2392-2192
Pojawia się w:
World Scientific News
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Yellowfin tuna (Thunnusalbacares) fishing ground forecasting model based on bayes classifier in the South China Sea
Autorzy:
Zhou, W.
Li, A.
Ji, S.
Qiu, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/258994.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
Bayes classifier
South China Sea
yellowfin tuna
fishing ground forecasting
Opis:
Using the yellowfin tuna (Thunnusalbacares,YFT)longline fishing catch data in the open South China Sea (SCS) provided by WCPFC, the optimum interpolation sea surface temperature (OISST) from CPC/NOAA and multi-satellites altimetric monthly averaged product sea surface height (SSH) released by CNES, eight alternative options based on Bayes classifier were made in this paper according to different strategies on the choice of environment factors and the levels of fishing zones to classify the YFT fishing ground in the open SCS. The classification results were compared with the actual ones for validation and analyzed to know how different plans impact on classification results and precision. The results of validation showed that the precision of the eight options were 71.4%, 75%, 70.8%, 74.4%, 66.7%, 68.5%, 57.7% and 63.7% in sequence, the first to sixth among them above 65% would meet the practical application needs basically. The alternatives which use SST and SSH simultaneously as the environmental factors have higher precision than which only use single SST environmental factor, and the consideration of adding SSH can improve the model precision to a certain extent. The options which use CPUE’s mean ± standard deviation as threshold have higher precision than which use CPUE’s 33.3%-quantile and 66.7%-quantile as the threshold
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2017, S 2; 140-146
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Multivariate statistical analysis of water quality and phytoplankton characteristics in Daya Bay, China, from 1999 to 2002
Autorzy:
Wang, Y.S.
Lou, Z.P.
Sun, C.C.
Wu, M.L.
Han, S.H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48049.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
South China Sea
water quality
China
phytoplankton
Daya Bay
multivariate statistical analysis
Opis:
This study analyzed seasonal physicochemical and phytoplankton data collected at 12 marine monitoring stations in Daya Bay from 1999 to 2002. Cluster analysis based on water quality and phytoplankton parameters measured at the 12 stations could be grouped into three clusters: cluster I – stations S1,S2 , S7 and S11 in the southern part and the north-eastern part of Daya Bay; cluster II – stations S5, S6,S9 ,S1 0 and S12 in the central and north-eastern parts of Daya Bay; cluster III – stations S3,S 4 and S8 in the cage culture areas in the south-western part of Daya Bay and in the north-western part of the Bay near Aotou harbor. Bivariate correlations between phytoplankton density and the major physical and nutrient factors were calculated for all stations. Factor analysis shows that there were high positive loadings of pH,T IN and the ratio of TIN to PO4-P in the three clusters, which indicates that all the stations in the three clusters were primarily grouped according to their respective nutrient conditions.
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2006, 48, 2
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis and Modelling on Radiated Noise of a Typical Fishing Boat Measured in Shallow Water Inspired by AQUO Project’s Model
Autorzy:
Peng, Z.
Fan, J.
Wang, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/177092.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
radiated noise
South China Sea
predicted model
shallow water
transmission loss
Opis:
The shipping noise near channels and ports is an important contribution to the ambient noise level, and the depth of these sites is often less than 100 m. However less attention has been paid to the measurement in shallow water environments (Brooker, Humphrey, 2016). This paper presents extensive measurements made on the URN (underwater radiated noise) of a small fishing boat in the South China Sea with 87 m depth. The URN data showed that the noise below 30 Hz was dominated by the background noise. The transmission loss (TL) was modelled with FEM (finite element method) and ray tracing according to the realistic environmental parameters in situ. The discrepancy between the modelled results and the results using simple law demonstrates both sea surface and bottom have significant effect on TL for the shallow water, especially at low frequencies. Inspired by the modelling methodology in AQUO (Achieve QUieter Oceans) project (Audoly et al., 2015), a predicted model applied to a typical fishing boat was built, which showed that the URN at frequencies below and above 100 Hz was dominated by non-cavitation propeller noise and mechanical noise, respectively. The agreement between predicted results and measured results also demonstrates that this modelling methodology is effective to some extent.
Źródło:
Archives of Acoustics; 2018, 43, 2; 263-273
0137-5075
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Acoustics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studies on Three Diverse Frontonia Species (Ciliophora, Peniculida), with Brief Notes on 14 Marine or Brackish Congeners
Autorzy:
Pan, Xuming
Liu, Weiwei
Yi, Zhenzhen
Fan, Xinpeng
Al-Rasheid, Khaled A. S.
Lin, Xiaofeng
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/763519.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
Tematy:
Frontonia guangdongensis, Frontonia ocularis, Frontonia schaefferi, new species, South China Sea
Opis:
Living observation and silver impregnation methods were used to investigate the morphology and infraciliature of three Frontonia ciliates (F. guangdongensis spec. nov., F. ocularis Bullington, 1939 and F. schaefferi Bullington, 1939) that were isolated from coastal waters of the South China Sea. Frontonia guangdongensis spec. nov. may be recognized by the combination of the following characteristics: cells about 160 × 35 μm in vivo; elongated body with right margin depressed in anterior third; length to width ratio 4:1 to 5:1; three or four vestibular and four or five postoral kineties; peniculi 1 and 2 each with four rows of kineties, peniculus 3 with two rows; one contractile vacuole in mid-body region right of cell median; brackish water habitat. A key based on morphological data for fourteen marine or brackish water Frontonia species found in China is also provided. In addition, the small subunit (SSU) rDNA gene was sequenced for F. ocularis Bullington, 1939. Our phylogenetic analyses support the contention that the genus Frontonia is not monophyletic.
Źródło:
Acta Protozoologica; 2013, 52, 1
1689-0027
Pojawia się w:
Acta Protozoologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Current International Situation in the South China Sea the Path to Confrontation?
Autorzy:
Kościelniak, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2032282.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Southeast Asia
South China Sea
territorial disputes
natural resources
international law
Opis:
In recent years, the South China Sea area has become the arena of competition between the countries of Southeast Asia that set up claims to maritime areas and the islands, and, all the more, want to control and exploit what can be found under the seabed, namely the deposits of oil and gas. The situation in the area cannot even be resolved by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Montego Bay, 1982). Apart from the resources found in the sea and under the seabed, this body of water is an important shipping route, which makes it a strategically significant area for each of the countries located there, or those whose interests involve the South China Sea. In this work, I describe the current situation in the waters of South China Sea: whether the countries bordering it strive for conflict or just secure their interests. It turns out each of the states will set up demands to the islands on this sea and especially to everything that lives in the sea and is to be found under the seabed. Minor, and also more significant incidents will happen, but it does not seem likely that any serious open conflict between the states of the region will break out in the close future. None of the countries pursues it and they do everything they can to maintain the status quo.
Źródło:
Reality of Politics; 2013, 4; 138-149
2082-3959
Pojawia się w:
Reality of Politics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Toward downscaling oceanic hydrodynamics - suitability of a high-resolution OGCM for describing regional ocean variability in the South China Sea
Autorzy:
Zhang, M.
von Storch, H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48028.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
hydrodynamics
satellite observation
sea surface
STORM project
South China Sea
variability
coastal upwelling
Opis:
We suggest to transfer the empirical downscaling methodology, which was developed mostly for atmospheric dynamics and impacts, to regional ocean problems. The major problem for doing so is the availability of decades-long and homogeneous and spatially detailed data sets. We have examined the performance of the STORM multidecadal simulation, which was run on a 0.18 grid and forced with 1950—2010 NCEP re-analyses, in the South China Sea and found the data suitable. For demonstration we build with this STORM-data downscaling model for the regional throughflow. The STORM data is compared with AVISO satellite observations and the ocean re-analysis dataset C-GLORS. We find the seasonal patterns and the inter-annual variability of sea surface height anomaly in both the C-GLORS data and the STORM simulation consistent with the AVISO- satellite data. Also the strong westward intensification and the seasonal patterns of South China Sea circulation steered by the monsoon have been presented well. As an important indicator of vertical movement, the sea surface temperature distribution maps are also very close, especially for the narrow upwelling region in summer. We conclude that the output of the STORM simulation is realistically capturing both the large-scale as well as the small-scale dynamical features in the South China Sea.
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2017, 59, 2
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
China -Taiwan relations and their implications for international security
Autorzy:
Tworkowski, Bogdan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/17876790.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
China
Taiwan
international relations
South China Sea region
Taiwan Strait
threats to peace
security
Opis:
The victory of the communist forces in the civil war in China resulted in the flight of the government, with the defeated leader Chiang Kai-shek and about 2 million followers, to the island of Taiwan. Hoping for a change in the situation, the President of the Republic of China announced temporary move of the capital of China to Taiwan. At the same time Chinese Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, took control of the entire territory of mainland China, with the capital in Beijing, announcing the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. This article deals with the assessment of the relationship between those two entities, that have coexisted unchanged since 1949. During this period, they followed different political pathways, but they invariably absorbed international opinion and affected the level of international security. Inspiration to take up this topic came from the significant deterioration of the international situation, influenced by the relationship between the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of China.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka; 2023, LI, 2; 29-40
1899-6264
2451-0718
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo. Teoria i Praktyka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
MIĘDZYNARODOWE ŚRODOWISKO BEZPIECZEŃSTWA AZJI WSCHODNIEJ W 2016 ROKU. ZASADNICZE DETERMINANTY I KIERUNKI EWOLUCJI
INTERNATIONAL SECURITY ENVIRONMENT OF EAST ASIA IN 2016. KEY DETERMINANTS AND DIRECTIONS OF FUTURE EVOLUTION
Autorzy:
Wiśniewski, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/641905.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
East Asia
China
Taiwan
South China Sea
Korea
Azja Wschodnia
Chiny
Tajwan
Morze Południowochińskie
Opis:
The aim of the article is to analyze the state of the international security environment of East Asia and main directions of its evolution in year 2016. The author identifies key long-term trends shaping the regional security order of the considered area. This builds the picture of the region at the beginning of the period under consideration and provides the "strategic background" for current events. This introduction is followed by a presentation of key international security events which have taken place in East Asia during 2016 (and early months of 2017). These are being shown in the wider strategic context. On that basis a preliminary assessment of given event's influence on the regional international security environment can be given. Finally, the author proposes a prognosis of future evolution of the security situation in East Asia during the next 12-18 months.  
Celem artykułu jest analiza stanu międzynarodowego środowiska bezpieczeństwa regionu Azji Wschodniej oraz zasadniczych kierunków jego ewolucji w roku 2016. Autor identyfikuje kluczowe trendy długoterminowe kształtujące regionalny ład bezpieczeństwa omawianego obszaru. Umożliwia to określenie ,,stanu wyjściowego" regionu na początku analizowanego okresu, a także określenie swoistego ,,tła strategicznego", w odniesieniu do którego należy rozpatrywać bieżące wydarzenia. Następnie przedstawiono kluczowe wydarzenia z obszaru bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego, które zaszły w Azji Wschodniej w trakcie 2016 r. (oraz w pierwszych miesiącach 2017) oraz ukazano  je w nakreślonym kontekście strategicznym. Pozwala to na sformułowanie wstępnej oceny co do wpływu pojedynczych wydarzeń na międzynarodowe środowisko bezpieczeństwa regionu (stabilizujące, destabilizujące lub neutralne). W ostatnim etapie, na bazie dotychczasowych rozważań podjęto próbę prognozy dalszej ewolucji sytuacji bezpieczeństwa w Azji Wschodniej w perspektywie kolejnych 12-18 miesięcy.
Źródło:
Przegląd Strategiczny; 2017, 10; 511-528
2084-6991
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Strategiczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Power Analysis and Geopolitical Codes of South China Sea States in the Context of Contemporary Geopolitics
Autorzy:
Musioł, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1977498.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-09-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
geopolitics
critical and contemporary geopolitics
South China Sea
power
power measurement
geopolitical codes
Opis:
The analysis in this article provides an overview of the research on the current relations among countries of the South China Sea basin. For this purpose, I have decided to apply the geopolitical research workshop, focusing on its contemporary approach. On the one hand, this work uses the available indicators and index to gauge the level of development, economic and demographic potential, and military expenditure of these states. On the other hand, an effort was made to analyze and measure power, taking into account the changing geopolitical status of countries in this sub-region. Contemporary geopolitics in this context allows to verify the scale of the impact on permanent environmental and geographic factors (e.g. publicized investments carried out by the People’s Republic of China in Mischief Reef, Fiery Cross, Subi Reef and Woody Island) and the elaboration of proposals going beyond the classical, geopolitical framework (morphological, political and military factors). Therefore, this article also includes the use of geopolitical codes to assess the current strategies of these countries and to describe potential scenarios of actors’ behaviour in the sub-region.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2019, 3 (48); 407-430
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola współpracy w zakresie ochrony i zachowania środowiska morskiego oraz jej realizacja w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego
Autorzy:
Letniowska, Karolina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1954825.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
sustainable development
marine environmental protection
cooperation
UNCLOS
South China Sea
Baltic Sea region
Nauki Humanistyczne i Społeczne
Opis:
The environment in general and the marine environment in particular forms an ecosystem. Such ecosystem is characterized by high interconnectivity and interdependence of species inhabiting it. Often enough, marine ecosystems far exceed the limits of the State’s sovereignty. Thus, their effective protection and preservation shall be carried out on a cooperative basis, engaging all States sharing common environment. The first international treaty to tackle the issue of marine environmental protection on a systemic basis is the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). It is also a treaty which directly established an obligation to cooperate in ensuring this protection. However, homogenous international regulation is not capable of addressing regional varying circumstances of marine environment. As the example of the South China Sea shows, lack of cooperation between coastal States can result in an irreversible damage to the environment. On the other hand, a remarkable model of effective realization of the obligation to cooperate has been established in the region of the Baltic Sea. What we can learn from these experiences is that fulfillment of the obligation to cooperate on a regional basis is a prerequisite for effective protection and preservation of the marine environment.
Każde środowisko, w tym w szczególności środowisko morskie, stanowi ekosystem nacechowany znacznymi wzajemnymi zależnościami gatunków go zamieszkujących. W większości przypadków, morskie ekosystemy wykraczają poza granice suwerenności Państw. Ich ochrona oraz zachowanie powinny więc być przedsięwzięte na zasadzie współpracy wszystkich Państw dzielących wspólne im środowisko. Pierwszą międzynarodową konwencją regulującą kwestię ochrony środowiska morskiego w sposób systemowy jest Konwencja NZ o prawie morza (UNCLOS). Jest to również konwencja, która w sposób bezpośredni nakłada na państwa obowiązek współpracy w tym zakresie. Jednakże, jednolita regulacja szczebla międzynarodowego nie jest w stanie uwzględnić różnic pomiędzy środowiskami morskimi różnych regionów świata. Jak pokazuje przykład Morza Południowochińskiego, brak współpracy Państw przybrzeżnych może prowadzić do nieodwracalnych w skutkach szkód w środowisku morskim. Z drugiej strony, przykładem modelowej realizacji obowiązku współpracy są działania podejmowane w regionie Morza Bałtyckiego. Opisane doświadczenia prowadzą do wniosku, iż realizacja obowiązku współpracy na poziomie regionalnym jest warunkiem sine qua non skutecznej ochrony i zachowania środowiska morskiego.
Źródło:
Prawo Morskie; 2020, XXXVIII; 65-82
0860-7338
Pojawia się w:
Prawo Morskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modeling the ecosystem response to summer coastal upwelling in the Northern South China Sea
Autorzy:
Jiang, R.
Wang, Y.-S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/47804.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
nutrient
phytoplankton
zooplankton
ecosystem model
coastal upwelling
hydrographic condition
seasonal change
sea surface temperature
South China Sea
Opis:
A coupled three-dimensional physical model and a nitrogen-based nutrient, phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) ecosystem model were applied to simulate the summer coastal upwelling system over the continental shelf of northern South China Sea (NSCS) and its impact on hydrographic conditions and ecosystem. The simulated results were comprehensively validated against field and satellite measurements. The model results show that the near shore ecosystem of NSCS has significant responses to the summer coastal upwelling system. The Shantou Coast to the Nanri Islands of Fujian province (YD) and the east of the Leizhou Peninsula (QD) are two main regions affected by NSCS summer coast upwelling. During summer, these two coastal areas are characterized by nearshore cold and high salinity upwelling current. Further, the summer coastal upwelling serves as a perfect nutrient pump, which lifts up and advects nutrient-rich current from deep to surface, from inner shelf to about 30 km outer shelf. This nutrient source reaches its maximum in the middle of July and then begins to decrease. However, the maximum phytoplankton and chlorophyll a do not coincide with the maximum nutrients and delay for about 10 days. Because of the intensive seasonal thermocline and the complicated current transporting through Qiongzhou strait, the ecological responding of QD is less pronounced than YD. This study has a better understanding of the physically modulated ecological responses to the NSCS summer coastal upwelling system.
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2018, 60, 1
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The response of cyclonic eddies to typhoons based on satellite remote sensing data for 2001-2014 from the South China Sea
Autorzy:
Yu, F.
Yang, Q.
Chen, G.
Li, Q.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48316.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
satellite remote sensing
tropical cyclone
kinetic energy
typhoon
spatial distribution
quantitative analysis
South China Sea
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2019, 61, 2
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Distribution and role of the genus Oithona (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) in the South China Sea
Autorzy:
Wang, L.
Du, F.
Wang, X.
Li, Y.
Ning, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/47786.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Oceanologii PAN
Tematy:
Oithona
Copepoda
Cyclopoida
temperature
hydrological factor
phytoplankton
ichthyoplankton
South China Sea
Oithona plumifera
Oithona similis
Opis:
The relationships between the small cyclopoid copepod Oithona and hydrological factors, phytoplankton and ichthyoplankton were evaluated using the data obtained in the central South China Sea (SCS) in summer 2014. The genus abundance ranged from 6.00 ind. m3 to 93.75 ind. m3 with high abundance band occurring in the branch of SCS Monsoon Jet. The lower temperature and higher salinity in the surface water of the band than other zones indicated that deep water intrusion was a positive factor for aggregation of the genus. The community structure of the genus was dominated by Oithona plumifera and Oithona similis made up 97% of the genus abundance associated with Oithona tenuis. The result of db-RDA analysis showed that the community structure of the genus was affected by temperature, Chl a, larval fishes and fish spawns, and temperature was the most important limiting factor. The result of GAMs analysis showed that abundance of O. tenuis, and copepodites were affected by Chl a, larval fishes and fish spawns; abundance of O. similis was affected by Chl a and fish spawns; and abundance of O. plumifera was affected by Chl a and larval fishes. Therefore, we suggest that the branch of SCS Monsoon Jet and deep water intrusion favor aggregation of plankton in the central SCS in summer. We confirm that the temperature is the limiting factor to the reproduction of the genus Oithona in tropic seas and the genus Oithona is a food-web linker between primary production and larval fishes in the central SCS.
Źródło:
Oceanologia; 2017, 59, 3
0078-3234
Pojawia się w:
Oceanologia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Emotional Backdrop of Legal Discourses in South China Sea Disputes
Autorzy:
Pomès, Eric
Coicaud, Jean-Marc
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2019086.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
emotions
South China Sea
hegemony
territorial disputes
liberal/illiberal
international law
interpretation
elements exogenous to the law
Opis:
The China Sea connects as many coastal states as it divides due to the economic and strategic challenges it represents. It also embodies an area of confrontations between the Great American and Chinese strategies. Identifying with precision the differences that arise requires an interest in the symbolic dimensions that surround them. This angle of analysis provides an opportunity to observe the functioning of international law and inevitably leads to a discussion of the emerging international order. The literature on the situation in the China Sea abounds. The paper’s singularity is to approach it under the prism of international law as revealing the psychology of an actor. To carry out this research, the authors use a pragmatic and critical approach to international law. The thesis defended shows that, contrary to a positivist and judicial approach to international law, elements exogenous to the law, the history, and the psychology of an actor, influence the interpretation of existing norms.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 1 (50); 25-42
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Morze Południowochinskie jako miejsce rywalizacji geopolitycznej i wyścigu zbrojeń morskich w Azji południowo-wscodniej
Geopolitical competition and naval arms race in South China Sea region
Autorzy:
Stach, Łukasz
Sacharczuk, Paulina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1386978.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Geopolityczne
Tematy:
Morze Południowochińskie
Wyspy Spratly
WyspybParacelskie
zbrojenia morskie
South China Sea
Spratly Islands
Paracel Islands
naval arms race
Opis:
Artykuł koncentruje się na problemie znaczenia geopolitycznego Morza Południowochińskiego, jak też kwestii istniejących tam sporów terytorialnych. Wyjaśnia nie tylko dlaczego wspomniany akwen ma tak duże znaczenie geopolityczne, ale również ukazuje modernizację marynarek wojennych krajów zaangażowanych w spory terytorialne na Morzu Południowochińskim. W pierwszej części artykułu omówiono strategiczny wymiar Morza Południowochińskiego, jak też spory terytorialne występujące w tym regionie. Część druga dotyczy zbrojeń morskich krajów zaangażowanych w spory terytorialne (Wyspy Spratly, Wyspy Paracelskie, Rafa Scarborough), natomiast kolejna przedstawia aktualną sytuację polityczną w regionie.
The article dwells on the geopolitical importance of South China Sea and territorial disputes which occured in this region. It also describes maritime military potential of the states which are involved in territorial disputes over Spratly and Paracel Islands. Additionally, it explains process of the modernization and future perspectives of the mentioned fleets.
Źródło:
Przegląd Geopolityczny; 2017, 20; 138-161
2080-8836
2392-067X
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Geopolityczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bezpieczeństwo regionu Azji Południowo-Wschodniej a roszczenia terytorialne wobec wysp Morza Południowochińskiego
Southeast Asia security and territorial disputes over the south China seas islands
Autorzy:
Śliwa, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/222807.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Dowodzenia i Operacji Morskich
Tematy:
bezpieczeństwo
morskie szlaki komunikacyjne
Azja
Morze Południowochińskie
Chiny
ASEAN
spory terytorialne
security
sea communication lines
Asia
South China Sea
China
territorial disputes
Opis:
Artykuł omawia problematykę sporów terytorialnych na akwenie Morza Południowochińskiego, w które uwikłane są państwa regionu, w tym kraje ASEAN (Association of South East Asian Nations — Stowarzyszenie Narodów Azji Południowo-Wschodniej) oraz Chiny. Spory te pośrednio oddziałują na Japonię, Koreę Południową i Stany Zjednoczone. Morze Południowochińskie to ważny akwen, przez który biegną liczne morskie szlaki komunikacyjne służące przepływowi surowców strategicznych i towarów w relacjach Azja Wschodnia — reszta świata. Tym samym akwen ma znaczenie globalne w kontekście bezpieczeństwa i rozwoju gospodarczego. Spory związane z Wyspami Spratly i Paracelskimi to istotny element obecnej sytuacji regionu, który eskalować może w konflikt regionalny, a poprzez zaangażowanie potęg światowych wpłynąć na sytuację na świecie. Artykuł wskazuje źródła sporów, zaangażowanie i stanowiska państw na akwenie Morza Południowochińskiego oraz implikacje regionalne i globalne.
The paper deals with issues related to disputes in the South China Sea region. The countries of the region , including the ASEAN countries (Association of South East Asian Nations) and China, are involved in the disputes. They affect indirectly Japan, South Korea and the USA. The South China Sea is an important water area with numerous sea communication lines used to carry strategic resources and goods in trade relations between East Asia and the rest of the world. Thus the water-area has a global significance in the context of security and economic development. Disputes over Spratly and Paracels Islands constitute an important element of the situation in the region which may escalate into a regional conflict, and through involvement of world powers may affect the situation in the world. The paper shows the sources of the disputes, commitment and approach of the countries in the South China Sea as well as some regional and global implications.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej; 2010, R. 51 nr 2 (181), 2 (181); 105-120
0860-889X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Taiwan’s Challenges in the Changing Landscape of Regional Security and Economy in the Asia-Pacific Region after the Cold War
Wyzwania Tajwanu w zmieniającym się krajobrazie regionalnego bezpieczeństwa i gospodarki w regionie Azji i Pacyfiku po zimnej wojnie
Autorzy:
Tang, Chih-Mao
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1185536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-10-24
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
TPP
RCEP
East China Sea
South China Sea
Taiwan
the Asia-Pacific region
morze Wschodniochińskie
morze Południowochińskie
Tajwan
region Azji i Pacyfiku
Opis:
After the Cold War, international politics and economy of the Asia-Pacific region has changed tremendously. Regional economic integration accelerates up with the rapid increase of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements between regional countries, whereas regional security is continually confronted with conflict flashpoints, including regional maritime sovereignty disputes. This article provides the recent development of regional economy and security with emphasis on maritime disputes in East China Sea and South China Sea and Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and discusses the possible challenges to Taiwan in these issues.
Po zimnej wojnie międzynarodowa polityka i gospodarka regionu Azji i Pacyfiku zmieniła się ogromnie. Regionalna integracja gospodarcza przyspiesza wraz z szybkim wzrostem dwustronnych i wielostronnych umów o wolnym handlu między krajami regionalnymi, podczas gdy bezpieczeństwo regionalne jest stale konfrontowane z punktami zapalnym konfliktu, w tym sporami dotyczącymi regionalnych suwerenności morskich. Artykuł ten przedstawia niedawny rozwój regionalnej gospodarki i bezpieczeństwa, z naciskiem na spory morskie w Morzu Wschodniochińskim i Południowochińskim oraz Partnerstwie Trans-Pacyficznym (TPP) i Regionalnym Kompleksowym Partnerstwie Gospodarczym (RCEP) i omawia możliwe wyzwania dla Tajwanu w tych kwestiach.
Źródło:
Studia z Polityki Publicznej; 2016, 3, 4(12); 155-175
2391-6389
2719-7131
Pojawia się w:
Studia z Polityki Publicznej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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