Temat: SOCIAL PARASITISM - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Problematyka pasożytnictwa społecznego: aspekty prawne
Problems of ”social parasitism”: legal aspects
Autorzy:: Szamota, Barbara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699208.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1985
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: problematyka
pasożytnictwo
społeczeństwo
aspekt prawny
kara
problems
social parasitism
legal aspects
penalty
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 101-112
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Problematyka pasożytnictwa społecznego: aspekty kryminologiczne
Problems of "social parasitism": criminological aspects
Autorzy:: Kossowska, Anna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699214.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1985
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: pasożytnictwo
społeczeństwo
aspekty kryminologiczne
kryminologia
problematyka
niedostosowanie
social parasitism
criminological aspects
criminology
problems
maladjustment
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 113-118
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: DE PARASITES SOCIAUX AU FAMEUX SAPEUR La désobéissance civile de l’art
FROM ‘SOCIAL PARASITE’ TO ‘FAMOUS SAPPER’. THE ART OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
OD „PARAZYTA SPOŁECZNEGO” DO „SŁYNNEGO SAPERA”. O CYWILNYM NIEPOSŁUSZEŃSTWIE SZTUKI
Autorzy:: Brogowski, Leszek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/487688.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016-11-07
Wydawca:: Akademia Sztuk Pięknych im. Eugeniusza Gepperta we Wrocławiu
Tematy:: FUNKCJA SZTUKI PASOŻYTNICTWO SPOŁECZNE NIEPOSŁUSZEŃSTWO OBYWATELSKIE
ANARCHIZM
ALIENACJA DEZALIENACJA SZTUKI
FUNCTION OF ART
SOCIAL PARASITISM
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE ANARCHISM
ALIENATION / DE-ALIENATION OF ART
Opis:: OD „PARAZYTA SPOŁECZNEGO” DO „SŁYNNEGO SAPERA”. O CYWILNYM NIEPOSŁUSZEŃSTWIE SZTUKI W eseju zderzają się dwie płaszczyzny rozważań: jedna dotyczy praktyk artystycznych zwanych „pasożytniczymi” w sztuce ostatnich lat (temat sympozjum w Amiens w roku 2006), druga – dezalienacyjnej funkcji sztuki, w sensie, w jakim postrzega ją i praktykuje Laurent Marissal, którego książka (Pinxit. Malarstwo 1997–2003, Rennes, Éditions Incertain Sens, 2005) jest tutaj przedmiotem rozważań. Ich celem jest powiązanie zagadnień, jakie wyłaniają się z tego zderzenia, z historią polityczną i intelektualną po to, by lepiej uchwycić ich sens i aktualność. W pierwszej części eseju pojęcie pasożytnictwa interpretowane jest przez pryzmat złowieszczych, a czasem zbrodniczych następstw koncepcji „pasożyta społecznego” u nazistów i w krajach bloku radzieckiego; skonfrontowana jest ona z odniesieniami do pasożytnictwa w ekonomii politycznej (Adam Smith, Karol Marks, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Stanislav Andreski). Okazuje się wtedy, że „pasożyt społeczny” nie jest pojęciem, ale niespójnym zbiorem przeciwstawnych sensów, które zależą od ideologicznego punku widzenia. W drugiej części, wychodząc od społeczno-ekonomicznego kontekstu pracy artysty, a także od politycznych implikacji posługiwania się terminem „pasożyt” w kontekście sztuki, analiza praktyki artystycznej Laurent Marissala, prowadzi do historycznej rekonstrukcji pojęcia alienacji oraz sposobów filozoficznego pojmowania sztuki jako doświadczenia dezalienującego. Łączy się w tej rekonstrukcji kilka tradycji filozoficznych: pisarze Oświecenia (Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Maxime de Robespierre, Friedrich Schiller), filozofowie anarchizmu (Max Stirner, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Michał Bakunin, Lew Tołstoj), ale także, w nieco bardziej zaskakujący sposób, Karol Marks i Umberto Eco, którego teoria otwartego dzieła jest w istocie odpowiedzią na kwestię alienacji w sensie, w jakim zdefiniował ją Marks. Zagadnienia wyłaniające się z tych analiz łączą konsekwencje zarówno estetyczne, jak i polityczne: nieposłuszeństwo obywatelskie (kiedy wolność wypowiedzi prowadzi artystów na skraj legalności: Krzysztof Wodiczko, Alfredo Jaar, Francis Alÿs, Gianni Motti, Pierre Huyghe, Clido Mereiles, itd.), dezalienacyjna funkcja sztuki (edukacja estetyczna według modelu Schillera czy akcja polityczna – w tym również w sztuce – według teorii Marksa?), koncepcja czasu w doświadczeniu alienacji, zwłaszcza w przypadku artystów, których praca zarobkowa nie pokrywa się z działalnością artystyczną (pisał o tym między innymi Witold Gombrowicz), a wreszcie teoria własności (oparta na użytkowaniu czy na posiadanie?, niedająca się wyalienować własność ufundowana na prawie autora do swojego dzieła czy na nieograniczonym prawie do posiadania?). Francuski termin „jouissance”, mający zarówno sens prawny, jak i egzystencjalny, oznaczający zarazem „prawo do użytkowania” i „przyjemność”, a nawet „orgazm”, jest przedmiotem pasjonującej analizy Diderota w Encyklopedii. W roku 1997 Laurent Marissal zostaje zatrudniony jako członek personelu pilnującego kolekcję obrazów w Muzeum Gustawa Moreau; sytuacja typowa dla młodych artystów, bo Marissal właśnie otrzymał dyplom Akademii Sztuk Pięknych w Paryżu. W takim właśnie kontekście opracowuje swoją koncepcję i praktykę sztuki jako sposobu na odzyskiwanie czasu swojej egzystencji sprzedanego pracodawcy, a instrumentem tej praktyki czyni związek zawodowy. W roku 2003 podaje się do dymisji, a w 2005 publikuje Pinxit. Malarstwo 1997–2003, jako dokument, opowieść i wyraz doświadczenia artystycznego, w którym sztuka i praca zrosły się na dobre z życiem.
FROM ‘SOCIAL PARASITE’ TO ‘FAMOUS SAPPER’. THE ART OF CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE In the essay, there are two planes which collide: one concerning artistic practice of recent years considered as ‘parasitic’ in art (see: the symposium in Amiens in 2006), the second – de-alienating function of art as interpreted by Laurent Marissal, whose book (‘Pinxit: Painting from 1997 to 2003’ Rennes, Éditions Incertain Sens, 2005) is under consideration here. Their aim is to link the issues which emerge from the clash with political and intellectual history in order to bet-ter grasp their meaning and relevance. In the first part of the essay, the notion of parasitism is interpreted through the prism of sinister, sometimes murderous consequences of ‘social parasite’ – the ideas by the Nazis and the Soviets. It is confronted with references to parasitism in political economy (Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Stanislav Andreski). It turns out then that ‘social parasite’ is not a idea, but an inconsistent set of contradictory meanings, which depend on the ideological point of view. In the second part, starting from the socio-economic context of the artist’s work, as well as the political implications of the use of the term ‘parasite’ in the context of art, the analysis of the artistic practice by Laurent Marissal leads to the historical reconstruction of the concept of alien-ation and ways of philosophical understanding of art as de-alienating experience. The recon-struction combines several philosophical traditions, including the following traditions: the writ-ers of the Enlightenment (Denis Diderot, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Maxime de Robespierre, Frie-drich Schiller), the philosophers of anarchism (Max Stirner, Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, Mikhail Bakounine, Leo Tolstoy), but also in a bit more surprising way, Karl Marx and Umberto Eco, whose theory of open work is in fact the answer to the question of alienation in the sense de-fined by Marx. Issues emerging from these analyzes combine both aesthetic and political consequences: civil disobedience (when freedom of speech leads artists to the edge of legality: Krzysztof Wodiczko, Alfredo Jaar, Francis Alÿs, Gianni Motti, Pierre Huyghe, clido Mereiles, etc.), de-alienation of the function of art (aesthetic education by Schiller and/or political action – including in art – according to Marx’s theory?), the concept of time in the experience of alienation, especially in the case of artists whose paid work does not coincide with artistic activities (Witold Gom-browicz and other writer wrote about this problem), and finally the theory of property (based on the use or the possession ?, not-be-alienated property based on the right of the artist or to the unlimited right to own?). French term ‘jouissance’, having both the sense of the legal and exis-tential, meaning both ‘right to use’ and ‘pleasure’ and even ‘orgasm’, is the subject of a fascinat-ing analysis by Diderot in ‘Encyclopedia’. In 1997, Laurent Marissal was employed as a staff member to watch the collection of paintings at the Museum of Gustav Moreau; a situation typical for young artists, because Marissal just graduated from the Academy of Fine Arts in Paris. It is in this context he developed his idea and practice of art as a way of recovering the time sold to his employer, and he used unions as the instrument of that practice. In 2003, he resigned, and in 2005, he publishes ‘Pinxit: Paintings from 1997 to 2003’, as the document – story and expression of artistic experience, where art and work merge with life.
Źródło:: DYSKURS: Pismo Naukowo-Artystyczne ASP we Wrocławiu; 2016, 21; 48-83
1733-1528
Pojawia się w:: DYSKURS: Pismo Naukowo-Artystyczne ASP we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Funkcjonowanie ustawy o postępowaniu wobec osób uchylających się od pracy - wyniki badań
Functioning of the act on the treatment of persons evading work
Autorzy:: Ostrihanska, Zofia
Rzeplińska, Irena
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699284.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1988
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: robocizna
uchylać się
praca
wolność
wyniki badań
leczenie
osoba
funkcjonowanie
pasożytnictwo społeczne
regulacja prawna
zatrudnienie
ustawa
nadużywania alkoholu
obowiązek
rejestracja
labour
avoid
work
liberty
findings
treatment
person
functioning
social parasitism
legal regulation
employment
law
alcohol abuse
responsibility
registration
Opis:: The Act on the treatment of persons evading work was passed on November 26, 1982 and entered into force on January 1, 1983. The passing of the Act was preceded by a period of heated discussions during which the need for this regulation or objections against it were justified by various social, economic, political legal as well as philosophical reasons. The Act bound all men aged 18-45 (with the exception of some clearly defined categories) who neither work nor learn for a period of at least 3 month and who are not registered in employment agencies as looking for a job to report at the local state administrative agencies and explain the reasons of this state of affairs. Such persons can be recognized as not working for justified reasons (in this case, they should get help if needed) or for unjustified reasons (to such persons the possibilities of taking the job should be pointed out; they should also get help if needed). Man who persistently evade work and whose sources of maintenance cannot be revealed or prove to be contradictory to the principles of social existence, are included in a list of persons who persistently evade work. The law provides for the following legal consequences towards persons who fall under its provisions: a failure in the duty to report is a transgression for which there is a penalty of limitation of liberty of up to three months; the same penalty is provided for the registered person’s failure to appear when summoned by the local administrative agency: a failure of a registered person in the duty to appear when summoned in order to make a statement concerning his sources of maintenances is an offence for which a penalty of limitation of liberty or a fine is provided; the persons who have been included in the list may be obligated to perform the work for public purposes in cases of force majeure or natural calamity that constitutes a serious threat for the normal conditions of the people’s existence; a failure in this duty is an offence for which a statutory penalty is that of limitation of liberty up two years or a fine. The Act deals with only one of the many and varied problems that result from the broad and multifarious issue of work: the situation of not being formally employed. Employment is connected with the actual policy in this respect, the labour market, and with many economic problems. The passing of the Act and the period of its functioning discussed in the present paper fell in Poland on the days of a profound socio-economic crisis which influences the problems related to employment. In our study, however, we have taken no account of the above broader issues, focusing on the functioning of the Act: the nation of ,,evasion of work’’ and ,,a person evading work’’ it introduced, the extent of the population that falls under the Act, characterization of the population mentioned the institutions and persons involved in realization of the Act, ways of dealing with the persons evading work, conformability of the conduct of the Act’s addresses with the model of conduct it includes, appraisal of the degree to which the aims of the Act, as set before it by the legislator have been reached, and the social effects of the law. The study concerned the functioning of the Act in the capital city of Warsaw. The basic source of information were index cards of all man evading work that had been registered in this territory in the period from January 1, 1983, till April 30, 1984. Moreover, district constables of the police were interviewed about these men; data concerning their criminal records were obtained from the Central Criminal Register and information about their detention in the Warsaw sobering-up station was obtained from the station's files. Two years later, additional data were gathered in order to check which of the registered men worked for at least 6 month after having been registered; the course of work for public purposes done by the examined persons was also checked with enterprises that organized such work. In the period included in the study, 2,195 men evading work were registered in Warsaw. The size of this population seems susceptible of various interpretations, depending on the adepted point of view. This number however seems insignificant as compared with that of situations vacant reported at the employment agency which for instance exceeded 18 thousand jobs for men on December 31, 1983. As shown by the analysis of the course of registration in the entire examined period, and of the differences in the sizes of the registered populations in the separate Warsaw districts, the sizes in question vary greatly and depend on administrative steps that influence the revealing of men who answer the statutory definition. The term "person evading work" designates various persons whose various circumstances - whether socially accepted or not – justify their lack of permanent employment, and who find themselves in various situations. They are e.g. persons waiting to be called up, those who help their families with farming, alcoholics who find it impossible to keep any permanent job, men supported by their familes and looking after a family member, those who are preparing for examination to enter the university, those taking a rest after release from prison, and those who actually do work (there were about 1/4 of them): casually, seasonally or in private firms, but fail to settle their situation formally. According to the police data, as few as every tenth of the examined persons had among others, though not exclusively, illegal sources of maintenance such as offences or illicit trade. In general, the men registered as evading work did not differ from the entire population of men aged 18-45 who lived in Warsaw at that time as regards the age structure. There were among them relatively few married men. Their level of education was somewhat lower as compared with men employed at that time in Warsaw in the socialized economy; yet two-thirds of them were trained in some profession. According to the police inquiries, and to the information from index cards and from sobering-up station, three-fourth of the examined persons drank extensively; one-third of them were detained in the station, with the majority being detained repeatedly which arouses suspicion as to their dependence. 79 per cent of the registered persons were known to the police who had to intervene in their cases comparatively often and the company they kept was appraised negatively by the police 45 per cent had criminal records (with offences against property predominating) their effence however did not provide them money enough to replace employee’s wages. The first stage of introduction of the Act was to reveal persons liableto registration. The performance of the duty of registration met with most serious problems. Persons who reported themselves to be registered constituted less than a half of the total of those registered, this situation remaining unchanged even one year after the Act had entered into force. Even after that period, over a half of those newly registered were persons who had not been working for over a year and who thus should have been registered much earlier Some of those who reported themselves did it only because they needed a certificate of registration to settle some important personal matter A rather numerous category nearly one- third of the examined men consisted of those registered after having been punished by a transgresion board for failure in the duty of registration, and those reported by the police or public prosecutor' s office Therefore, the police were explicitly involved in the process of picking out persons evading work. Also the realization of the entire second stage of dealing with the above persons - that of classification - arouses serious doubts. Index cards of a great number of persons lacked information essential for the realization of the Act, i.e. concerning certain facts about the registered person and the history of this previous employment. Among the vital decisions taken in relation to the registered persons is the recognition of the reason of their unemployment as justified or unjustified. A tendency became pronounced in these decisions to treat illness and prolonged formal transactions related to future work as valid excuses for not working and out to excuse working without formal employment. It appeared also that officials deciding in these matters enjoyed a certain degree of discretion when appraising the reasons of unemployment. The actions taken toward the registered persons assumed first of all the character unemploying: they consisted in obligating these persons to report again and inform about employment, or in referring them; therefore these actions failed to bring about any considerable effects; had the persons in question reported directly at the employment agency, the effects would have been identical. One-forth of the registered persons were directed to do work for public purposes. As many as two- thirds of them never even appeared to get the adress of the enterprise which such organized work, and 15 per cent reported at the workplace but failed to fulfil their duties. Thus directing to work for public purposes was of a trifle importance only; out of proportion with the effort put in the organizing of such work. Thoroughout the period included in the study, the names of 152 (7 per cent) of the registered men were entered in the list of persons who persistently evaded work. Punishment for infringement of the disscused Act was moved for in one third of cases. As shown by the picture of realization of the Act, the officials who apply it often face the registered men's most complex life problems, that are difficult to appraise explicitly and to decide upon beyond dispute; besides, methods of successful circumvention or evasion of the provisions of the Act appear to have emerged. The appraisal of the functioning of the discussed Act has been done on two planes: both the realization of the legislator's intentions and the social effects of its introduction other than intended have been analyzed. The legislator's intentions are defined as coming to the assistance of those out of work and out of school who want work, and inducing to work those who fail to express this wish. In the statements of the Minister of Justice and of the deputy reporter during the parliamentary discussion, also such aims were formulated as: drawing up a record of persons evading work and thus getting knowledge as to the extent of this phenomenon; providing hands in cases of their shortage; and soothing the indignant public opinion which demanded radical measures to fight the phenomenon of the so-called social parasitism. The above intentions have been realized but to a slight degree. Cases of getting help from administrative agency were extremely rare, the agency playing but the role of an agent who directs clients on to the employment or medical agencies. After registration 44.5 per cent of the examined persons took a job and 37.6 per cent continued to work incessanuy for 6 months which is the condition of their names being stroken off from the register. The latter group proved to be "better" as regards selected social traits. According to our appraisal, these persons had greater chances and possibilities of and performing a job as compared with the remaining group; what's more "inducing" them to work was frequently absolutely unnecessary. Registration failed to provide knowledge as to the size of the phenomenon of evasion of work, inconstancy being among its characteristics. The examined persons are often temporarily unemployed, this situation far from being permanent. Registration failed to improve the situation in the labour market: not only the number of those who found a job but also the total of those registered was too small as compared with the needs. Whether the public opinion has been soothed and satisfied by the introduction of the Act, we do not know. What we do know, is that among those registered there were hardly any persons whose unemployment particularly irritated the public opinion (e.g. black market and foreign currency dealers). A number of persons "evad.ing work" can always be" found, and the reasons for which some of them fail to take a job would hardly meet with social desapproval. Apart from the intended effects of any legal regulation, there are also those unintended which in the case of the discussed Act can be found in the following spheres: 1) the legal system: in the labour law (limitation of the principle of freedom of work), and in the penal law (the range of penalized acts has been broadened to include transgressions and offences provided in the Act; moreover, a penal law sanction was used as an instrument to solve a problem that belongs to the sphere of social an economic policy exclusively; 2) the sphere of political an social activities: an additional bureaucratic cell in labour exchange has been created in the case of alcoholics, intervention of the Act is but a seeming action, leaving the essence of the problem out of account; in the case of ex-convicts, the Act doubles the activity of other institutions (such person can obtain help in employment agencies or from their probation officers, and they are ,,induced" to take a job by their life situation or by the conditions on which they have been released from prison); 3) the sphere of social attitudes towards the law: failure to collect subpoenas and to appear when summoned could be observed among the registered persons which means that mechanisms of circumventing the Act emerged. In our opinion, the Act on the treatment of persons evading work is unnecessary. A separate and independent problem of persons who evade work does not exist. Instead, there is a number of various, partly overlapping problems: demand for labour, social frustrations of the crisis period, as well as alcoholism, delinquency disturbed socialization of the youth, failure to insure employes without setting the required formalities, problem of employment of the disabled. Also favourable phenomena and traits can be found here such e.g. the energy and initiative of those who want to work more effectively and to be paid better As shown by our study, ,,social parasitism ,, i.e. the actual staying out of work and living at the expense of others, can be found in a tiny percentage of registered persons.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1988, XV; 95-152
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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