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Tytuł:
Deterrence, resilience, and engagement: Tokyo’s response to the Ukraine war and Russia-China alignment
Autorzy:
Nagy, Stephen
Nguyen, Hanh
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343773.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-29
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
The Ukraine invasion
Japan
Russia
China
Russia-China alignment
Opis:
Russia’s unprovoked attack against Ukraine entails significant implications to Japan’s security and its surrounding environment. How is Japan responding to Russia’s use of force? What are the drivers of its responses? This case study examines official speeches by Japanese leaders and government senior officials, government announcements, opinion polls, and analyses by Japan experts to understand Tokyo’s perceptions and responses to Moscow’s military attack against Kiev. Seen from Tokyo, the invasion of Ukraine is not only an attack against the rules-based international order but also a manifestation of Japan’s security concerns regarding China’s growing military capabilities and closer Russia-China alignment, especially the potential use of military force to change the Indo-Pacific region’s power balance. This article also finds that Tokyo’s response to Russia-China alignment and the Ukraine invasion continues to be wedded to an approach is characterized by a mixture of engagement, resilience, and deterrence, aiming at both Russia and the growing Russia-China alignment.
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2022, 58; 180-198
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
China-Russia Bilateral Security and Military Partnership in Changing World Order: Security Challenges for the United States of America in Asia and Beyond
Autorzy:
Bharti, Mukesh Shankar
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2146969.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-05-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
Tematy:
China
Russia
US containment policy
China-Russia Cooperation
Indo-Pacific
geopolitics
Opis:
The objective of this research is to assess the defence partnership of Russia and China after the Cold War period. This study analyses the military cooperation and strategic relation of Russia and China in the post-Cold War period. Further, the article highlights the main contradicting areas between the United States of America (USA) and the Russia-China alliance in international politics. It also elucidates the Russia-China relationship across the diplomatic paradigm and economic aspects in the global economic system. China’s flagship economic New Silk Road Initiative is a challenging concept for the US on land and maritime across the world. Thus, the study uses the research question: how do China and Russia compete with the US challenges in the new world order? The qualitative comparative method is used to investigate answers to the research questions and objectives of this study. This article attempts to use an analytical framework to describe the countries’ vision for joint development in the area of security issues. Russia and China have deep military cooperation and commit to working together against the US domination in the Asia Pacific and other parts of the world. In a conclusion it is stated that Russia and China have been accelerating bilateral military cooperation in a positive direction, which is a success story between both countries, and the US is facing stiff competition in Asia as well as in the Asia Pacific Region (APR).
Źródło:
Historia i Polityka; 2022, 40 (47)
1899-5160
2391-7652
Pojawia się w:
Historia i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rosja Władimira Putina a Chiny Xi Jinpinga O wpływie przywódców politycznych na politykę w państwach autorytarnych: przypadki rosyjski i chiński
Putin’s Russia and Xi’s China. The Influence of Political Leaders on Politics in Authoritarian Countries: Case Studies of Russia and China
Россия Путина и Китай Си Цзиньпинa. Влияние политических лидеров на политику в авторитарных странах. Примеры российский и китайский
Autorzy:
Lubina, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/568782.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Vladimir Putin
Xi Jinping
Russia-China
Sino-Russian relations
Владимир Путин
Си Цзиньпин
Россия и Китай
российско-
-китайские отношения
Opis:
In political science an accent on individuals (political leaders) in researching politics is neither popular nor advocated one. In authoritarian countries like Russia or China, however, political leaders and their personalities are a crucial factor in trying to understand the political processes there. Both Vladimir Putin in Russia and Xi Jinping in China have dominated their respective political systems. This, combined with good state of Russia-China relations makes it an interesting case study of the influence of political leaders on authoritarian countries. Both Putin and Xi are new type of leaders: they both follow the main ideas of political realism (though with “national differences”) and they share a 19th century outlook on the global affairs (“concert of powers”) yet they use contemporary means to fulfil these interests. Their personal understanding provides a predictability and stability: both Putin and Xi function in accordance with balance of power and respect for zones of influence concepts. That is why differences in other spheres, like Russia’s and China’s approaches to the USA do not influence the general good mood of Sino-Russian relationship.
В политических науках фокус на политических лидеров не является популярным. Однако, в авторитарных странах, таких как Россия и Китай, это лидеры имеют ключевое значение для понимания политических процессов. Владимир Путин и Си Цзиньпин доминировали российский и китайский политические системы, что, в связи с хорошими российско-китайскими отношениями, является интересным примером в исследовании влияния политических лидеров на политику. Путин и Си Цзиньпин – это лидеры нового типа. Они оба – политические реалисты, хотя с «национальными» отличиями, у них похожее видение мира с перспективы концепции системы концерта держав и одновременно современные средства осуществления государственных интересов. Взаимопонимание между Путиным и Си Цзиньпином, схожая политическая философия, диктовавшая уважение собственных зон интересов и сохранение баланса сил, положительно влияют на российско-китайские отношения. Хотя и существуют отличия между Россией и Китаем (например, в вопросе политики в отношении США), они не влияют на хорошее состояние российско-китайских отношений”.
Źródło:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2018, 3(18); 41-62
2084-3291
Pojawia się w:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Russian border regions in the economic corridor of China-Mongolia-Russia
Autorzy:
Sysoeva, Natalia
Rudneva, Vera
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193057.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-29
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny im. Komisji Edukacji Narodowej w Krakowie
Tematy:
border regions
cross-border relations
economic corridor China-Mongolia-Russia
foreign enterprises
geostrategic territories
integration
Opis:
The object of the paper are the border regions of Siberia as a part of the planned China-MongoliaRussia economic corridor in China’s foreign policy initiative “One Belt One Road”. The aim of the study is to reveal the nature of the interaction of these regions with the outside world to determine the ways of their development within a common economic space of the corridor. The study is based on the analysis of foreign investment flows to the border regions using macro- and microeconomic methods. The volume foreign capital goes mainly to mining, while other industries are dominated by small enterprises formed by foreign citizens, not corporations. In these areas, intermediary business prevails, which does not require increased human capital. China is gradually replacing other counter-partners in the use of natural resources, including mineral and forest ones. The problems of development of the border regions in common economic space of the corridor due to similar resource specialisation and weak development of the embedded economy have been identified. With the development of transit infrastructure, it is necessary to develop local industries integrated into large projects and capable of using this infrastructure to expand sales markets.
Źródło:
Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego; 2021, 35, 2
2080-1653
Pojawia się w:
Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Sino-Russian Partnership in the Face of Changing Balance of Power and Internal Barriers
Autorzy:
Paszak, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/519325.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
Tematy:
China
Russia
partnership
rivalry
Opis:
The aim of this article is to describe and critically assess the main contentious issues in Sino-Russian relations and to explain how they affect the development of this relationship. First of all, the article examines the attitudes of China and Russia towards their relationship in the context of the changing distribution of power and increasing competition in Central Asia. Secondly, the influence of the collectively understood West on the dynamics of the Sino-Russian partnership is analyzed, with particular emphasis on the role of the United States. These applications are supplemented with an assessment of regional perception of relations in the Asia-Pacific region and a study of trade between two parties. The author does not limit himself to one methodological approach, drawing from the Balance of Threat Theory, the concept of security dilemma and analyzing political discourse and structure of bilateral trade. The results of the analysis indicate the existence of relatively permanent and significant barriers, suggesting that the Sino-Russian relations will not reach a higher level of intensity than is the case at present. The current form of cooperation enables both parties to pursue common interests without risking an assertive reaction from the United States. Only sudden and far-reaching changes, harmful to both countries, have a chance to bring about a convergence of China’s and Russia’s interests sufficient to create a fully operational alliance.
Źródło:
Historia i Polityka; 2019, 30 (37); 89-106
1899-5160
2391-7652
Pojawia się w:
Historia i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
One Belt, One Road initiative and China-Russia relations – deep partnership or tactical alliance?
Autorzy:
Tido, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/531317.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce
Tematy:
China
Russia
identities
values
competition
Opis:
The article looks at the initiatives in the OBOR framework, but also more broadly into the relationship between Russia and China and the identities of both states. The immediate factors encourage the present state of friendly rapprochement. At the same time, there is something missing for the deeper relationship, which could last. OBOR is declaratively endorsed by Russia, but it is also seen as a competitive project for influence in the region, especially in Central Asia. The article looks into similarities in Russian and Chinese values, such as securitisation of democracy and juxtaposition to the West, but also brings up the differences such as the attitudes to religion, work ethics, tactics in foreign policy. The conclusion is that China and Russia are rather competitors in the region than stategic allies.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Political Science; 2018, 4, 1; 31-46
2391-3991
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Political Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Melodia przeszłości czy nowe rozdanie? Szanghajska Organizacja Współpracy w relacjach rosyjsko-chińskich z perspektywy 2017 roku
Autorzy:
Lubina, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/568275.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Shanghai Cooperation Organization SCO
Russia and China in Central Asia
OBOR
Шанхайская организация сотрудничества
ШОС
Россия и Китай в Центральной
Азии
Один пояс и один путь
Opis:
More than decade ago Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) became a popular theme of analysis and research, evoking polarizing views. It was described as a successful regional, multilateral organization which responds to local challenges (such as terrorism) and represents a good case of Sino-Russian cooperation in Central Asia. On the other hand, SCO was also being portrayed as a geopolitical, authoritarian answer to NATO, stronger in words than in actions. Since than SCO has developed and strengthened Sino-Russian relations. On the other hand, since 2010s SCO has been losing its importance and facing marginalization. India’s and Pakistan’s access in 2017 is bound to reverse this trend and give SCO a new energy. The outcome of this enlargement, combined with integration of the One Belt One Road (OBOR) project with SCO will decide about SCO’s future.
Более 10 лет тему назад Шанхайская организация сотрудничества (ШОС) стала популярной темой анализов и исследовании, возбуждила тоже поля ризацию взглядов. Одные считали ШОС успешной, многосторонной ор- ганизацией отвечающей на региональные вызовы (такие как терроризм) и будучей хорошим премером российско-китайского взаимодеиствия в Цен тральной Азии. С другой стороны о ШОС писали как о геополитическом, ав торитарном ответе для НАТО, ведучим себя жестко на словах, но не на деле.
Źródło:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2017, 3(14); 31-53
2084-3291
Pojawia się w:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energy trade relations between Russia and China
Autorzy:
Yamato, Sayaka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/10493906.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
China
Russia
economic relations
energy policy
Opis:
Economic relations between Russia and China have been growing over the years. Of particular importance in Russia-China economic relations is the gas and oil trade. Russia has the world’s largest natural resources, while China is the world’s largest energy consumer. In 2014, an agreement was reached to build a new gas pipeline and increase gas exports to China. If the planned volume of gas can be exported to China on a stable basis, Russia will be able to supplement some of the economic sanctions imposed by the West. However, there is much uncertainty as to whether China can be a stable export destination for Russia. There is a significant gap in the trade scale between Russia and China and asymmetrical dependence in the relationship between them. In addition, international pipeline projects have substantial financial and time costs, and the two countries; intentions sometimes differ. The purpose of this research is to clarify the current state of trade interdependence between Russia and China and to study whether China can be a stable economic partner for Russia. This paper consists of three main parts, with an introduction and conclusions. The first part explains an overview of trade and asymmetric interdependence between Russia and China. It then analyses the anticipated benefits and vulnerabilities of increased Russian gas exports to China. The third section investigates the uncertainties of China as a gas importer in terms of China’s dependence on Russia.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2023, 2(38); 62-71
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Russian-Chinese cooperation and competition in Afghanistan and its implications for Central Asia
Autorzy:
Aliyev, Nurlan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31343769.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-29
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
Russia
China
Afghanistan
Central Asia
the Taliban
Opis:
This paper aims to explore current and perspective trends of relations between Russia and China in Afghanistan and Central Asia. It also analyzes whether the withdrawal of the U.S. and the subsequent Taliban takeover helped—and continues to help—strengthen the two powers’ positions in the region and what kind of challenges and benefits they face. The paper examines the hypothesis that the U.S. troop withdrawal from Afghanistan and the Taliban’s return to power added to Russia and China’s benefits in the region. The research uses content analysis regarding official documents, political and military elite speeches, interviews, and reports to explain Russia and China’s official positions and policies regarding Afghanistan and Central Asia. Relations between the two powers as regards Afghanistan and Central Asia are comparatively analyzed. The paper uses the neorealist approach, which is fit for explaining relations between Russia and China in Afghanistan and Central Asia. After the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan, regional security is now the business of the regional powers, mainly China and Russia. Now they should bear the responsibilities and share the burdens. There is probably more ground for competition after eliminating the threats in Afghanistan and especially in Central Asia for Moscow and Beijing. However, Russia and China will continue to try to align their interests in Afghanistan and Central Asia, especially if their relations with U.S. remain at the current level or worsen in the coming years. Based on the findings, this paper argues that, on the one hand, Russia and China continue to try to take advantage of the instability in the region by stepping up their security and economic influences in Central Asia. However, their stabilizing efforts in Afghanistan following the withdrawal of the U.S., ironically may increase competition between China and Russia.
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2022, 58; 94-115
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gazpromu zwrot ku Azji. Potencjał współpracy gazowej Chin i Rosji.
Gazprom in Asia. The potential of energy cooperation between China and Russia.
Autorzy:
Jakóbik, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/441100.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Europejska im. ks. Józefa Tischnera
Tematy:
Rosja
Chiny
gaz
energetyka
Russia
China
gas
energy
Opis:
Ze względu na niekorzystne perspektywy rozwoju działalności w Europie, rosyjski Gazprom zamierza zwiększyć swoją aktywność inwestycyjną w Azji, w tym w szczególności w Chinach. Ambitny plan zakłada, że do końca tej dekady Rosja zmniejszy uzależnienie od europejskich klientów poprzez podpisanie intratnych umów gazowych w Azji. Prognozy EIA oraz innych ośrodków zakładają, że zapotrzebowanie Chin na energię będzie rosło w przeciągu całego XXI wieku. Razem z nim będzie wzrastało zainteresowanie Chińczyków nowymi źródłami pozyskiwania energii (w tym również gazem). Tym bardziej warto zastanowić się, czy Państwo Środka stanie się nowym – być może najważniejszym – odbiorcą dostaw gazu ziemnego z Rosji. Jest to temat kluczowy dla polityki energetycznej państw związanych umowami gazowymi z Moskwą – dotyczy Polski oraz pozostałych państw regionu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej.
Due to rather negative perspectives of Russian business activity in Europe, Gazprom intends to diversify its business portfolio by strengthening the energy cooperation with China. The energy consumption in China is growing and it is likely that this country will be a significant business partner of Russia. The energy cooperation between Moscow and Beijing seems to be quite relevant for countries bounded by gas contracts with Russia, especially from Central and Eastern Europe.
Źródło:
Kultura i Polityka; 2012, 12; 115-130
1899-4466
Pojawia się w:
Kultura i Polityka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Military-Technical Cooperation between Russian Federation and People’s Republic of China – drivers and perspectives of future evolution
Autorzy:
Wiśniewski, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/951048.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Fundacja Copernicus na rzecz Rozwoju Badań Naukowych
Tematy:
China
Russia
defense industry
alliances
great power rivalry
Opis:
The article aims to identify and analyze the underlying dynamics of military-technical cooperation between the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China – an important topic due to both states’ roles as great powers and potential challengers to the Western-led liberal international order. The author identifies the main political, military and economic drivers of Sino-Russian military-technical cooperation. By introducing the context of contemporary global trends that shape the defense-industrial landscape, the text addresses the question of the continued relevance of this particular relationship. Finally, the author offers some foundations for forecasting the future trajectory of Sino-Russian military-technical cooperation.
Źródło:
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies; 2019, 1
2299-4335
Pojawia się w:
The Copernicus Journal of Political Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Can Russia and China form an alliance to balance the United States?
Autorzy:
Andersone, Liene
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/534400.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu w Dąbrowie Górniczej
Tematy:
Russia
China
Alliance
Balance of Power
Soft Balancing
Opis:
The recent decade has seen an intensification of Russia-China cooperation, also in the military field. Both countries share the view that the current international order with the US hegemony in the centre of it is unjust. The Western sanctions towards Russia after the war in Ukraine in 2014 and the US pivot to Asia has given even more incentive for both countries to cooperate. That raises the question whether Russia and China can form an alliance to balance the US power and if there is any potential to form such an alliance.
Źródło:
Security Forum; 2017, 1, Volume 1 No. 1/2017; 7-15
2544-1809
Pojawia się w:
Security Forum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
SME Internationalization in Emerging Markets: Symbiotic vs. Commensal Pathways
Autorzy:
Mikhailitchenko, Andrey
Varshney, Sanjay
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/540578.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Wydziału Zarządzania
Tematy:
international business
structural equation model,
entrepreneurship
China
Russia
Opis:
Purpose - The purpose of this research is to develop, test, and validate the symbiotic networking concept of SMEs internationalization pathways. Design/Methodology/Approach - Survey data were collected from managers/owners of SMEs operating in the textile industry in China and Russia. The applied data analysis technique employed is structural equation modeling. The survey was pretested to address reliability, validity, and cross-cultural stability issues. Findings - The symbiotic networking relationships in SMEs were shown to be positively related to their degree of internationalization. The relationship between networking and internationalization is significantly stronger in the conditions of high rather than low environmental turbulence. Research Limitations/Implications - Further research should validate the findings in other industries and other countries. Future research may also include in the model other cultural, attitudinal, environmental, and managerial variables, as well as other dependent variables, first of all from consumer behavior and marketing communications fields. Practical Implications - The findings may assist in identifying networking clusters of SMEs in emerging economies that are more likely to enter foreign markets and develop more targeted support and educational programs aimed at facilitating the internationalization of small businesses. The research results also assist in the elaboration of managerial tools in multinational entrepreneurial businesses. Originality/Value –The research contributes to the field by empirically investigating, testing, and putting into a unified framework the measurement tools required for identifying the symbiotic networking interactions of SMEs and the influence of these interactions on SME internationalization pathways.
Źródło:
Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets; 2016, 1(3); 4-19
2449-6634
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Marketing and Consumer Behaviour in Emerging Markets
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Ukrainian Crisis as a Case Study of Different Policymaking Styles of Russia and China
Autorzy:
Lubina, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594394.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
the Ukrainian Crisis
Sino-Russian Relations
Russia
China
Opis:
The Ukrainian crisis of 2014 has been a popular theme of journal and media articles for obvious reasons. Its “Chinese”, or rather Sino-Russian dimension has been less so, though the Chinese reaction to the Ukrainian crisis and the implications of this reaction represent interesting political phenomenon. This article tries to fill this gap and uses the description of Russia and China policies during the crisis as a case study of Moscow and Beijing political behavior on the international scene in general. Its thesis is that the Ukrainian crisis represents a great case study of these behaviors. Moreover, this case is also a supplement to the general discussion in the field about the state of Russia-China contemporary political relations.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2018, 4 (47); 694-705
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rywalizacja mocarstw z perspektywy Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki u progu trzeciej dekady XXI wieku
Great Power Competition from the perspective of the United States of America at the beginning of the third decade of 21st century
Autorzy:
Brylonek, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2081549.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-10-25
Wydawca:
Collegium Witelona Uczelnia Państwowa
Tematy:
USA
Chiny
Rosja
bezpieczeństwo
obrona
China
Russia
security
defense
Opis:
W obszarze bezpieczeństwa i obrony przełom drugiej i trzeciej dekady XXI wieku w światowej polityce charakteryzuje nasilająca się rywalizacja największych potęg ekonomiczno-wojskowych. Stany Zjednoczone prowadzą współzawodnictwo z Chinami i Federacją Rosyjską w wielu obszarach funkcjonowania państw oraz stosunków międzynarodowych, ukierunkowane na takie ukształtowanie architektury bezpieczeństwa, a także norm, praktyk oraz stref wpływów, które umożliwią im sprawowanie hegemonii na możliwie najszerszym obszarze globu. Przewiduje się, że ich rywalizacja na przestrzeni kilku najbliższych dekad spowoduje napięcia nie tylko na liniach Waszyngton – Pekin oraz Waszyngton – Moskwa, ale również w Afryce, w Arktyce, w Europie, a także w przestrzeni cybernetycznej oraz w kosmosie. Nasilenie rywalizacji mocarstw spowodowało oficjalne przeorientowanie priorytetów bezpieczeństwa i obrony USA w kierunku konieczności przygotowania państwa do nasilających się wyzwań. Kierownictwo departamentu obrony USA uznało potrzebę przygotowania swoich sił zbrojnych do potencjalnej konfrontacji z innymi potęgami za swój priorytet. Cel ten legł u podstaw wszystkich prowadzonych reform wojska, koncepcji jego funkcjonowania, procesów modernizacji sprzętu wojskowego, a także kierunków badań technologicznych oraz rozwojowych dążeń rodzimego przemysłu zbrojeniowego. Według wszelkich prognoz i analiz wymienione zagadnienia w długiej perspektywie czasowej będą stanowić centrum prowadzonych rozważań polityków i środowisk eksperckich.
In the area of security and defense, the turn of the second and third decade of the 21st century has been characterized by intensifying competition of economic and military powers. The United States of America competes with China and the Russian Federation in various fields of the functioning of states and international relations, aimed at shaping the security architecture as well as standards, practices and spheres of influence that will enable them to exercise hegemony over the widest possible area of the globe. As predicted, the ongoing competition over the next few decades will cause tensions not only on the Washington – Beijing and Washington – Moscow lines, but also in Africa, the Arctic, Europe as well as in cyberspace and space. The renewed rivalry between the great powers has officially reoriented the US security and defense priorities towards the need to prepare the country for increasing challenges. The leadership of the US Department of Defense made it a priority to prepare its armed forces for potential confrontation with other powers. This goal was the basis of all the military reforms carried out, the concept of its functioning, the modernization processes of military equipment, as well as the directions of technological research and development efforts of the domestic arms industry. According to all forecasts and analyses, in the long-term perspective these issues will be at the center of deliberations by politicians and expert circles.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy; 2021, 3, 40; 43-56
1896-8333
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Państwowej Wyższej Szkoły Zawodowej im. Witelona w Legnicy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 67

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