Temat: Punishment - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Znaczenie przekleństw w kodeksach prawnych Pięcioksięgu
Autorzy:: Filipiak, Marian
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1162718.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1968
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:: przekleństwo
Pięcioksiąg
kara
curse
Torah
punishment
Opis:: L’exégèse moderne qui s’attache à expliquer les fondements mêmes de la religion de l’A. T. doit répondre, entre autres, à la question, pourquoi y at-il tant de malédictions dans l’Ecriture, et en particulier dans les codes des lois du Pentateuque, et quel est leur rôle? Un examen attentif mène à la conclusion qu’elles s’y rattachent à l’idée d’alliance. Les codes du Pentateuque revêtent la forme de l’alliance, schème universellement adopté dans l’Orient ancien; or les malédictions en formaient un des éléments constants. La malédiction y jouait le rôle de sanction juridique. C’était pourtant une sanction d’un genre particulier car elle ne précisait point par qui, ni de quelle manière, elle devait être exécutée L’on peut se demander alors quel était le sens de la „sanction de la malédiction”? Pour l’homme antique la malédiction possédait une force magique obligeant la divinité à intervenir, ou même la capacité d’amener des ma’heurs par sa vertu propre; pour l’Israelite elle n’était „parole efficace” qu’autant que derrière elle se tenait Dieu qui punit le péché en envoyant les châtiments qu’elle annonçait.
Źródło:: The Biblical Annals; 1968, 15, 1; 47-59
2083-2222
2451-2168
Pojawia się w:: The Biblical Annals
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Temat nagrody i kary jako motyw parenetyczny w listach św. Pawła
Autorzy:: Romaniuk, Kazimierz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1162865.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1969
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:: nagroda
kara
listy Pawłowe
award
punishment
Paul's epistles
Opis:: Cet article a pour but de démontrer que les motifs de la récompense et du châtiment futur ne sont pas uniques et ne jouent même pas un rôle principal dans la parénèse de saint Paul. C’est ainsi que dans les épîtres aux Thessaloniciens le motif de la rémunération n’existe pas du tout et celui du châtiment futur ne revient que dans forme de l’idée qu’on se fait de Dieu: Distributeur de la justice. La nature du châtiment n’y est pas précisée et on ne trouve même pas une allusion quelconque à la poena damni. Etant donné le caractère purement eschatologique des Epitres aux Thessaloniciens on s’étonne que le motif de la peine éternelle apparaisse si rarement das ces écrits. Dans les Grandes Epîtres, les textes concemant le thème de la rétribution peuvent être partagés en deux groupes: le premier est constitué par ceux qui touchent a l’idée du châtiment terrestre tandis que dans le deuxième se trouvent ceux qui parlent de la rémunération ou du châtiment éternel. II faut reconnaître que les motifs de la rétribution sont tout spécialement développés dans les Grandes Epîtres et parmi elles la première aux Corinthiens occupe la première place. Il est vrai que la crainte du châtiment prédomine, mais le thème de la rémunération n’y est pas négligé. La nature du châtiment ainsi que de la récompense est bien précisée: le châtiment consistera non seulement en ce que le pécheur sera soumis aux souffrances, mais aussi en ce qu’il sera repoussé par Dieu; il passera par les épreuves du feu et sera même dans une certaine mesure détruit par le feu. Les peines terrestres sous forme des maladies et faiblesses physiques viennent de Dieu, et l’apôrte en personne sera aussi celui qui punira parfois les pécheurs. Dans les Epîtres de la Captivité les motifs de la récompense et du châtiment sont rares. Ils ne sont même pas abordés dans les Epitres aux Colossiens et aux Philippiens. Dans l’Epître aux Ephésiens le motif de la rémunération domine. On a donc le droit de constater qu’au temps de la rédaction des Epîtres de la Captivité d’autres motifs étaient considérés comme plus efficaces par saint Paul. La recherche des motifs de la récompense et du châtiment futur dans les Epîtres Pastorales ne donne pas de grands résultats: le thème du châtiment ultérieur n’y est pas mentionné, 1’idée de la rémunération ne revient que quelques fois comme motif. C’est aussi les motifs christologiques, comme dans les Epîtres de la Captivité, qui se trouvent, ici également sur le premier plan. Bref: les motifs de la rémunération future sont déjà à noter dans les Epîtres aux Thessaloniciens, mais on les ren contre le plus souvent dans les Epîtres aux Corinthiens. Ils disparaissent peu à peu dans les Epîtres ultérieures, pour faire place à des motifs plus élevés ce qui s’harmonise bien avec la ligne générale du développement et du caractère spécifiquement sotériologique de la théologie paulinienne.
Źródło:: The Biblical Annals; 1969, 16, 1; 41-59
2083-2222
2451-2168
Pojawia się w:: The Biblical Annals
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: Badania nad prewencją generalną: problemy metodologiczne
General Deterrence Research: Some Methodological Problems
Autorzy:: Szamota, Barbara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699167.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1984
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: kara
efekty odstraszające
badania
prewencja generalna
punishment
deterrent effects
deterrence research
Opis:: The results of empirical studies on general deterrence carried out so far are far from being unequivocal. Taking general deterrence research as a whole, it can be concluded only that in some situationa some individuals are deterred from some crimes by some punishments. Moreover, it is now obvious to most researchers that the problem is not whether punishment has deterrent effects but rather under what conditions and to what extent they occur. Thus, as the deterrent effects of the punishment threats are tentatively confirmed, further studies in this direction seem to be called for. So far the main achievement of the general deterrence studies has been overcoming some simplified approach to formulating problems (in research) and improvement in research methods rather than verification of hypotheses. Therefore, instead of describing the results of these studies, this paper has been limited to methodological problems. It seems to the author that with the present-day knowledge on the deterrent effeets of punishment threats, the above approach will help to ensure continuation of empirical studies and will contribute to the gradual and cumulative enrichment of theoretical interpretations of the abovementioned problem. Owing to the limited scope of this presentation only some selected problems have been dealt with. While carrying out this selection the author had to bear in mind that no such empirical studies had been carried out this selection the author had to bear in mind that no such empirical studies had been carried out in poland so far and the results of studies made elsewhere had not become popular among Polish readers. This article has been confined to the penal law and the deterrent effects of criminal punishment threats rather than the punishment in general and it was mostly based on works published in the English language. Apart from the Introduction, the article consists of the following parts: I. Notion of general deterrence, II. Deterrence vs. other general preventive effects of punishment, III. Types of general deterrence, IV. Theoretical foundations of general deterrence research, V. Conditions for effective general deterrence, and Summary. I. Notion of general deterrence The author points to the differences in the definition of general deterrence, to the ambiguity and vagueness in the formulations found in the literature on this subject. She stresses the importance of a clear definition of the above notion for the purposes of empirical studies, which will, as a result, help to avoid misunderstanding in interpreting the research evidence. Since punishment, or strictly speaking, the threat of punishment, prevents people from committing an offence in a variety of ways, the deterrent being only one of them, the researcher should clearly define what mechanisms he is going to study. For empirical studies a narrow definition of general deterrence, i.e., restriction to one mechanism only, seems to be more appropriate. So far, most studies have been devoted to the mechanism of deterrence. II. Deterrence vs. other general preventive effects of punishment At this point the author discusses also other mechanisms of the preventive effect of punishment threats, especially its moral and educational influence as well as its role in habit formation. Many mechanisms of general preventive effect of punishment have not yet even been identified. In spite of the fact that it is advisable to restrict the subject of investigation to but one mechanism, it is difficult in practice to differentiate between the various mechanisms of general prevention. When interpreting the data it will probably be necessary to determine the impact of these other processes on the results of investigations. The study of the other general preventive effects of criminal sanctions brings about some specific problems such as those of a diffcrent time perspective, as they are of no direct character and require some longer period of time to bring down the crime rate. Although the present paper is confined to the effects of criminal sanctions, the author emphasizes the need for considering a wider perspective of reasons for compliance with the law. III. Types of general deterrence. When considering general deterrence from the terminological point of view one has to include its various types. The author discusses the following types of general deterrence encountered in literature: quantitative vs. qualitative; absolute vs. marginal; particularized vs. generalized or selective; total or complete vs. restrictive; replacing vs. non-replacing partial vs. Modifying or substituting or displacing. The distinctions suggested are often neither exhaustive nor exclusive. Still the general deterrence typology even in this form is of considerable methodological importance. Different types of evidence are relevant when an attempt is made to determine the different types of general deterrence. If the distinctions are not made then it may be concluded that a sanction had no deterrent effect at all simply because no evidence was collected for what is only one type of general deterrence. IV. Theoretical foundations of general deterrencę research. First the author presents the deterrence doctrine. It is because what lies at the foundation of general deterrence research, i.e., a set of loosely connected and vague statements and assumptions, can at most be called a doctrine. Besides, the present shape of this doctrine does not differ much from that of the classical model of general deterrence formulated by C. Beccaria and J. Bentham. The drawbacks and ambiguities of the deterrence doctrine, as pointed out by the author, have come to bear on the results of studies aimed at the verification of the doctrine's propositions. What is necessary is to reformulate the deterrence doctrine into an empirical theory. Then, directions are discussed in which the deterrence doctrine has been and still is developing. First of all, the deterrence doctrine is being developed through a different conceptualization of the relationship between legal sanction and behaviour. It is now generally agreed that general deterrence cannot be conceptualized as a unitry bivariate relationship between punishment threats and crime. Instead, it is maintained that the relationship is moderated by a number of conditions yet to be identified empirically. The number of variables to be considered have also become larger. What is specially worth noting is the fact that other, extralegal factors have been included in deterrence models. Another important trend in the development of the deterrence doctrine is that of emphasizing its psychological character and including the so-called perceptual variables characterizing the way how sanction characteristics are perceived by potential offenders. The emphasis on perceptions of punishment developed from an awareness that deterrence is a communicative proces. In order to deter, actual threats of legal punishment must be communicated to individuals. It will be most essential for the formulation of the general deterrence theory to determine the relationship between objective properties of legal sanctions. V. Conditions for effective general deterrence. The basic research problem consist in identifying the conditions for effective general deterrence. As for determining these conditions, there are so far only few empirical data available. Besides, one can hardly see what the consistent theoretical assumptions could be which will help to have some relevant factors included in the study, especially in the case of extralegal conditions. One should also be aware of the fact that the numer of possibly relevant factors is, practically speaking, unlimited and that many of these factors will influence behavior only when particural values of a large number of the others are present. But, characteristic of most „theoretical” writings is that the authors usually confine themselves to summing up a list of possible relevant factors, not dealing with possible interaction. The author discusses the concept of a „marginal group”. Summary The article ends with a short description of the methods used in the study on general deterrence. The author points out to limitations of the methods and data that have most frequently been used in addressing the deterrence question. It is necessary to collect better data about perceptual processes.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1984, XI; 93-122
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Karanie za odmienność (postępowanie policji z cyganami)
Punishment for difference: police regulation of gypsies
Autorzy:: Grönfors, Martti
Jasiński, Jerzy
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699212.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1985
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: kara
odmienność
postępowanie
policja
Cyganie
zachowanie
punishment
difference
Gypsies
procedure
behavior
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 119-128
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Merytoryczne przesłanki orzekania kar i innych środków wobec wielokrotnych recydywistów
Penalties and other measures applied towards multiple recidivists
Autorzy:: Janiszewski, Bogusław
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699228.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1986
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: recydywa
wielokrotny recydywista
kara
kodeks karny
środki karne
polityka karna
wymiar kary
kara pozbawienia wolności
orzecznictwo
badania empiryczne
statystyki sądowe
recidivism
multiple recidivists
punishment
penal code
penal measures
criminal policy
sentence
imprisonment
case law
empirical research
court statistics
Opis:: The aims of the present study have been: 1) to ascertain the actual conditions of the courts' decisions applying penalties and other measures towards multiple recidivists; 2) to determine the present penal policy towards this category of convicted persons; 3) to compare this policy with the assumptions included in the Penal Code in force. Punishment imposed upon multiple recidivists is regulated by the provisions of Art. 60, para. 2 and 3 Art. 61 of the Penal Code. Their formulation is as follows: on a perpetrator sentenced twice in the conditions specified in para. 1 (special basic recidivism), who has served altogether at leat one year of deprivation of liberty and in the period of 5 years after the serving of the last penalty commits again an intentional offence with the purpose of obtaining a material benefit or of a hooligan character, similar to at least one of the previously committed offencęs, the court shall impose a penalty within the limits of from three times the lowest sanction, but not less than 2 years, up to the highest statutory sanction increased by one half, and if the highest statutory sanction is not higher than 3 years: up to 5 years deprivation of liberty. The increase of the lowest statutory sanction provided in para. 1 or 2 shall not apply, when the offence is a serious offence; in this case the court shall consider the commission of the offence in the conditions specified in para 1 or 2 as a circumstance increasing the penalty. In particularly justified cases when even the lowest penalty imposed on the basis of Art. 60. paras 1 or 2 would be incommeasurably Severe by reason of the motives for the action of the perpetrator, his traits and personal conditions as well as his way of life before the commission and his behaviour after the perpetration of the offence, the court when imposing the penalty may refrain from applying the rules specified in Art. 60. paras 1 or 2; in these cases the court shall take into consideration the commission of the offence in the conditions specified in Art. 60, para 1or 2 as circumstances influencing increasing the penalty. With regard to a perpetrator sentenced in the conditions specified in Art. 60, para. 2 he court shall adjudge protective supervision; if adjudging this supervision is not sufficient to prevent recidivism, the court shall adjudge .the commitment of the sentenced person to a social readaptation centre. (Art. 62, para. 2). The present work has been based on the author's own research and to a minimum extent only on the analysis of the national statistical data. The point of departure for the study of the actual conditions of the courts decisions were the conditions specified in the Penal Code now in force. The conditions specified in Art. 61 of the Penal Code and related to the offender only have been assumed to form the ratio legis of special recidivism in the Polish penal legislation. If, however, when aplying this provision, the courts prefer the conditions related to the most recent act of the offender, this mignt be an indication of their different attitude towards the aim of punishment in the case of the discussed category of offenders. The existence of such divergences between the conditions of application of Art 61 of the Penal Code as included in the law on the one hand, and those applied by the courts on the other hand has been one of the hypotheses verified in the present study. The study has been based on the examination of court records. All the accessible records of criminal cases (230) have been included in it, in which Sentences were passed with regard to multiple recidivists (under Art 60. para. 2 and Art. 61 in connection with Art. 60, para. 2 of the Penal Code) in the District Court of the city of Poznań in the years 1975-1981. The question arised whether this could be treated as an equivalent to a random sample of the national population of convicted multiple recidivists. As shown by a comparison of distributions in question are highly convergent. A questionnaire to investigate the ourt records consisted of 41 questions concerning the convicted recidivist, his previous offences and criminal record, his last offence and the content of the last sentence. The impact of a number of variables on the application of Art. 61 of the Penal Code, on the length of the prison sentence and on the decision of commitment to a social readaptation centre has been analysed in succession. Conclusions from the study are as follows: 1. In the application of Art.61 of the Penal Code ,the predominating part is played by the conditions connected with the degree of socil danger of the act and with its legal label. The conditions connected with the person of the perpetrator seem to have a much smaller effect. The reason of this state of affairs may be seeked in the fact that the court is obligated by Art. 60, para.2 of the Penal Code to impose long-term penalties of deprivation or liberty regardless of the degree of social danger (seriousness) of the offence which may be trivial in particular cases. Therefore, it is not to be wondered at that in these cases the courts apply Art. 61 of the Penal Code so as to impose a lower or more lenient penalty in order to make it commeasurable with the offence. The following conditions have been found to exert the greatest influence on the length of sentences to deprivation of liberty under Art. 60, para. 2: firstly, the legal appraisal of the offence and the related content of the instructions for meting out punishment specified in Art. 60, para. 2 of the Penal Code, and secondly, the degree of social danger of the offence. The character of the offence and the appraisal of its social danger influence the sentence too, including the type of penalty, when Art. 61 of the Penal Code is applied by the court. This is probably a further result of following the same conditions already when deciding on the application of Art. 61 of the Penal Code. When adjudging the commitment of convicted persons to a social readaptation centre, the courst were guided by the conditions connected with intense symptoms of demoralization of these persons and with a previous application of various penal measures towards them; thus the conditions were formally the same as those to be found in the Penal Code. At the same time, conditions connected with the recently committed offence were left out of account here. One should be particularly careful when interpreting the findings in this case aS the decisions in question may be conditioned by the courts' various attitudes towards the practical functioning of the centers, and by different purposes of their adjudgement in definite cases. The length of the perod for which commitment to a social readaptation centre was adjudged has appeared to increase with the length of the sentence to deprivation of libety. Admittedly, outright conclusions as to the need for amendments of the provisions of the Penal Code in its part concerning recidivists do not follow immediately from the findings of the present study. These findings have. however, demonstrated the degree to which the instructions for meting out, punishment specified in Art. 60, para. 2 of the Penal Code sever the relation between the offence and punishment, as well as the fact that the corrective function of punishment imposed upon multiple recidivists - officially assumed by the legislator-has a fictious character in practice. In consequence, Art. 61 of the Penal Code is used in discord with its purpose; it is applied to adjust the adjudicated punishment to the seriousness of the offence committed.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1986, XIII; 109-139
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Odstraszające oddziaływanie kary na sprawcę przestępstwa w świetle badań empirycznych
Deterrent Effect of Punishment on the Offender (a Review of Empirical Research)
Autorzy:: Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699090.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1995
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: kara
sprawca przestępstwa
badania empiryczne
punishment
criminal offender
empirical research
Opis:: The number of studies on specific deterrence is not large. Some data on this subject can be found in other studies aimed e.g. at evalution of effectiveness of diffrent penal measures, or analysis of criminal careers. One of the reasons of this lack of interest in specific deterrence is a belief, rather common today and particularly marked in the 1960s, that punishment not only fails to deter the convicted person from futher offenses but – quite the contrary - increases the probability of his futher criminal carrer. Another reason is probably the great difficulty in distinguishing for research purposes of the impact of specific deterrence from the other effects of punishment. Unfortunately, a statement made by J. Gibbs over twenty years ago still remains valid: there is no theory of specific deterrence, and the hypotheses concerning specific deterrence are vague and difficult to verify empirically. During the last twenty years, there was a progress in the methodology of research into specific deterrence. New success criteria were introduced into the assessment of deterrent effect of punishment, and the method of random field experiment was used. Researchers started to compare the effect of punishment with the effects of escaning punishment, instead of limiting themselves to comparisons of relative effectiveness of some penalties as opposed to some other ones. The progress was less marked in the formation of the theory of specific deterrence. It consists in attempts, on the one hand, at a new conceptualization of the problem of deterrence, and on the other hand, at integrating the deterrence hypothesis with other theoretical approaches. The paper consists of seven parts. The Introduction (I) contains analysis of the notion of specific deterrence, the criteria to distinguish between specific and general deterrence, tvpes of deterrence. Also discussed have the recent attempts at a new conceptualization of tne problem of deterrence through inclusion into that notion of not only the “direct costs of legal sanctions” but also “indirect costs”, or through the use of another criterion to distinguish between specific and general deterrence. Chapter II contains a brief discussion of early studies on specific deterrence; the findings have been discussed and numerous methodological flaws pointed out. The conclusion from those studies (that severe penalties involve a higher recidivism rate than lenient penalties) was generally seen as a prove that punishment has no specific deterrent effect on the futher behaviour of convicted persons. This conclusion was unjustified, though. And that for several reasons. The discussed studies often failed to distinguish between the mechanism of deterrence and the other effects of punishment. They also failed to solve the problem of selection bias in sentencing where specific types of penalties are imposed on specific categories of offenders; the difference between such groups of convicted persons is that even before the imposition of penalty, the probability of their relapse into crime was different. The studies examined but a marginal effectiveness of some penalties as compared to some other ones. What they overlooked, instead, was that the growth in recidivism rate cannot be estimated which would have taken place were no criminal penalties at all imposed on offenders. Chapter III discusses the findings of studies which tested two opposing hypotheses; i.e. that punishment either deters offenders (deterrence hypothesis) or amplifies offendling (amplification hypothesis). Both the conception of deterrence and that of labeling involve too one-sided and simplified an approach to the impact of punishment on the further conduct of offenders as they ignore the possibility of effects other than the anticipated ones. This was reflected in these studies in which the researches posed instead of posing questions in the categories of “whether” (does punishment deter? does pinishment amplify affending?), instead of trying to define the conditions of emergence of each of those two effects. Analyzed in few studies only were mediating psycho-social processes between punisment and the punished pefsons’ further conduct. The findings of different studies are often inconsistent. Some seem to confirm the amplification hypothesis although researchers sometimes stress that this effect is not stable Other findings point to the effect of deterrence. Still other studies showed that: punishment seems do not influence a pefson’s further criminal career. Finally, some of the latest findings also indicate the possibility of amplifijing offending under some conditions and of deterring effect on offending - under some other circumstances. Chapter IV discusses the implications of the criminal careers approach for methodology of studies on specific deterrence. What is particularly worthy of attention here is: 1) departure from the use of a sole success criterion in the evaluation of deterrent effect of punishment, and an attempt at grasping the impact of punishment on different dimensions of criminality such as the length of criminal career or fraquency of offenses; 2) investigation of the impact of punishment at different stages of a person’s criminal career. The success criterion where success means a person’s abstention from further offenses is replaced with the before and after comparison criterion where the intensity of a person’s criminal career before and after punishment is compared; this replacement is of a great importance in studies of effectiveness of penal measures imposed on chronic offnders. As suggested by the findings, certain penalties may in cessation of delinquency at the initial stage of the criminal career (on the occasion of the first and possibly also the second contact with the police). At further stages of that career, a decrease in the intensity of delinquency of the persons convicted is possible. Chapter V discusses attempts at including the hypothesis of specific deterrence into the economic model of delinquent behawior, and studies carried out by economists. According to some economists, specific deterrence can be included into the theory of rational choice provided it is treated as a special case of general deterrence. In tlis approach, the experience of a sanction becomes a factor influencing the anticipated sanctions. Chapter VI is devoted to discussion of the results of a series of rondom field experiments conducted in selected cities of the United States. The purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of arrest as compared to other reactions to violence against a spouse (nearly all victims in the study were women). The obtained results were not uniform: in some experiments, deterrent effect of arrest was found out, while the rest showed an amplifying effect of arrest on the arrested person’s further violence against his spouse. The authors explain this divergence of results with a different impact of arrest on different types of persons. Thus the results suggest that arrest has a deterrent effect on permanently employed suspects; instead, suspects without a regular job tended to use violence more often after the arrest incident. The last Chapter (VII) recapitulates the findings. They show that it was a premature decision to reject the hyphothesis of specific deterrence. Punishment has a different impact on different persons: in some situations it results in amplication of offending; in some other ones, it deters a person from further offenses; and in still other situations it seems not to have any effect at all on furter offending. The findings point to a great importance in this respect of the first contacts with the law enforcement agencies. Moreover, the differentiated effect of punishment seems to depend on the offender’s age, sex, and attitude towards risk, and also on his permanent employment. It should be stressed that many studies use a broader definition of punishment, not limited to the penalties imposed by court. Some researchers treat even a person’s contact with the police as punishment; others believe that this function is performed by arrest. These different working definitions of punishment make it difficult to interpret the findings that relate to absolute deterrence, that is assessment of the effects of imposing punishment as compared to those of escaping punishment. Nearly all studies dealt with recidivism and, first and foremost, the effectiveness of punishment in reducing a person’s further delinquency. To a slight extent only did they try to define the meaning of punishment for those punished, their subjective estimations of probability and severity of punishment. For this reason, interpretation of the findings in the categories of stating whether punishment has a deterrent effect is not always justified.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 7-39
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: The New Polish Criminal Law Codification in the Light of the Constitution
Autorzy:: Zoll, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43436943.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1998-12-31
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: criminal law
Constitution
codification
protection
human rights
international agreement
constitutional complaint
Constitutional Tribunal
freedoms and rights
criminal liability
punishment
certification
Źródło:: Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1998, 1-4; 89-99
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:: Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Wykonywanie wyroków kary śmierci w polskich więzieniach grudzień 1954 – kwiecień 1956
Autorzy:: Zwolski, Marcin
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/477935.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2003
Wydawca:: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
Tematy:: criminal justice system
capital punishment
death penalty
death sentence
execution
Polish prisons
Polish jails
December 1945 - April 1956
Źródło:: Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość; 2003, 1(3); 263-274
1427-7476
Pojawia się w:: Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Pozytywna prewencja ogólna w nauce niemieckiej (wybrane koncepcje)
Positive General Prevention (Chosen Theories)
Autorzy:: Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699300.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2004
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: pozytywna prewencja
Niemcy
prawo karne
polityka karna
kara
positive general prevention
Germany
criminal law
penal policy
punishment
Opis:: The idea of socio-educating function of punishment is not recent. It appeared in XVIIIth century. Its renewal of XXth century is explained by the disappointment of the deterrent and re-socialising effectiveness of criminal punishment. It is also a reaction towards the abolitionary postulates’ questioning the sense of existence of the criminal punishment. There are many versions of this theory. It is widely popular in Germany where it is calted ‘positive general prevention’ or the ‘integrating prevention’. The term ‘positive general prevention’ was constructed in Germany in opposition to the traditional term ‘general prevention’ understood solely as a general deterrence. It is meant to stress the turn away from the so understood ‘general prevention’ and a promoting of the positive function of criminal punishment. This ‘positive’ or ‘integrating’ function of punishment is, in most simple terms, based on strengthening the morality, supporting the desired attitudes and ways of behaving, strengthening the trust in law, in shaping the law awareness, and also encouraging norms recognition. The purpose of the punishment is preserving and strengthening the normative integration of society. It is realised not by creating fear but by using persuasion, by teaching about necessity and usefulness of the criminal law norms and by obeying them for the social order. It is also important to bring about a custom of law obedience. The popularity of the positive general prevention is explained differently in the German studies. Most often, it is pointed out that, on the one hand, a return towards the absolutist theories is commonly rejected there, and on the other hand, that there is a popular disappointment with the efficiency of prevention and re-socialisation. The positive general prevention an opportunity for keeping a preventive character of theory of punishment with a simultaneous introduction of a retributive element in form of guilt rule. It thus creates a combination of rationality of prevention theories with a guaranteed character of the absolutist theories. It also has an advantage over the mixed theories of punishment as it is directed at a single goal. Despite of a significant differentiation of the positive general prevention theories, it is relatively easy to define some of its characteristics: the addressee of an execution of the criminal law and punishment is society and not an individual person, where it is mostly about the influence on those members of society who do obey the law. the positive general prevention aims at long term, indirect activity and not at an immediate, short term effect on society. the persuasive nature of the criminal law is stressed, its ability to persuade, as well as the symbolic, expressive meaning of punishment as means of communicating. The content of that message in German conception is, in general, that criminal law norm is still valid. It exceptionally evokes to the moral condemnation of a deed as a subject of that message. the representatives of the theory of positive general prevention educe the purpose of the punishment from the entire penal law system. Penal law and the penalty itself come in those ideas on the very same grounds. Therefore it is not a theory of punishment but a theory of the penal law. these theories agree that the positive, integrating effect can be brought about only by a just punishment. a very typical feature of the German ideas is using the term of guilt in reference to functionality. It makes them vulnerable to a reproach that, in fact, they are veiled absolutist theories. I analyse five ideas of the positive general prevention in this article. It was my aim to select those ideas which could indicate its diversity. Mayer's theory contributed to the rebirth of the socio-educational theory of punishment function in German studies. It belongs to the movement of the expressive punishment theories. According to Mayer penalty has an educational aspect for the society by strengthening or creating morality of the community. Integrating prevention, as understood by H. Muller-Dietz, is an activity of punishment which is based on creating and strengthening the ways that law is perceived by the citizens. The integrating function is realised by the regulatory and court systems of justice. The most popular in Germany is the theory of G. Jakobs. It clearly refers to the theory of systems by Niklas Luhmann. Jakobs stresses that punishment expresses a protest against breaking a norm paid by the offender. It shows that the norm broken with a deed is still valid and that it is determinant as an orientation example for social interactions. A very strong feature of W. Hasserman’s idea is the emphasis of how the penal law system influences the entirety of social control processes. Streng refers to the psychoanalysis and psychology of the punishing society, in order to explain the general preventative activity of punishment. He mentions three unconscious, emotional sources of punishment. In the conclusion I discuss the significance of the presented theories for the studies of criminal law and the practices of administration of criminal justice.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2004, XXVII; 43-66
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Analiza osobowości sprawców zabójstw
Persönlichkeitsanalyse der Mordtäter
Autorzy:: Niedzielska, Sylwia
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38711318.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2005
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:: osobowość zabójcy
zabójstwo
kara
murderer's personality
murder
punishment
Opis:: Der obererwähnte Artikel präsentiert die Grundvoraussetzungen, die die Persönlichkeit die Mordtätern darstellen. Er bezeichnet die Definition der Persönlichkeit und ihre Hauptgliederung. Zusätzlich weist auf die Probleme der Persönlichkeitschwäche (-störungen) und ihr Einfluss auf das Benehmen des Straftäters hin. Er bezeichnet auch, wie groß sie den Einfluss auf sein Benehmen haben und weist auf welche Art und Weise beeinflussen sie die brutale Straftaten hin. Ich habe mir auch große Mühe gegeben, auf Grund von zwei Fällen von Straftätern die die Freiheitstrafe verbüssen, zu zeigen, dass die Umgebung, in der sie sich erzogen haben, diametralen Einfluss auf die spätere Handlungsweise hatte. Einerseits Betreungsmangel von der Familiereseite und andererseits die Persönlichkeitschwäche verursachen, dass sie auf sehr raffinierte (gerissene) Art den Mord verübten. Das sind besonders junge Personen, deren Psyche noch nicht ganz gestaltet ist, aber seine Benehmung, derzeitige Wesen weist hin, dass der Prozess der Resozialisierung schwierig oder sogar unmöglich wird.
Źródło:: Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL; 2005, 1, 1; 247-264
1896-6365
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Przestępczość i polityka karna w krajach postkomunistycznych: spojrzenie laika
Crime and Penal Policy in Post-Communist States: a Layman’s Perspective
Autorzy:: Siemaszko, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699122.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2006
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępczość
polityka karna
państwa postkomunistyczne
kara
polityka kryminalna
badania wiktymizacyjne
crime
penal policy
post-communist states
punishment
criminal policy
victim study
Opis:: Can we seriously analyse penal policy trends in the post-communist states if we have no idea on the penal legislation in these countries, on trends in crime combat and prevention or the current shape of the penal policy, including in particular penal code reforms that are being developed or implemented? We would naturally say no. The author, however, attempts to prove that such an analysis is possible provided one has access to relevant statistical data. The data are contained mainly in three publications: European Sourcebook of Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics, Penological Information Bulletin and Atlas przestępczości w Polsce [Overview of Crime in Poland]. For the purposes of this paper, the data were significantly modified not to include some of the post-communist states. For various reasons, mainly due to the data credibility and completeness, the author focussed only on ten such states, i.e. Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Hungary. Some comparisons also include Bulgaria. Firstly, an analysis of the data shows that the common characteristics of the post-communist states under discussion are their high crime levels, both in terms of dynamics and prevalence. An exceptionally high level of crime risk is also displayed in the victimological research results. Secondly, a comparison of crime reporting levels clearly shows that the crime level in our region is actually much higher than police statistics might suggest. This is also confirmed by the results of nationwide Polish research held every four years within the International Crime Survey. We usually are one of the last countries in terms of crime reporting levels. It seems that people in our region are generally quite reluctant to report crime (due to our mistrust in police effectiveness), which makes our official crime statistics extremely unreliable. Therefore, while victimological research in the Western European countries may be treated as an interesting alternative to police statistics (and we actually could do without the latter), in our region, such research is a must. Thirdly, due to the extremely unreliable police statistics, it is essential to initiate victimological research in the countries of our region, and ideally to include them in the International Crime Survey. Without reliable victimological studies, we will have to rely on the police data that sometimes seem to be a tactless joke. The author's analysis, although not aimed at establishing any general rules, but rather at clearly describing the facts, naturally brings some obvious conclusions. The first conclusion is that all the former Soviet bloc countries were characterised by high crime levels at the turn of the 21st century. And the times are not conducive to softening penal repressions, which makes it obvious that most states under discussion continued their rather harsh penal policy compared to the Western countries. Poland was an interesting exception with its new and extremely liberal penal legislation having been introduced in the period of an extremely sharp crime growth. However, the author underlines that these developments had fortunately little influence on the judicial practice, all the more so since the main legislative and judicial changes to ease penal repressions had been introduced earlier. In other words, already before 1997 when the new penal codification was adopted, we had reached a dead end in crime policy liberalisation and there was no space left for more such changes for fear of mass protests and riots. The fact that the new and much more liberal penal code did not bring significant changes in the judicial practice proves the advantage of the judicial opinion over penal code solutions. This means and is clearly confirmed in the Polish experience that the form of penal legislation is much less important (though not unimportant) than specific judicial practice. All the states under analysis still show a disastrous structure of the length of unsuspended prison sentences. On the one hand, the shortest terms (up to one year, or even six months) are used too rarely, and on the other, too seldom are also the relatively long terms of ten and more years of prison. That makes sentence diversification seem insufficient. In all the states under discussion, the dominating group of imprisonment sentences are those from one to three years, which is inefficient from the criminology perspective, quite costly, and leads to the overpopulation of prisons. Therefore, it comes as no surprise that all these countries have such high imprisonment rates per 100,000 inhabitants.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 67-94
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Europejski Komitet Zapobiegania Torturom (kilka uwag na dwudziestolecie działalności)
European Committee for the Prevention of Torture (Some Remarks for the Twentieth Anniversary)
Autorzy:: Hołda, Zbigniew
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698776.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: Europejski Komitet do spraw zapobiegania torturom oraz nieludzkiemu lub poniżającemu traktowaniu albo karaniu
Europejska konwencja o zapobieganiu torturom oraz nieludzkiemu lub ponizajacemu traktowaniu albo karaniu
CPT
zapobieganie torturom
European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
prevention of torture
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 679-689
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: How Efficient Is Severe Punishment, Or: More Punishment, Less Crime?
Autorzy:: Kury, Helmut
Brandenstein, Martin
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698860.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: surowa kara
przestępstwa
zwalczanie przestępczości
zapobieganie przestępczości
severe punishment
offences
fighting against crime
crime prevention
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 133-142
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Istota kary kryminalnej
The nature of criminal punishment
Autorzy:: Miłek, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38911444.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:: prawo karne
kara
istota kary kryminalnej
criminal law
punishment
the nature of criminal punishment
Opis:: The article is devoted to the issue of criminal penalty. This problem has been the subject of investigation of a antique representatives of various sciences, in particular, Philosophy and Law. During the development of philosophical and legal thinking on the nature of criminal punishment, there are two opposite views that exist today under the name of the absolute theory of punishment and the relative theory of punishment. The concepts of absolute theory proceed from the assumption that punishment is primarily an act of retribution by the state for offenders to be made by the offense. The relative theories recognize that punishment is an instrument that is designed to meet specific goals: improving the criminals, crime prevention, education of the public. In the face of these extreme concepts it seems the most appropriate to combine the elements of both theories of punishment (concepts mixed), with a focus on the issue of retribution for the offender's conduct detrimental to the applicable standards of law. This approach combines the philosophical considerations with practice. The attainment of apenalty, in particular by improving the offender, is difficult to reach, and in many cases even impossible, and the best proof to that is the phenomenon of recidivism.
Źródło:: Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL; 2008, 4, 1; 251-268
1896-6365
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Kara śmierci w trybie doraźnym (sprawa IVK dor. 24/83 w Sądzie Wojewódzkim w Warszawie)
Capital Punishment in Summary Proceeding
Autorzy:: Rzepliński, Andrzej
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698596.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: kara śmierci
kara pozbawienia wolności
zabójstwo
procesy sądowe
capital punishment
imprisonment
homicide
lawsuits
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 905-943
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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