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    Tytuł:
    Abandonment of a thing: the legal construction and the possibility to exercise this right in Polish law
    Autorzy:
    Ossowska, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899333.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-11-13
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    abandonment of a thing
    property law
    ius dereliquendi
    dereliction
    Polish civil law
    ownership
    Opis:
    The article is intended to show, using the examples from Polish law, how strongly the owner’s right to abandon a thing is limited. First of all, the legal structure of the abandonment and its current, very universal legal form are presented. Next, some categories of things that cannot be abandoned in Polish law are distinguished, and further examples of relevant private and public law regulations are provided. Finally, the conclusion is drawn that, despite the granted right to abandon a thing, it is usually not problematic to abandon only completely safe things of low economic value.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2022, 91; 269-280
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Konkordat z 1925 roku w aktualnym orzecznictwie sądowym – wybrane zagadnienia
    Concordat of 1925 in current case law: Selected issues
    Autorzy:
    Kucybała-Kreft, Paulina
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1887533.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-18
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    Konkordat z 1925 r.
    Kościół Katolicki
    II Rzeczpospolita Polska
    kościelne osoby prawne
    parafia
    majątek kościelny
    Sąd Najwyższy
    źródła prawa
    Concordat of 1925
    Catholic Church
    Second Polish Republic
    church legal entities
    parish
    church property
    Supreme Court
    sources of law
    Opis:
    W niniejszym artykule omówiono najnowsze i najważniejsze orzeczenia dotyczące postanowień Konkordatu z 1925 r. W relacjach między państwem polskim a Kościołem Katolickim w okresie II Rzeczypospolitej umowa ta miała bardzo istotne znaczenie, ponieważ uregulowała ona jednolicie sytuację Kościoła na całym obszarze kraju. Pomimo upływu prawie stulecia od podpisania Konkordatu z 1925 r., w ostatnich latach pojawiły się interesujące i nowatorskie orzeczenia, które dotyczą jego postanowień. Sprawy, w których konieczne jest odwołanie się do tej umowy, nie są zbyt częste. Jednak w niektórych zakresach, a zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do kwestii związanych z majątkiem Kościoła Katolickiego, jej postanowienia wciąż posiadają istotne znaczenie. Prezentacja aktualnej ich wykładni przyjmowanej w orzecznictwie Sądu Najwyższego i sądów powszechnych nie tylko umożliwia przewidzenie sposobu rozstrzygnięcia spornych kwestii prawnych w przyszłości, ale też stanowi przyczynek do dyskusji nad niektórymi utrzymującymi się wątpliwościami o charakterze teoretycznym.
    This article presents the latest and most important judgments concerning the provisions of the 1925 Concordat. The Concordat of 1925 was of great importance in the relations between the State and the Catholic Church at the time of the Second Polish Republic, because it regulated uniformly the situation of the Church on the territory of the whole country. Despite the fact that the Concordat of 1925 was signed almost a century ago, some interesting and innovative judgments regarding its provisions have been issued in recent years. Although cases which require reference to this agreement are not very frequent, it should be noted that with regard to some issues, especially those pertaining to the property of the Catholic Church, its provisions are still relevant. Therefore, presenting their current interpretation adopted by the Supreme Court and common courts not only makes it possible to predict ways of resolving legal disputes in future adjudications, but it also helps to address some pertinent theoretical questions.
    Źródło:
    Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego; 2021, 24; 537-557
    2081-8882
    2544-3003
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia z Prawa Wyznaniowego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Global perspective for protecting intellectual property – patenting in USA and Poland
    Autorzy:
    Grebski, M. E.
    Wolniak, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/409880.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    STE GROUP
    Tematy:
    patents
    patent
    intellectual property
    intellectual property law
    innovations
    Polish patents
    US patents
    Opis:
    Paper addresses the different methods for protecting intellectual property in modern knowledge-based economies. The focus of the paper is a comparison between the procedures for applying for patents in Poland and the United States. The comparison has been made from the perspective of the cost of obtaining and maintaining a patent in Poland, the United States and some other countries. The comparison has also been made from the perspective of the procedures for applying for a patent in different countries based on the Patent Cooperation Treaty. The paper also includes a comparison of the time needed for processing the patent application. Low cost provisional twelve-month patent pending protection available in the United States is also being discussed. The paper also provides some guidance and recommendations for conducting a patent search in order to validate the originality of the invention.
    Źródło:
    Management Systems in Production Engineering; 2018, 2 (26); 106-111
    2299-0461
    Pojawia się w:
    Management Systems in Production Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    POSTĘPOWANIE SPORNE PRZED URZĘDEM PATENTOWYM W PRZEDMIOCIE UNIEWAŻNIENIA PRAW WŁASNOŚCI PRZEMYSŁOWEJ
    Autorzy:
    Chlabicz, Kama
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/663905.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Te Polish Patent Ofce
    industrial property law
    contentious proceedings
    invalidation of industrial property rights.
    Urząd Patentowy
    prawo własności przemysłowej
    postępowanie sporne
    unieważnienie praw własności przemysłowej.
    Opis:
    Summary This article examines contentious proceedings before the Polish Patent Ofce concerning industrial property where the provisions of the Polish Administrative Code (Kodeks postępowania administracyjnego) are applicable for cases not regulated under the Act on Industrial Property Law (Ustawa Prawo własności przemysłowej). The article takes an interdisciplinary approach, as the subject it addresses involves issues both from public and private law, in particular general administrative procedure and industrial property law, which is a branch of civil law (non-material goods law). Te focus is on contentious proceedings concerning the invalidation of industrial property rights. In such proceedings the decisions issued by the Polish Patent Office are usually submitted to the administrative courts for review. Contentious proceedings for the invalidation of industrial property rights are a very special type of administrative proceedings, with marked differences setting them apart from the usual kind of administrative proceedings. Te part played by the Patent Office as the administrative authority issuing a decision on the dispute is similar to that of a civil court. The nature of the contentious proceedings it handles is contradictory. There are many special features in such proceedings making them similar to proceedings in court.
    StreszczeniePrzedmiotem podjętych rozważań jest analiza postępowania spornego przed Urzędem Patentowym w sprawach z zakresu prawa własności przemysłowej, do którego mają zastosowanie odpowiednio przepisy Kodeksu postępowania administracyjnego w sprawach nieuregulowanych w ustawie – Prawo własności przemysłowej jako ustawie szczególnej. Artykuł ma charakter interdyscyplinarny, gdyż jego przedmiot dotyczy zagadnień prawa publicznego i prywatnego, a mianowicie ogólnego postępowania administracyjnego oraz prawa własności przemysłowej, który stanowi dział prawa cywilnego – prawa na dobrach niematerialnych. W artykule skoncentrowano się na postępowaniu spornym w przedmiocie unieważnienia prawa jako postępowaniu, w którym rozstrzygnięcia Urzędu Patentowego RP są najczęściej poddawane kontroli sądów administracyjnych.Postępowanie sporne w przedmiocie unieważnienia prawa zalicza się do szczególnych postępowań administracyjnych. Postępowanie to charakteryzuje się istotnymi odrębnościami w porównaniu z ogólnym postępowaniem administracyjnym. Rola Urzędu Patentowego jako organu administracji publicznej rozstrzygającego spór jest zbliżona do sądu cywilnego. Urząd Patentowy pełni rolę arbitra rozstrzygającego spór. Postępowanie sporne ma charakter kontradyktoryjny. Postępowanie to jest specyficznym typem postępowania administracyjnego z uwagi na występowanie wielu odrębności i cech upodabniających to postępowanie do postępowania sądowego.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Prawnicze; 2017, 17, 3
    2353-8139
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Prawnicze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    O Profesorze Andrzeju Stelmachowskim jako prawniku
    About Professor Andrzej Stelmachowski as a lawyer
    Autorzy:
    Budzinowski, Roman
    Czechowski, Paweł
    Korzycka, Małgorzata
    Lichorowicz, Aleksander
    Prutis, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/953033.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Temida 2
    Tematy:
    agricultural law
    agricultural property
    European Committee for Agricultural Law
    Polish Association of Lawyers specialized in Agricultural Law
    Opis:
    Professor Andrzej Stelmachowski (1925-2009) is an outstanding person, deserving huge appreciation because of his activity in various fields; as a lawyer, a prominent specialist in civil law, commercial law, family law, who played a remarkable role in the development of agricultural law. He is the creator of a new school of Polish agricultural law, as he elaborated by his scientific achievements, a theoretical basis to distinguish (in the area of doctrine and didactics) agricultural law as a separate branch of law; he has proposed an original method of research – the study of law in the process of its application, and around these ideas he organized research teams – a large group of students at such universities as: Wroclaw, Warsaw and Bialystok (Professor has promoted 23 PhDs of law). Another merit of Professor Stelmachowski was to determine the object and scope of agricultural law, the fundamental structures of agricultural law (the concept of agricultural property), as well as the legal solutions for protection of individual farming. The recognition and respect for the position of Professor at the international level are demonstrated by His numerous professional contacts and honorary doctorates that he was awarded with. The Professor was the first Polish scholar in the CEDR (the European Committee for Agricultural Law), as well as the first President of the Polish Association of Lawyers specialized in Agricultural Law. The concept of teaching elaborated by Professor A. Stelmachowski was reflected in the subsequent editions of academic books in the field of agricultural law, issued under his scientific edit in the period 1970-2008. In all areas of his involvement, despite changes in the external environment, Professor A. Stelmachowski always presented a permanent system of values, among which we should mention: rightness, fidelity to convictions and responsibility, concern for the common good, solidarity with the weak and being guided by the social doctrine of the Church, all of which gave him an unquestionable moral authority as a Person of great strength of character.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica Agraria; 2016, 14; 11-26
    1642-0438
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica Agraria
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Social Function and Value Capture: Do they or should they have a Role to Play in Polish Land Development Regulation
    Autorzy:
    Colin, Crawford,
    Conrad, Juergensmeyer, Julian
    Dawid, Sześciło,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902504.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    social function of property
    land value capture
    infrastructure funding
    land development regulations
    Polish property law
    property ownership concepts
    Opis:
    Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje poglądy na temat wspierania interesu publicznego przez regulacje dotyczące prywatnych podmiotów w kontekście zagospodarowania przestrzennego. Amerykańscy współautorzy artykułu zaznaczyli, że w wielu południowoamerykańskich i europejskich krajach koncepcje społecznej funkcji własności oraz „value capture” odgrywają główną rolę w rządowych regulacjach zagospodarowania przestrzennego. W USA żadne z tych pojęć nie jest powszechnie używane, lecz koncepcja „value capture” jest implementowana przez opłaty zwane „impact fees”, które zobowiązują dewelopera do finansowania infrastruktury. Autorzy amerykańscy stawiają pytanie, czy wspomniane wyżej teorie są obecnie realizowane w Polsce. Polski autor wyjaśnia, że obecne podejście do teorii funkcji społecznej jest uwarunkowane doświadczeniami Polski z czasów komunizmu, kiedy własność państwowa była szczególnie chroniona w stosunku do własności prywatnej. Po upadku komunizmu ten podział zanikł, a własność prywatna otrzymała znaczną ochronę jako filar nowego systemu gospodarczego. Mimo tej teoretycznej akceptacji funkcji społecznej doktryna “nienaruszalności” Prawa własności silnie wpływa na politykę i ustawodawstwo. Polski autor zauważa, że nie ma obecnie dość woli politycznej w Polsce do wprowadzenia tzw. impact fees.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 63; 97-113
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Introduction to the separate property regime in Polish law
    Autorzy:
    Kroczek, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/957775.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-11-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Papieski Jana Pawła II w Krakowie
    Tematy:
    Polish law
    marriage
    matrimonial property regime separate property regime
    Family and Guardianship Code
    polskie prawo
    małżeńskie ustroje majątkowe rozdzielność majątkowa
    kodeks rodzinny i opiekuńczy
    Opis:
    Introduction to the separate property regime in Polish law – The aim of the paper is to provide clear description of the separate property regime in Polish law. First preliminary issues were given about the characteristic of the Polish legal system and the important for the whole system of law in Poland. Next, the matrimonial property regimes are shortly described. The pivot of the paper is the 3rd part in which the separate property regime is described. The conclusion is that law does not regulate the regime in question in every detail, so for better understanding of the regime one must consult the judgments of the courts and opinions of the representatives of the legal doctrine.
    Celem tego artykułu jest jasny opis rozdzielności majątkowej w polskim prawie. Na początku zostały pokazane kluczowe cechy systemu prawnego obowiązującego w Polsce. Następnie krót- ko opisano ustroje majątkowe. Najważniejszą częścią artykułu jest jego zasadnicza część trzecia, przedstawiająca rozdzielność majątkową. Wniosek, jaki można wysnuć z tego przedstawienia, jest taki, że polskie prawo nie reguluje precyzyjnie ustroju majątkowego, o którym mowa, dlatego w celu jego lepszego poznania należy uciekać się do orzecznictwa i opinii doktryny.
    Źródło:
    Annales Canonici; 2015, 11; 95-105
    1895-0620
    Pojawia się w:
    Annales Canonici
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Katalog zbrodni w świetle statutu stałego międzynarodowego trybunału karnego
    The war crimes catalog under the statute of the permanent international criminal court
    Autorzy:
    Niewiada, Olga
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565066.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-07-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczo-Humanistyczny w Siedlcach
    Tematy:
    konflikt zbrojny
    międzynarodowe prawo humanitarne
    Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny
    Polski Czerwony Krzyż
    ochrona dóbr kultury
    zbrodnie wojenne
    military conflict
    International humanitarian law
    International Criminal Court
    Polish Red Cross
    the protection of cultural property
    War crimes
    Opis:
    W ciągu ostatnich 50 lat na świecie wybuchło ponad 250 konfliktów i zginęło ponad 86 milionów osób cywilnych, głównie kobiet i dzieci. Ponad 170 milionów ludzi pozbawionych zostało godności, praw i dobytku. O większości ofiar zapomniano, a tylko w minimalnym stopniu zbrodniarze wojenni zostali osądzeni. Istnienie w prawie międzynarodowym wielu postanowień zakazujących zbrodni wojennych, ludobójstwa, zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości, ochrony dóbr kultury, a ostatnio agresji nie stanowi skutecznego środka do respektowania prawa. Do dziś brakuje sprawnego systemu egzekwowania tych praw oraz pociągania do odpowiedzialności karnej indywidualnych sprawców.
    In the last 50 years more than 250 conflicts broke worldwide out and killed more than 86 million civilians, mostly women and children. Over 170 million people have been deprived of their dignity, rights and possessions. The majority of the victims were forgotten, and only a few war criminals were tried. The regulations existing in international law, which are prohibiting war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, protection of cultural heritage and, most recently aggression are not effective and not respected. To this day an effective system of enforcing those rights and bringing the individuals responsible for it to justice does not exist.
    Źródło:
    De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności; 2015, 1(1); 101-112
    2450-5005
    Pojawia się w:
    De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Who owns art? - The problem of trade in cultural objects
    Autorzy:
    Piaskowska, Martyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/685067.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    cultural property
    trade
    international law system
    Polish law system
    Opis:
    The aim of the study is to evaluate the issue of trade in the scope of cultural objects. Presenting the selected topic the author focuses on the notion of cultural property, international instruments for protecting cultural goods and the Polish law system.
    Źródło:
    Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2014, 4; 79-85
    2450-0976
    Pojawia się w:
    Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Geneza uprawnienia do rozporządzania opróżnionym miejscem hipotecznym w prawie polskim
    The origin of the right to dispose of the vacated mortgage place. Polish law – case study
    Autorzy:
    Makowiec, Aneta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/926021.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    mortgage
    mortgage empty space
    the history of Polish property law
    mortgage law amendment
    the principle of primacy of entries
    hipoteka
    opróżnione miejsce hipoteczne
    historia polskiego prawa rzeczowego
    nowelizacja prawa hipotecznego
    zasada pierwszeństwa wpisów
    Opis:
    The paper is designed of deeply analyze the norms contained in the projects of property law of 1937 and 1939 as well as in the project of statute of 2000 on the amendments to the Polish Civil Code and the amendments to the following pieces of statutory law: on perpetual books and mortgage, on the code of civil procedure, on debentures and mortgage banks, on the law of notary’s offices and on presently functioning regulations detectable in the law on perpetual books and mortgage and referring to the instrument of disposing of the vacated mortgage place. The new institution which substantially transformed the previously known model of mortgage succession was introduced into the Polish system by the amendment to the law on perpetual books and mortgage and by amendments to some other statutory laws, the amendment coming into force on 20 February 2011 after the 18-month lasting vacatio legis. The authoress analyses the topic of her research by exploiting the historical method and that of comparative type. Among the most important observations that she makes is the one which points to the present-day regulation of the institution of disposing of the vacated mortgage place as anchored in the project of property law of 1939. While summing up her study, the authoress stresses that the Polish legislator tends toward emphasizing the positive aspects and eliminating the negative ones in the regulations detectable not only in foreign systems but also in the aforementioned projects of 1937, 1939 and 2000. The authoress points out that the legislator was not indifferent to polemics that were published in legal journals and referred to the respective projects. What testified to this was the introduction into the Polish legal system of the concept of disposition of the vacated mortgage place.
    Źródło:
    Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa; 2012, 5, 3; 287-293
    2084-4115
    2084-4131
    Pojawia się w:
    Krakowskie Studia z Historii Państwa i Prawa
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kara konfiskaty mienia w prawie polskim i obowiązującym na ziemiach polskich oraz w praktyce jego stosowania
    Forfeiture of Property in Polish Law, the Law in Force on Polish Territories, and the Practice of its Application
    Autorzy:
    Rzeplińska, Irena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699048.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1994
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    kara konfiskaty mienia
    prawo polskie
    kary pieniężne
    przestępstwa
    forfeiture of property
    Polish law
    pecuniary penalties
    offences
    Opis:
    Forfeiture of property is one of the oldest penalties in Polish law. Its origins can be traced in pre-state law, in the penalty of exclusion from tribe. Anybody could kill a person thus punished and destroy  his property, and would suffer no penalty for such acts. Later on, in early Middle Ages, the penalty of plunder was introduced: the offender’s possessions were looted, and his house burned. Destruction of the offender’s property as a penal sanction resulted from the conception of crime and punishment of that time. Crime was an offence against God, and punishment was seen as God’s revenge for crime – that offender’s house was destroyed as the place that had become unchaste, inhabited by an enemy of God. The penalties imposed in Poland in the 12th and 13th centuries were personal, material, and mixed penalties. There were two material penalties: forfeiture of the whole or part of property and pecuniary penalties. The utmost penalty was being outlawed which consisted of banishment of the convicted person from the country and forfeiture of his property by the ruler. Being outlawed was imposed for the most serious offences; with time, it became an exceptional penalty. In those days, forfeiture of property was a self-standing, as well as an additional penalty, imposed together with death, banishment, or imprisonment. As shown by the sources of law, forfeiture of property (as an additional penalty) could be imposed for “conspiracy against state” rape of a nun forgery of coins, cheating at games, and profiteering. Other  offences punishable in this way included murder, raid  with armed troops and theft of Church property, murder of a Jew committed by a Christian, and raid of a Jewish cemetery.  Data on the extent of the imposition of that penalty in the early feudal period are scarce; as follows from available sources, it was applied but seldom. The consequences of forfeiture were serious in those days. Deprived of property, the convicted person and his family inevitably lost their social and political status which  made forfeiture one of the most severe penalties. From  the viewpoint of the punishing authority (duke), forfeiture was clearly advantageous due to its universal feasibility; to the duke’s officials, it was profitable as they were entitled to plunder the convicted persons’s movables. In the laws of the 16th and 17th centuries, forfeiture was provided for: serious political crimes (crimen leaesae maiestatis – laese-majesty; perduelio – desertion to the enemy), offences against currency and against the armed forces.  As an additional penalty, it accompanied capital punishment and  being outlawed. The law also provided for situations where forfeiture could be imposed as a self-standing penalty. In 1573, the Warsaw Confederacy Act which guaranteed equality to confessors of different religions banned the inposition of forfeiture for conversion to another faith. Initially absolute – the whole of property being forfeited and taken over by the Treasury where it was at the king’s free disposal – forfeiture of  property  was limited already in the 14th century. To begin with, in consideration of the rights of the family  and third to forfeited property, the wife’s dowry was excluded from forfeiture. Later on, in the 16th century, the limitations concerned the king’s freedom of disposal of forfeited property. A nobleman’s property could no longer remain in the king’s hands but had to be granted to another nobleman. Forfeiture of property can also be found in the practice of Polish village courts; as follows from court registers, though, it was actually seldom imposed. European Enlightenment was the period of emergence of ideas which radically changed the conceptions of the essence and aims of punishment, types of penalties, and the policy of their imposition. In their writings, penologists of those days formulated the principle of the offender’s individual responsibility. This standpoint led to a declaration against forfeiture of property as a penalty which affected not  only the offender but also his family and therefore expressed  collective responsibility. The above ideas were known in Poland as well. They are reflected in the numerous drafts of penal law reform, prepared in 18th century Poland. The first such draft, so-called Collection of Jidicial Laws by Andrzej Zamojski, still provided for forfeiture. A later one (draft code of King Stanislaw August of the late 18th century) no longer contained this penalty. The athors argued that,  affecting not only the offender, that penalty was at variance with the principles of justice. The drafts were never to become the law. In 1794, after the second partition of Poland, an insurrection broke out commanded by Tadeusz Kościuszko. The rebel authorities repealed the former legal system and created a new system of provisions regulating the structure of state authorities, administration of justice, and law applied in courts. In the sphere of substantive penal law and the law of criminal proceedings, an insurgent code was introduced, with severe sanctions included in the catalog of penalties. Forfeiture of property was restored which had a double purpose: first, acutely to punish traitors, and second – to replenish the insurgent funds. When imposing forfeiture, property rights  of the convicted person’s spouse and his children’s right to inheritance were taken into account. Yet compared to the administration of justice of the French Revolution with its mass imposition of forfeiture, the Polish insurgent courts were humane and indeed lenient in their practice of sentencing. After the fall of the Kościuszko Insurrection, Poland became a subjugated country, divided between three partitioning powers: Prussia, Russia, and Austria. The Duchy of Warsaw, made of the territories regained from the invaders, survived but a short time. In the sphere of penal law and the present subject of forfeiture of property, that penalty was abolished by a separate parliamentary statute of 1809. After the fall of the Duchy of Warsaw, Poland lost sovereignty and the law of the partitioning powers entered into force on its territories. In the Prussian sector, a succession of laws were introduced: the Common Criminal Law of Prussian States of 1794, followed by the 1851 penal code and the penal code of the German Reich of 1871. Only the first of them still provided for forfeiture: it was abolished in the Prussian State by a law of March 11, 1850. Much earlier, forfeiture disappeared from the legislation of Austria. lt was already absent from the Cpllection of Laws on Penalties for West Galicia of June 17,1796, valid on the Polish territories under Austrian administration. Nor was forfeiture provided for by the two Austrian penal codes of 1803 and 1852. Forfeiture survived the longest in the penal legisation of Russia. In 1815, the Kingdom of Poland was formed of the Polish territories under Russian administration. In its Constitution, conferred by the Tsar of Russia, a provision was included that abolished forfeiture of property. It was also left in the subsequent Penal Code of the Kingdom of Poland, passed in 1818. Forfeiture only returned as a penal sanction applied to participants of the anti-Russian November insurrection of 1831. The Organic Statute of 1832, conferred to the Kingdom of Poland by the Tsar, reintroduced the penalty of forfeiture of property. Moreover, it was to be imposed for offences committed before Organic Statute had entered into force which was an infringement of the ban on retroactive force of law. Of those sentenced to forfeiture in the Kingdom of Poland, Lithuania, and Russia as participants of the November insurrection, few had estates and capital. A part of forfeited estates were donated, the rest were sold to persons of Russian origin. The proces of forfeiting the property of the 1830–1831 insurgents only ended in 1860 (the Tsar’s decree of February 2/March 2,1860). After November insurrection, the Russian authorities aimed at making the penal legislation of the Kingdom of Poland similar to that of the Russian Empire. The code of Main Corrective Penalties of 1847 aimed first of all at a legal unification. It preserved the penalty of “forfeiture of the whole or part of the convicted persons’ possessions and property” as an additional penalty imposed in cases clearly specified by law. It was imposed for offences against the state: attempts against the life, health, freedom or dignity of the Emperor and the supreme rights of the heir to the throne, the Emperor’s wife or other members of the Royal House, and rebellion against the supreme authority. Forfeiture was preserved in the amended code of 1866; in 1876, its application was extended to include offences against official enactments. The penalty could soon be applied – towards the participants of January insurrection of 1863 which broke out in the Russian Partition. The insurgents were tried by Russian military courts. After the January insurrection, 6,491 persons were convicted in the Kingdom of Poland; 6,186 of tchem were sentenced to forfeiture of property. Of that group, as few as 28 owned the whole or a part of real estate; 60 owned mortgage capital and real estate. The imposition of forfeiture on January insurgents stopped in 1867 in the Kingdom of Poland and as late as 1873 in Lithuania. The penalty was only removed from the Russian penal legislation with the introduction a new penal code in 1903. As can be seen, the Russian penal law – as opposed to the law of Prussia and Austria retained forfeiture of property the longest. It was designet to perform special political and deterrent functions as the penalty imposed on opponents of the system for crimes against state. It was severe enough to annihilate the offender’s material existence. It was also intended to deter others, any future dare-devils who might plan to resist authority. It was an   fitted element of the repressive criminal policy of the Russian Empire of those days. Forfeiture of the whole of property of the convicted person can be found once again in the Polish legislation, of independent Poland this time: in the Act of July 2, 1920 on controlling war usury where forfeiture was an optional additional penalty. At the same time, the act prohibited cumulation of repression affecting property (fine and forfeiture could not be imposed simultaneously). It originated from the special war conditions in Poland at the time. The ban on cumulation of repression affecting property is interesting from the viewpoint of criminal policy. The Polish penal code of 1932 did not provide for the penalty of forfeiture, and the Act on controlling war usury was quashed by that code’s introductory provisions. In the legislation of People’s Poland after World War II, forfeiture of property was re-established and had extensive application.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1994, XX; 79-96
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-11 z 11

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