Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

English (EN)·Polski (PL)·Yкраїнський (UK)
Przejdź do strony domowej biblioteki Centralna Biblioteka Wojskowa Link otwiera się w nowym oknie Logo biblioteki Prolib Integro - strona głównaCentralna Biblioteka Wojskowa

Wyszukujesz frazę "Philosophy" wg kryterium: Temat

  Lista filtrów
Wyrównaj
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 2621
Tytuł:
Czasopisma teologiczne i filozoficzne w bibliotekach polskich
Autorzy:
Lenort, Feliks
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1048213.pdf
Data publikacji:
1969
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
filozofia
teologia
czasopismo
biblioteka
Polska
philosophy
theology
journal
library
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 1969, 19; 250-252
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Słownik terminologiczny nauk moralnych
Autorzy:
Witek, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1047710.pdf
Data publikacji:
1975
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
słownik
słownik teologiczny
teologia
filozofia
psychologia
religioznawstwo
ekonomia
prawo
dictionary
theological dictionary
theology
philosophy
psychology
religious studies
economics
law
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 1975, 30; 367-400
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polska myśl kryminologiczna od schyłku XIX w. do 1939 r.
The Polish Criminological Thought from the Close of the 19th Century till 1939
Autorzy:
Nelken, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699220.pdf
Data publikacji:
1986
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kryminologia
prawo karne
historia
filozofia
szkoła antropologiczna
psychopatia
socjologia
osobowość
przestępca
polityka kryminalna
criminology
criminal law
history
philosophy
anthropological school
psychopaty
sociology
personality
criminal
criminal policy
polish criminological thought
Opis:
Both the anthropological school of Lombroso, established in the late half of the 19th century, and the sociological school established by Ferri and other criminologists ( Liszt, Prins, van Hammel, Tarde) met with a keen interest in Poland. However, the anthropological school was criticized, as it was the case in other countries too, both by the classical school of penal law, and from the sociological point of view. A critical analysis of the views of Lombroso and his successors was made by the leading representative of the classical school of penal law in Poland in those days Krzymuski who  postulated that recognition of the individual’s free will to be condition of his penal liability, Krzymuski opposed free will to be conception of a born criminal propagated by Lombroso. Lombroso’s theory was also criticized by  Krzywicki, a sociologist and anthropologist who considered the former’s  approach towards the conditions of crime to be too narrow, leaving out of account those resulting from the social and economic conditions. On the other  hand, Polish criminologists considered it to be Lombroso’s unquestionable merit that he had called attention to the necessity of studying the offender's personality, and in this way initiated the modern criminology. Opinions of various sociological schools were discussed in the Polish literature and accepted by the majority of authors starting from the close of the 19th century. In particular, the most accepted one was the opinion that offence is a result of both individual and social factors, and the aim of punishment meted out by the court should be not only to deter. the perpetrator from committing offences, but also to reeducate him. Due to the fact that in the 19th-centuiy judicial practice the sentence depended on the extent of damage caused by the offender, it was emphasized in the Polish literature that punishment should take into consideration also the offender's individual features, as it is only then that it can fulfil its tasks (Stebelski). With the accepted division of offenders into professional and causal, the fact was stressed that - if the offender reveals a tendency to relapse into crime- the measures the society applies towards him should be more drastic since the society has to defend itself against incorrigible criminals in an effective way. Instead, more lenient measures should be applied towards causal offenders, such measures  being sufficient for their reeducation. In the period between the two world wars, criminology in Poland became a separate branch and extended its range; the establishment of the Polish Criminological Society in 1921 and of the Department of Criminology at the Free Polish University in 1922, later (I932) transformed into the Criminological Institute, contributed to this situation. The Polish criminology of that period faced the task of studying and defining in detail the basic factors of crime: individual (endogenous) and social (exogenous). This was related to the necessity to learn about the sources of crime with the aim of its effective control by means of preparing a Penal Code and properly shaping the criminal policy (Wróblewski). When studying the individual factors of crime, particular attention was paid to the psychopathic personality. Criminal psychopaths were believed to suffer from a pathological moral defect resulting from their underdevelopment in the sphere of emotions. It was stated that psychopaths who committed an offence should not be recognized as mentally irresponsible (Nelken). Psychopathy cannot be treated psychiatrically; on the other hand, intensified resocialization of the offender is necessary here, conditions for this treatment created during his prison term. At the same time, an adequate segregation of prisoners should be applied based on the psychopathological criterion (Łuniewski). The science of the offender's personality was called criminal biology; it dealt with the physical and mental structure of the offender. Criminal biology was to make use of the general anthropological, psychological and psychiatric data as well as those gathered by means of other clinical methods. Aimed at  gathering comprehensive data concerning the whole of the offender’s mental and physical properties, criminal biology should not confine itself to a mere specification of his various traits: it should also study their origin, methodically examining the development of these properties in the milieu in which the offender’s personality was formed. Thus the criminal-biological research must be made from the psychological and medical as well as sociological points of view. Particular importance was attached to detailed environmental research in the study of juvenile delinquents (Batawia). In the early Thirties, the Ministry of Justice initiated criminological- biological research in prisons. The research was carried out by special commissions with the use of a specially prepared comprehensive questionnaire . The greatest part was played by psychiatric and psychological examination. The  criminal-biological research in prisons was interrupted by the outbreak of the war. In connection with the criminogenic role of alcoholism, criminologists spoke for a considerable reduction of production and sale of spirits. Moreover, an opinion was expressed that a commission of an offence in the state of a normal (the so-called physiological) intoxication should not result in the recognition of the offender as mentally irresponsible. Only pathological intoxication may be considered from the point of view of irrespossibility. The offender should not avail himself of his intoxication as a mitigating circumstance (Nelken). The scientists opposed the introduction of compulsory sterilization which was to be applied toward persons whose children could inherit serious  pathological traits from them. The opposition had both scientific and humanistic grounds (Łuniewski, Nelken). Compulsory sterilization was not introduced. The main trend of the Polish criminology in the period between the wars corresponded with the sociological school which took into account the relationship between the endogenous (biological) and the exogenous (social) factors in the origins of crime. A vast majority of Polish criminologists opposed the conception of a “born criminal” put forward by Lombroso. Some of the Polish scholars of the period between the wars who used the term “criminal anthropology” (e.g. Rabinowicz), emphasized the evolution of this science which differed from the Lombroso’s doctrine, and postulated the social milieu as a factor be largely taken into consideration in the studies on the causes of crime. In the Polish criminology of those days, the stress was laid principally on criminal biology due to the fact that the internal factor is usually less  conspicuous and more difficult to prove than the external one in the etiology of crime. It was emphasized that not all of persons who  found themselves in unfavourable social conditions turned offenders (Neymark, Lemkin); therefore, the biological (somato psychological) factor determines the individual’s moral resistance to the unfavourable external conditions. On the other hand, also the social factor, in addition to the biological one, was included in the causes of crime, due to the considerable impact of living conditions on the human mind. The opinion was that - though the etiology of an offence is usually determined by a combination of the external and internal factors - in each case one should attempt to find out which of these factors prevailed in the origin of a given act; this should also be taken into account in the criminological prognosis. In general, the chance for correction is smaller in the case of an offender of the endogenous type who requires a more thorough and longer resocialization as compared with one of the exogenous type; this should be taken into account by the court when meting out punishment (Rabinowicz, Lemkin). The Polish  Penal Code of 1932 (in force till 1969) was an expression of the compromise between the classical school of penal law and the sociological school. In the code, many legal structures included in the General Part were formulated in accordance with the achievements of the science of penal law in its classical form; this concerns particularly the definition or the essence of crime and the principles of liability including that of subjectivism as responsibility for a culpable act. A compromising character was given in the code to meting out punishment which was conditioned not only  by the weight of the offence according to the classical principle of retribution and deterrence, but also by the offender's personality and the life he had led hitherto according to the instructions of the sociological school (Art. 54). The discussed code did not adopt from the Italian positivism the so-called ante-criminal prevention, i.e.. the application of sanctions towards an individual who has not committed any prohibited act yet. Also indeterminate sentences were not adopted in the Code in relation to penalties and not protective measures, as this would be contradictory to the principle of individualization of punishment. Under the influence of the sociological school the Code contained of a possibility of suspension of ęxceution of the penalty, and of its extraordinary rnitigation, as well as the release from prison before the expiration of term (separately regulated by the law of 1927-) and a possibility to mete out a more severe penalty in the case of recidivists. In addition to the medical security measures, which consisted in the commitment of the offender to a mental hospital and which the court could apply towards the persons guilty of acts committed in the state of mental irresponsibility or decreased responsibility, the code introduced - basing on the postulates of the sociological school-isolating security measures applied towards the offenders whose acts were connected with reluctance to work, and towards recidivists and professional as well as habitual criminals if their staying at liberty endangered the legal order. The isolating security measures were applied together with the penalty (not instead of it), the necessity of their application connected with the ‘’ state of danger", i.e. the perpetrator's probability of commission of further offences; in the criminological literature, subjective and state of objective criteria of the danger were distinguished (Strasman). According to Art. 84 of the  Penal Code, offenders of this type were  committed to a special institution  for at least 5 years, and the court decided after the termination of each such period whether it was necessary to prolong the commitment for the next five years. In the Penal Code of 1932, also the measures applied towards juvenile delinquents were divided into educational measures on the one hand, and commitment to a corrective institution on the other hand, depending  on the juvenile's age and of his possible discernment or lack there of when committing the forbiden act.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1986, XIII; 223-260
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Impact of the Subsidiarity Principle on Polish Democratic Reforms
Autorzy:
Popławska, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43449032.pdf
Data publikacji:
1994-12-31
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
impact
principle
reforms
Communism
democration
subsidiarity
philosophy
community
totalitarian system
unions
human rights
political system
constitutional law
pluralism
local government
Źródło:
Droit Polonais Contemporain; 1994, 1-4; 71-89
0070-7325
Pojawia się w:
Droit Polonais Contemporain
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dylematy metodologii badań w zakresie doradztwa zawodowego
Dilemmas of research methodology in occupational counseling
Autorzy:
Rostowski, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/18804584.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
philosophy of science
quantitative and qualitative procedures
research in counseling
career development
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica; 1999, 03; 3-12
2353-4842
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Psychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Marketing a interfuzja
Marketing and Interfusion
Autorzy:
Famielec, Józefa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/414860.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Małopolska Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczna w Tarnowie
Tematy:
marketing
zarządzanie przedsiębiorstwem
zarządzanie strategiczne
filozofia działania przedsiębiorstwa
materiały konferencyjne
enterprise management
strategic management
enterprise operation philosophy
conference materials
Opis:
W opracowaniu podjęto próbę wskazania dotychczasowych etapów rozwoju systemów zarządzania przedsiębiorstwami i przedstawienia charakterystyki nowego etapu - interfuzji. Interfuzję uznaje się za alternatywę marketingu, choć nie brakuje obrońców marketingowego sposobu zarządzania jako najbardziej skutecznego na współczesnym rynku. Nie rozstrzygając zasadności wyodrębnienia interfuzji jako nowej filozofii zarządzania, w opracowaniu wskazano na niezbędne zmiany w zachowaniu się przedsiębiorstw pod wpływem nowych cech rynku i konsumentów.
The paper tries to enlighten the stages of development of the companies management systems that have emerged till now. It presents as well the characteristics of a new stage, the interfusion. The interfusion is considered as an alternative to marketing although there are many supporters of marketing-like ways of management as the most efficient one with regard to a contemporary market. The paper does not judge relevancy of the interfusion as a new management philosophy but it points out indispensable changes in the companies behaviour influenced by new features of the market and client. It is recognised that the interfusion with its core idea of "the spirit of market" may be considered as a characteristic of contemporary marketing development.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie; 1999, 2; 79-88
1506-2635
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kilka uwag o przedmiocie logiki intuicjonistycznej
A few remarks on the subject of intuitionist logic
Einige Anmerkungen zum Gegenstand des intuitionistischen Aussagenkalküls
Autorzy:
Czernecka, Bożena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2016143.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
logika
filozofia logiki
filozofia matematyki
intuicjonizm
Heyting
logic
philosophy of logic
philosophy of mathematics
intuitionism
Opis:
Artykuł jest próbą odpowiedzi na pytanie, co jest przedmiotem logiki intuicjonistycznej. Rozważania opierają się na publikacjach twórców intuicjonizmu, zwłaszcza Heytinga. W tle poczyniono również komentarze na temat logiki klasycznej. Prawa klasycznej logiki zdań ustanawiają pewne obiektywne i jednocześnie najbardziej ogólne związki między faktami i zdarzeniami. Myśliciele zakładają istnienie takich powiązania, które charakteryzują stanowisko ontologiczne. Z drugiej strony prawa logiki intuicjonistycznej ustanawiają związki między konstrukcjami matematycznymi lub właściwościami tych konstrukcji na podstawie uprzednio utworzonych i zbadanych mentalnych konstrukcji matematycznych.
The article is an attempt to answer the question what is the subject of intuitionist logic. The considerations are based on publications by the creators of intuitionism, especially Heyting. In the background, comments were also made on classical logic. The laws of classical propositional logic establish certain objective and also the most general relationships between facts and events. Those thinkers assume the existence of such connections that characterize the ontological position. On the other hand, the laws of intuitionist logic establish relationships between mathematical constructions or the properties of these constructions on the basis of previously created and researched mental mathematical constructions.
In dem Artikel wird versucht, die Frage zu beantworten, was den Gegenstand des intuitionistischen Aussagenkalküls bildet. Die Erwägungen basieren auf den Veröffentlichungen von den Gründern des Intuitionismus, vor allem auf Heyting. Im Hintergrund werden auch Anmerkungen gemacht betreffend des Gegenstandes der klassischen Logik. Die Gesetze der klassischen Aussagenlogik stellen einige objektive und zugleich allgemeinste Zusammenhänge zwischen Sachverhalten, Tatsachen, Begebenheiten fest. Die Existenz, solchen Zusammenhänge nehmen die Denker an, welche die ontologische Stellungnahme kennzeichnet. Die Gesetze des intuitionistischen Aussagenkalküls dagegen stellen Zusammenhänge zwischen mathematischen Konstruktionen oder Eigenschaften dieser Konstruktionen auf Grund von den vorher gebildeten und untersuchten mentalen mathematischen Konstruktionen fest.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2001, 49, 1; 151-165
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Opis szeregujący a logiki wielowartościowe. J. N. Martina próba interpretacji systemu Łukasiewicza
Ordering description and many-valued logics. J. N. Martin’s attempt at interpretation of Lukasiewicz’s system
Autorzy:
Lechniak, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2016146.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
logika nieklasyczna. logika wielowartościowa
negacje
historia filozofii
neoplatonizm
podział logiczny
klasyfikacja
szeregowanie
non-classical logic
many-valued logic
negation(s)
history of philosophy
neoplatonism
logical division
classification
ordering
Opis:
The article presents two attempts at applying J. Lukas iewicz's three-valued logic to analysis of the so-called gradable properties: T. Czeżowski's so-called ordering logics and J. Martin's attempt to connect Lukas iewicz's logic and the neo-Platonian hierarchy of entities. Unfortunately, those attempts were not successful. It can be noticed that in his approach Czeżowski mixed up gradability of truth with gradability of other properties. Martin found that Lukasiewicz's enriching of the division between truth and falsity with a third value suggests some neo-Platonian ontology in which truth - interchangeable with entity - is subject to gradation. However, he does not give an intuitively convincing way of reducing Lukas iewicz's threevalued logic to the corresponding Boole's algebra of compound properties (hence, to a structure belonging to the classical logic).
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2001, 49, 1; 167-183
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
U źródeł nauki − THEORÍA
At the Sources of Science − THEORÍA
Autorzy:
Jaroszyński, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2016185.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
nauka
filozofia
kultura
science
philosophy
culture
Opis:
In the article, the author presents certain aspects concerning the constitution of science as a distinct domain of culture. Although civilizations antedating Greek civilization had many important achievements that today we would call scientific, science itself as having a definite object, method and aim appeared first in Greece. In Babylon and Egypt science had purely practical aims, such as counting and astrology. Among the Greeks, science possessed a theoretical dimension. The Greek concept of THEORIA signified science as well as the highest type of life man could achieve, the BIOS THEORETIKOS. Human knowledge progresses through stages. It passes through a phase where it has much in common with the knowledge possessed by brute animals, based on sensation and memory. At a later and higher phase, human knowledge is characterized by a more comprehensive experience than mere memory of facts, then by art, and finally by science, the crowning point of which is wisdom (philosophy).
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2001, 49, 2; 117-134
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Współczesna logika formalna a nauki przyrodnicze
Contemporary formal logic and the natural sciences
Autorzy:
Kiczuk, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2016141.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
logika
filozofia logiki
metodologia
filozofia nauki
fizyka
logic
philosophy of logic
methodology
philosophy of science
physics
Opis:
In the first part of the article the questions are discussed that are connected with applying the rules of classical sentence logic and many valued logic in theories of natural sciences, mainly in N. Bohr' s theories of complementarity. This part of the article explicates Z. Zawirski's proposition, that the rules of logic, through applying them to the world, not only stop being tautologies that do not say anything about the reality, but they become natural hypotheses that say a lot, perhaps "the first things”, about that reality. In the article the possibility is shown of using the rules of building axiomatic deductive systems of classical logical calculus in construction of corresponding axiomatic systems in physics, as an axiomatic system may well represent an empirical theory. In the second part of the article the relations of contemporary non-classical kinds of logic with natural sciences are discussed. A lot of attention is devoted to showing that in natural sciences, in physics, application of formal logic may also consist in suitable use of its language. Not only is the language of classical logical calculus involved here but the language of systems of non-classical logics as well, and especially of the ones which give the rules for correct use of functors connected with the following - crucial for natural sciences - terms: time, change, causal relationship.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2001, 49, 1; 127-150
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Co się dzieje z estetyką?
What is happening to aesthetics?
Autorzy:
Kiereś, Henryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2015977.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
estetyka
filozofia sztuki
dzieje pojęć
aesthetics
philosophy of art
history of notions
Opis:
In order to answer the question 'What is happening to aesthetics?' in the title of the article one has to decide what the problem of aesthetics consists in. The discipline is in a crisis, and sometimes its 'death' is announced and the rule of anti-aesthetics is proclaimed whereas the debate 'Aesthetics or anti-aesthetics?' ends up in a cognitive stalemate: aesthetics is tainted with the error of normativism and reductionism; and anti-aesthetics finishes in relativism. Hence a return is necessary to the classical philosophy (metaphysics) of art (Aristotle, Thomas Aquinas) that avoids errors of the aesthetic tradition and works out a universal and neutral criterion for evaluating purposefulness in art, and also does not interfere with the competence of humanities or of art criticism.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2002, 50, 1; 333-343
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Epistemologia w dydaktyce fizyki Komisji Edukacji Narodowej
Epistemology in the teaching of physics by the Commission for National Education
Autorzy:
Janeczek, Stanisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2015979.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
historia filozofii
nauki i oświaty
historia przyrodoznawstwa
historia fizyki
history of philosophy
science and education
natural history
history of physics
Opis:
The subject of the article is defining the specificity of broadly understood epistemology (theory of cognition, methodology of science) that could be seen in the teaching of physics at secondary schools (and partly also at universities) run by the Commission for National Education. It was the first European „ministry” of education, which worked in Poland in the years 1773-1795. Its specificity was defined by a new model of school directed to scientific rather than linguistic-humanist, and on a higher level − also than philosophical education. On the level of syllabuses it meant replacing lecturing Aristotelian philosophy of nature with phenomenalistic-mathematical natural science (mechanists), oriented to technical-economic practice (utilitarianism). The syllabuses declared so radical a break up − in the spirit of pre-positivism of The French Encyclopaedia − with traditional education that at secondary schools practically all the philosophical subjects were removed, apart from logic and ethics, and at universities logic was cancelled too. However, the teaching practice differed from the syllabus and organisational radicalism that was incomparable with any other education system functioning in Europe. In it numerous handbooks written in the circle of the so-called philosophia recentiorum were used. It joined the Aristotelian philosophy of nature with elements of modern natural history. Introduced into the secondary and university education in the whole of Europe in the first half of the 18th century, it broke the framework of the traditional philosophy syllabus. Also the handbooks of the Commission for National Education − like all of the eclectic school physics of the Enlightenment era − still contained philosophical elements, with the idea of justifying them inductively. However, at the same time numerous troubles appeared resulting from putting into effect the empirical-mathematical ideal of natural history. This was the result of shortage of instruments necessary for performing experiments, even on the didactic level that dominated over research work in the Polish science of that time. Also doubts were expressed as to the possibilities and range of applying the language of mathematics for defining the data obtained in experiments. This resulted from a low methodological level of natural science of that time that still had a describing-systematising character (natural history, partly also physics). Hence doubts appeared in defining the mathematical status of natural science, still treated as applied mathematics, or as an integral − sometimes even first-rate − element of physics. Especially development of mathematically defined mechanics and the possibilities of applying it in technology gave a higher prestige to reflection over technical--economic activity, which led to general acceptance of the ideal of applied science preferred at those times.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2002, 50, 1; 203-263
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Geneza nauki w głównych nurtach XX-wiecznej historii nauki
The Genesis of Science in the Main Trends 20th-century History of Science
Autorzy:
Roskal, Zenon E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2015876.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
historia nauki
jońska filozofia przyrody
pitagorejsko-platońska filozofia przyrody
geneza nauki
history of science
Ionian philosophy of nature
Pythagorean-Platonic philosophy of nature
genesis of science
Opis:
The paper sought to present one trend of the debate carried on within the confines of 20th-century history of science, i.e. the genesis of science. Among various trends of this debate we shall distinguish one that concerns the evaluation of the significance of the main traditions in Greek philosophy (Ionian, Pythagorean-Platonic) in the process of the constitution of science. The paper shows some solutions to this question that appear in the main trends of 20th--century history of science (externalism, internalism).
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2002, 50, 3; 163-178
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja nieskończoności w antycznej matematyce i filozofii
The Concept of Infinity in Ancient Mathematics and Philosophy
Die Konzeption der Unendlichkeit in der antiken Mathematik und Philosophie
Autorzy:
Dadaczyński, Jerzy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2015919.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
nieskończoność
nieskończoność w matematyce
nieskończoność w filozofii
infinity
infinity in mathematic
infinity in philosophy
Opis:
In der vorliegenden Analysen wurde festgestellt, dass die Aufnahme von Aristoteles des Problems der Unendlichkeit von ihm eine Stellungnahme zu der Problemlage war, welche in der antiken Mathematik und Philosophie zumindest ein Jahrhundert vorher entstanden ist. Die Unendlichkeit in der Mathematik erschien im Zusammenhang mit der Entdeckung der Inkommensurabilität und der Einführung der Unendlichkeitsverfahren. Auf diese Angelegenheit haben die Pythagoreer ihre Aufmerksamkeit gelenkt. In einem anderen intellektuellen Medium des Großen Griechenlands, unter den Eleaten, ist das Problem der Unendlichkeit im Zusammenhang mit den ontologischen und physikalischen Proben der Verneinung des Effekts der Bewegung aufgetreten. Die bekannten Aporien von Zeno zeigten die Paradoxe, die mit dem Begriff der Unendlichkeit und der Stetigkeit verbunden sind. Aristoteles, mit Hilfe Eudoxios, bemühte sich den Schwierigkeiten, die mit der Unendlichkeit verbunden sind,zu entgehen. Deshalb, trotzdem er die Begriffsbestimmung der Unendlichkeit (der unendlichen Mengen) nicht angegeben hat, führte er die Dichotomie der aktuellen und potentiellen Unendlichkeit ein. Er selbst erklärte sich für das Dasein der potentiellen Unendlichkeit. Das war die Äußerung der antiken „Furcht vor der Unendlichkeit”. Die mit dem Begriff der Unendlichkeit verbundenen antiken Probleme wurden erst im XIX. Jahrhundert gelöst, als die Theorie der unendlichen Mengen (Mengenlehre) entstanden ist. Das war aber im Zusammenhang mit der Ablehnung des altertümliches Axioms, welches feststellt, dass „die Ganzheit größer als ein Teil ist”. Die aristotelische Unterscheidung auf potentielle und aktuelle Unendlichkeit hat einen beständigen Platz im Instrumentarium der Philosophen und der philosophierenden Mathematiker gefunden. Bis zum heutigen Tag herrscht unter ihnen keine Einigkeit, ob das Dasein der aktuell unendlichen Mengen akzeptiert sein soll. Eins ist sicher. Die Mathematik braucht seit der altertümlichen Zeiten irgendeine Form der Unendlichkeit.
The present analysis it was finds that Aristotle's admission of the problem of infinity was a position on the problem that arose in ancient mathematics and philosophy at least a century earlier. Infinity in mathematics appeared in connection with the discovery of incommensurability and the introduction of infinity procedures. This was pointed out by Pythagoreans. In another intellectual centre of Great Greece, among the Eleates, the problem of infinity arose in connection with the ontological and physical samples of the negation of the effect of movement. Zeno's well-known aporias showed the paradoxes associated with the concept of infinity and continuity. Aristotle, with the help of Eudoxius, tried to avoid the problems associated with infinity. Therefore, despite not providing the definition of infinity (infinite sets), he introduced a dichotomy of current and potential infinity. He came in favour of the Dasein of potential infinity. That was the expression of the ancient "fear of infinity". Ancient problems associated with the concept of infinity was not solved until the 19th century, when the theory of infinite sets (set theory) arose. But that was connected with the rejection of the ancient axiom which states that "the whole is greater than a part". The Aristotelian distinction between potential and current infinity has found a permanent place among tools used by philosophers and philosophical mathematicians. To this day, there is no agreement among them whether the existence of the currently infinite numbers should be accepted. One thing is for sure: mathematics has been in need of some form of infinity since ancient times.
Źródło:
Roczniki Filozoficzne; 2002, 50, 3; 219-239
0035-7685
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Filozoficzne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 2621

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies