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Tytuł:
“The Universe is a labyrinth made of labyrinths” Observations Made when Reading Radosław Bielawski’s Book “Potęgometryczny wymiar militaryzacji przestrzeni kosmicznej”
Autorzy:
Smuniewski, Cezary
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/23050977.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Fundacja Instytut Nauki o Polityce
Tematy:
outer space
outer space security
outer space militarisation
Stanisław Lem
Opis:
Militarisation of outer space is a rapidly developing area of research that is one of the most urgent challenges faced nowadays by the security scholars. The article concerns scientific research made by Radosław Bielawski and presented in his book “Potęgometryczny wymiar militaryzacji przestrzeni kosmicznej” [Powermetric Dimension of Outer Space Militarisation]. The text presents the layout of the monograph and a detailed description of the research process. It also contains conclusions and prospects for future research. There are also references to the texts authored by Stanisław Lem. The paper fits into the area of research on security studies.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Political Science; 2023, 9, 2; 65-75
2391-3991
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Political Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The concept of long – term sustainability of outer space activities and the international responsibility of states for space activities
Autorzy:
Kuźniar, Dagmara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899403.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
international responsibility for national activities in outer space
long-term sustainability of outer space activity
space debris
Opis:
The concept of long-term sustainability of outer space activities is based on rational assumptions regarding outer space as a limited resource, which will inevitably shrink in the long term if States do not take appropriate preventive measures. The arguments for this are all the stronger as it concerns a real threat to the safety of space operations, and what is more, to their continuation in the future. The legal status of outer space determines the responsibility of States for the activities of both governmental and non-governmental entities. The UN COPUOS Guidelines for the Long-term Sustainability of Outer Space Activities strongly remind of this. This is an important element of this document, which should be considered not only in the context of liability for damage caused as a result of space activities, but also in the context of liability for violating the principles adopted in the key treaty of international space law, which is the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies of 27 January 1967. The main purpose of this article is to present the assumptions of the concept and, in their light, to refer to its structural treaty connotations in the field of generally recognized international responsibility of the State for space activities. The study is also intended to show workable solutions adopted in national law that implement the COPUOS Guidelines, as a necessary and inevitable direction of national activity of countries wanting to explore and use outer space safely and responsibly.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 97; 112-125
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Exploring the Final Frontier: The Significance of Space Diplomacy in a Rapidly Evolving Cosmos
Autorzy:
Borotkanych, Nataliia
Moroz, Andrii
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22676749.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-11-23
Wydawca:
Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Zawodowa w Chełmie
Tematy:
outer space
diplomacy
space diplomacy
international cooperation
ISS
Ukraine
Opis:
Space exploration has become a collaborative endeavour, transcending national boundaries and necessitating the establishment of space diplomacy. This article delves into the significance of space diplomacy in a rapidly evolving cosmos, and explores its definition, historical context, and the role of international treaties. As the cosmos continues to rapidly evolve, space diplomacy becomes ever more vital for managing conflicts, promoting sustainable space activities, and fostering cooperation among spacefaring nations. The article explores the main stages of international cooperation in the space domain, defines the concept of "space diplomacy" and its peculiarities, and outlines key partnerships, challenges, and opportunities for future cooperation in space exploration. The article analyses the impact of Russia’s war against Ukraine on international relations in the space domain and attempts to predict future space alliances influenced by terrestrial policies.
Źródło:
Language. Culture. Politics. International Journal; 2023, 1, 1; 271-284
2450-3576
2719-3217
Pojawia się w:
Language. Culture. Politics. International Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Mexican Conquest of Space? Cosmopolitanism, Cosmopolitics, and Cosmopoetics in the Mexican Space Industry
Autorzy:
Johnson, Anne Warren
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1008947.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
Mexico
Outer space
Cosmopolitics
Cosmopolitanism
Social imaginary
Astronoetics
Opis:
Mexico cannot be considered a 'spacefaring nation,' as it does not have the capability to build or launch space crafts into orbit. However, for many engineers, scientists, students, and entrepreneurs, outer space represents an important opportunity for economic development and job creation, as well as the resolution of earthly social problems, and a means to globally position the Mexican technology sector. Although they rely on international agreements for scientific, technical, and logistical collaboration, many of these space enthusiasts allude to a “Mexican Conquest of Space,” a discursively potent term given Mexico’s colonial history. In this paper, I examine how Mexican imaginaries of outer space, tied to perceptions of past knowledge, present social issues and future projections, are limited by geopolitical realities, even as they are informed by cosmic imaginaries at various scales. I focus on the recently created Mexican Space Agency, its programs, practices, discourses and alliances, as a starting point for a Mexican astronoetics, a term coined by the philosopher Hans Blumenberg during the Space Race in an attempt to balance the centripetal and centrifugal forces exerted by outer space. From this perspective, I reflect on the ways in which being tethered to Mexico influences the possibility of being untethered to Earth.
Źródło:
Review of International American Studies; 2020, 13, 2; 123-144
1991-2773
Pojawia się w:
Review of International American Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Integrated Space Situational Awareness Systems: SDA and SSA – Advantages and Limitations
Autorzy:
Polkowska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2020195.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
security
satellites
outer space
SDA/SSA
observation programmes
Opis:
SDA (Space Domain Awareness) and SSA (Space Situational Awareness – SSA) have been defined as comprehensive knowledge of space objects and the ability to track, understand, and predict their future location. The purpose of the article is to present SSA initiatives to protect space systems, which are now recognized as fundamental assets of the sustainable development of each country. The destruction of even a part of the space infrastructure can have severe consequences for the security of citizens and economic activity. These systems assume the combination of all data obtained by various entities operating in space and Earth to create a common database. The SSA system was created based on the US military programme SDA (Space Domain Awareness); SSA and SDA are almost similar, but SDA is a new term replacing SSA, which existed previously. SDA is a better and improved SSA. Increasingly, the SSA programme is part of national and EU space strategies, but it is not yet possible to include it in international space law.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 2 (50); 133-148
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Inevitability of Militarization of Outer Space
Autorzy:
BERNAT, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/466219.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Centrum Rzeczoznawstwa Budowlanego Sp. z o.o.
Tematy:
militarization of outer space
space weapons
space corps
orbital weapons
ASAT
Opis:
At the end of the second decade of the 21st century, we witness a progressive increase of strategic importance of artificial satellites and other orbital systems, which is a consequence of the ever-accelerating development of space technologies that include weapons systems. The outer space becomes a theatre for a potential conflict. The states possessing sufficient technological potential will further develop and expand those systems, both defensive (for eliminating threats) and offensive (securing the military advantage and serving as a deterrent) to secure their current and future interests.The main argument of the paper demonstrates the necessity, from the perspective of the strong outer space sector players like the USA, Russia, China, to further develop space weapon systems and military units of space corps.
Źródło:
Safety & Defense; 2019, 5, 1; 49-54
2450-551X
Pojawia się w:
Safety & Defense
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ambiguities in Space Law as Path towards Weaponization of Space: the Case of the Outer Space Treaty. Remarks on Regulation of Weaponization of Outer Space by Space Law
Autorzy:
Stonis, Danylo
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2185166.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Outer Space Treaty
space law
weaponization of
space
anti-satellite weapons
Opis:
Nowadays, space management is widely recognized as an important area of global governance. The management of outer space is very complex, therefore activities of states in outer space realm are regulated by Outer Space Treaty. However, due to a number of ambiguities in the provisions of the Outer Space Treaty regarding the military use of space, loopholes for an increase in militarization and weaponization of space have emerged, thus causing serious problems with space security and affecting the sustainable use of space. Such shortcomings in the regulation of the military use of outer space by the Outer Space Treaty, including the lack of definition of certain terms and the establishment of appropriate procedures, allow the parties to freely interpret the relevant terms, and also conduct experiments in space, which contribute to the militarization and weaponization of space. Naturally this issue poses global security threat, because once the militarization or weaponization of outer space has started, it is almost impossible to reverse this process. In addition, the development of anti-satellite weapons and the dual purpose of satellites orbiting the Earth undoubtedly adds to the political and legal challenge of managing outer space. Therefore, this articles claims, that the legal regulation of outer space requires thorough revision in order to effectively address the issue of legal mechanisms in outer space.
Źródło:
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies; 2022, 4; 74-84
2720-6998
Pojawia się w:
Copernicus Political and Legal Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studying on Legal Liability of Private Enterprises with Commercial Activities in Outer Space
Autorzy:
wen, Qingmei
Li, SiYao
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31232741.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Instytut Metropolitalny
Tematy:
Private Enterprises
commercial activities in outer space
liabilities for damages
Opis:
The development of commercial activities in outer space is changing rapidly, and the increase of commercial activities will inevitably lead to a variety of disputes. However, the unclear basis of claims for damages caused by Private Enterprises engaging in commercial activities in outer space has caused serious obstacles to the development of commercial activities in outer space, and the rules of liability of Private Enterprises engaging in commercial activities in outer space should be re-examined. Considering the special nature of outer space commercial activities and the influence of various realistic factors, as well as the fact that a single subject of liability does not fully guarantee the rights and interests of the injured party. The liability for damages caused by Private Enterprises engaged in commercial activities in outer space should be shared between the state and Private Enterprises. Private Enterprises should bear the responsibility for direct damages occurring in the course of its commercial activities in outer space, and the state should bear supplementary responsibility for damages caused by Private Enterprises.
Źródło:
Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym; 2024, 11; 31-45
2720-4456
Pojawia się w:
Ad Astra. Program badań nad astropolityką i prawem kosmicznym
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Polityka kosmiczna Polski in statu nascendi
Poland’s space policy in statu nascendi
Autorzy:
Woźniak, Arkadiusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2195080.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
polityka
przestrzeń kosmiczna
agencja
działalność
Policy
Outer Space
Agency
Activity
Opis:
The purpose of the article is to analyze the actions of Polish authorities regarding the creation of the Polish space policy. Activity in space in the twentieth century and development of cooperation with international organizations were presented. Bilateral agreements and the possibility of new forms of action were analyzed as well as private entities as co-creators of space policy. Tasks in the process of creating the Polish space policy, the division of competences, the use of optional programmes were indicated. There is also a presentation of management reforms,financing through the selection of several levels of action and adopting the hierarchy of key tasks for the state, to ensure effective implementation of the assumed projects.
Celem artykułu jest analiza działań władz polskich dotyczących tworzenia polityki kosmicznej RP. Przedstawiona została aktywność przestrzeni kosmicznej w XX w. oraz rozwój współpracy z organizacjami międzynarodowymi. Przeanalizowano umowy dwustronne i możliwości nowych form działań, a także podmioty prywatne jako współtwórców polityki kosmicznej. Wskazano zadania w procesie tworzenia polityki kosmicznej Polski, podział kompetencji, wykorzystanie możliwości związanych z programami opcjonalnymi. Ponadto zaprezentowano reformę sposobu zarządzania, finansowania poprzez wybór kilku płaszczyzn działania oraz przyjęcie hierarchii zadań kluczowych dla państwa, aby zagwarantować skuteczną realizację założonych projektów.
Źródło:
Świat Idei i Polityki; 2017, 16; 405-423
1643-8442
Pojawia się w:
Świat Idei i Polityki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagadnienie wykorzystania i ochrony przestrzeni kosmicznej w dokumentach ONZ
Autorzy:
Niewęgłowski, Krzysztof Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/617654.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
COPUOS, international law, outer space, space law
COPUOS
prawo kosmiczne
prawo międzynarodowe
przestrzeń kosmiczna
Opis:
Progressive development of technology forced international community to establish legal status of outer space. In order to prevent it from becoming an arena of conflict, mostly because of the work done by The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS), a number of treaties regulation international space law were created. The main goal of the provisions in the treaties was to creation of legal framework for peaceful usage of outer space to benefit mankind. This issue is also a topic appearing in the soft law of public international law.
Postępujący rozwój technologiczny wymusił na społeczności międzynarodowej uregulowanie stanu prawnego przestrzeni kosmicznej. W celu zapobieżenia przekształcenia jej w kolejne pole do konfliktu, głównie dzięki pracom Komitetu ds. Pokojowego Wykorzystania Przestrzeni Kosmicznej ONZ powstał szereg traktatów normujących międzynarodowe prawo kosmiczne. Za główny cel postanowień umów międzynarodowych dotyczących tej tematyki można uznać stworzenie warunków prawnych do pokojowego wykorzystania przestrzeni kosmicznej dla dobra ludzkości jako całości. Problematyka ta jest również tematem poruszanym w soft law prawa międzynarodowego publicznego.
Źródło:
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe; 2019, 22, 41
1506-8285
Pojawia się w:
Studenckie Zeszyty Naukowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reflekcje na temat zjawisk fizycznych związanych z ruchem ciał w przestrzeni
Reflections on the physical phenomena associated with the movement of bodies in space
Autorzy:
Kamusiński, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/222024.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Akademia Marynarki Wojennej. Wydział Dowodzenia i Operacji Morskich
Tematy:
zjawiska fizyczne
przestrzeń kosmiczna
kosmos
physical phenomena
outer space
cosmos
Opis:
W pracy rozpatrzono możliwości odrzucenia aksjomatu o stałej prędkości światła w dowolnie przyjętym układzie odniesienia i wykazano że aksjomat ten nie jest koniecznością warunkującą wyjaśnienie znanych eksperymentów dotyczących rozchodzenia się światła. Wykazano również, że znane zależności między masą a energią ciał oraz masą fotonów i częstotliwością fali świetlnej można wprowadzić nie odwołując się do transformacji Lorenza i odrzucając aksjomat stałej prędkości światła w dowolnie przyjętym inercjalnym układzie odniesienia. Uzasadniono, że prędkości ciał względem przyjętego inercjalnego układu odniesienia mogą być większe od wartości "C".
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej; 2005, R. 46 nr 4 (163), 4 (163); 13-74
0860-889X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Marynarki Wojennej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
From the sectoral angle to the general rules or how the convention on international liability for damages caused by space objects influenced the development of the international law of state responsibility and liability?
Autorzy:
Gubrynowicz, Aleksander
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/48899376.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-09-20
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
liability of states
responsibility of states
Liability Convention
outer space
space objects
Opis:
This article discusses the impact the 1972 Liability Convention exerted upon the further discussion on state responsibility and liability rules within the UN International Law Commission. The question it seeks to answer is the issue of how, and to what extent, its provisions influenced the development of international law on the responsibility of states and international organizations and the institution of international liability of states. Most notably, the present article demonstrates how the Liability Convention served as a reference point for the International Law Commission’s works struggling to codify the general rules of states’ liability. It also examines the factors that, from the mid- 1990s onward, have steadily diminished its role in the ongoing debate and how it finally informed the final shape of the 2006 Draft principles on the allocation of loss in the case of transboundary harm arising from hazardous activities. Furthermore, it analyses the 2001 Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA) and the 2011 Articles on Responsibility of International Organizations (ARIO). With this in mind, it is put forward that the differences mandate strict differentiation between international responsibility and international liability at the theoretical level. Nonetheless, the Liability Convention could furnish patterns based on which, notably, the institution of joint and several responsibility of states and international organizations, respectively, have been modelled. Therefore, it is concluded that the lex specialis and the self-contained character of the regime established under this Convention effectively limit its impact on the development of international regimes of responsibility and liability of states and international organizations. However, they do not eliminate them altogether. Ironically, in practical terms, the Convention marked the 2001 ARSIWA and, indirectly, the 2011 ARIO more decisively than the 2006 Draft Principles, even though the Convention – similar to the DP 2006 – addresses states’ liability, not their responsibility.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica; 2023, 97; 7-25
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Near-Earth Objects (NEO) and other current space threats
Autorzy:
Bielawski, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/576435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-17
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
outer space
security
Near Earth Object (NEO)
Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHA)
Opis:
The subject of the study are space threats – Near-Earth Objects (NEO) and Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHA). The research methods employed in this article included the classic theoretical methods used in security sciences and a practical method – a quantitative study of social media. At present, space threat studies aim to resolve the terminological confusion related to NEOs, determine currently and potentially hazardous space objects and estimate the potential threats they could cause. Another expected result of the research is to present two literature methods for estimating NEO threats, the Palermo and Torino scales. The practical result is to evaluate public mood regarding NEO threats. Studies have shown that certain active space objects are capable of reaching the Earth's surface or impacting human-made in-space objects and devices, such as communication satellites. Should it happen, it could cause substantial social damage and destabilise state security, particularly if elements of critical infrastructure of the state were to be affected. Continuous monitoring of NEOs may play a central role in the provision of security. Furthermore, the public should be kept abreast of the threats.
Źródło:
Security and Defence Quarterly; 2020, 28, 1; 1-18
2300-8741
2544-994X
Pojawia się w:
Security and Defence Quarterly
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rare Earth Elements – a Novelty in Energy Security
Autorzy:
Bielawski, Radosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/125452.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
state security
energy security
critical raw materials
rare earth elements
outer space
Opis:
This study analyses the role of rare earth elements (REE) as critical resources for the energy security. This research presents the developments in the global REE extraction, i.e. the dominance of the Republic of China, which attempts to maintain and control its monopoly. The typical and novel uses of rare earth metals were presented in various applications, such as in advanced electronic and information technologies utilised in the aerospace and energy industries. Bearing in mind their vital importance to the manufacturing of high-tech products, the REE deposits are of strategic importance for the USA, the Republic of China and for the European Union. Striving to maintain the independence of raw materials, the USA is focused on the search for raw materials on its territory and furthermore on waiving the legal restrictions with respect to their extraction. China is primarily occupied with maintaining the monopoly and control over the global market of critical raw materials, including REE. The activities within the European Union concentrate on the exploration in search for the REE deposits in Europe and ensuring the continuity of supplies by maintaining good diplomatic relations with partners – the USA and Japan. In addition, extensive REE recycling initiatives are being undertaken in the EU. Further rare earth metals extraction is anticipated to extend to the outer space. However, developing the economically viable methods of extraction remains the major challenge faced by space mining, given that it requires establishing an expensive, permanent space infrastructure. What is more, mining and processing of rare earth metals raises serious environmental concerns, as it involves such hazards as radioactive products, toxic chemical compounds and waste generation. With respect to the environmental protection, this study also addresses the issues of REE substitutes and recycling. It is concluded that the environmental protection practices regarding the long-term extraction and use of REE (with a 2030 horizon) will bring substantial long-term financial benefits.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2020, 21, 4; 134-149
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Outer Space and the Sea. Law Beyond the Territorial Jurisdiction
Kosmos i morze - prawo w eksterytorialnej przestrzeni
Autorzy:
Brodecki, Zdzisław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1954524.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
outer space
sea
jurisdiction
Galileo
kosmos
morze
jurysdykcja
Nauki Humanistyczne i Społeczne
Opis:
Autor, myśląc nieszablonowo, prezentuje „Sponsalia ex hoc Mundo”. Tytuł ten odzwierciedla pogląd, że nauki o kosmosie i nauki o morzu są analitycznie rozdzielne, ale praktycznie ze sobą powiązane. Można to zaobserwować w kontekście technologii kosmicznej i techniki satelitarnej, nowego systemu zarządzania, a także nowego systemu prawa i polityki. W dzisiejszych czasach infrastruktura kosmiczna (wykorzystanie sztucznych satelitów naziemnych do bezpośredniej transmisji telewizyjnej, łączności, teledetekcji, nawigacji, pocisków wojskowych) wpływa na infrastrukturę naszej planety, w tym na infrastrukturę morską. Istnieje zatem potrzeba prezentowania nowego oblicza zintegrowanego systemu nauki i praktyki.
The Author tries to “think out of the box”, presenting “Sponsalia ex hoc mundo” (“Hand fastening out of this world”). The title reflects the view that the outer space sciences and the sea sciences are analytically separable, but practically interlinked. It might be observed in the context of space technology and satellite technics, a new system of management and government, as well as a new system of law and policy. Nowadays, the outer space infrastructure (the use of artificial Earth satellites for Direct Television Broadcasting, communications, remote sensing, navigation, military missiles) affects infrastructure of our Planet, including maritime infrastructure. There is, therefore, the need for a new face of integrated system of science and practice.
Źródło:
Prawo Morskie; 2018, XXXIV; 123-135
0860-7338
Pojawia się w:
Prawo Morskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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