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    Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3
    Tytuł:
    Przejścia fazowe w czasoprzestrzeni ekonomicznej. Ku sformułowaniu prawa ruchu
    Phase Transitions in Economic Time-space. Towards Formulation of the Law of Motion
    Autorzy:
    Domański, Ryszard
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2028959.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    Organic transition
    shift to higher steady-state
    transition and optimal growth
    transition dynamics
    Opis:
    This paper presents a mechanism of the phase transition in economic time-space. The author, in particular, identifies various parts of this mechanism and describes their actions. He distinguishes the following parts: a) transition dynamics, b) transition in the process of optimal growth, c) organic transitions, d) transition from lower to higher level of steady-state. The author expects that future deeper inquire in this mechanism will enable formulation of the law of motion of economic time-space.
    Źródło:
    Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN; 2014, 157; 78-90
    0079-3507
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia komitetu przestrzennego zagospodarowania kraju PAN
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Phase Stability of Ammonium Nitrate with Organic Potassium Salts
    Autorzy:
    Xu, Z.-X.
    Fu, X.-Q.
    Wang, Q.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358264.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    ammonium nitrate(V)
    phase transition
    organic compounds
    differential scanning calorimetry
    Opis:
    A study has been undertaken on the effect of additives on the phase transition of ammonium nitrate(V) (AN). Results obtained using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) showed that organic compounds and potassium salts of organic compounds have an effect on the phase transition behavior of AN. The samples were further analyzed using infrared (IR) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mechanism of phase stabilization of AN by compounds of this kind was examined. The present study showed that the influence of additives on the phase transition of AN occurs through the polar groups that are involved in intermolecular interactions of orbital and electrostatic types that form new hydrogen bonds. AN exists in only one phase in the temperature range from 30 °C to +100 °C, when a potassium salt of organic compounds was added. However, with organic compounds, the III→II phase transition was changed. IR and XRD of composites are characterized by new intermolecular interactions. Compacted samples of AN containing potassium salts of organic compounds exhibited better stability than AN containing organic compounds to multiple cyclic changes within a temperature range. This we named ‘freezing and thawing analysis’. Additives have two functions on the AN phase transition. First, solid solutions of AN mixture were formed for K+ replacement of NH4+. Second, hydrogen bonds formed, which caused AN and salts of organic compounds to interact intimately.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2016, 13, 3; 736-754
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ditlenek węgla w syntezie organicznej
    Carbon dioxide in organic synthesis
    Autorzy:
    Burczyk, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172758.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    wiązanie ditlenku węgla
    surowce odnawialne
    synteza organiczna
    kataliza
    kompleksy metali przejściowych
    carbon dioxide fixation
    renewable resources
    organic synthesis
    catalysis
    transition metal complexes
    Opis:
    Carbon dioxide is an abundant, cheap, almost nontoxic, thermodynamically stable, inert electrophile. Exploitation of CO 2 as a chemical feedstock, although will almost certainly not reduce its atmospheric concentration significantly, aims to generate high-value products and more-efficient processes. In recent years efficient transition-metal complexes have been used to perform homogeneously catalyzed transformations of CO 2 . This paper presents an overview of available catalytic routes for the synthesis of carboxylic acids, lactones, urea and carbamates, linear and cyclic carbonates as well as polycarbonates. Reduction processes of CO 2 are shortly men - tioned as well. C arboxylic acids have been synthesized via : (i) carboxylation of organolithium, organomagnesium (Scheme 2 [35]), organoboron (Scheme 3 [40 -42]), organozinc (Scheme 4 [43, 44]) and organotin (Scheme 5 [45, 46]) compounds; (ii) oxidative cycloaddition of CO 2 to olefins and alkynes (Scheme 6 -10 [47 -50, 57]) catalyzed by Ni(0)-complexes; (iii) transition-metal catalyzed reductive hydrocarboxylation of unsaturated compounds (Scheme 11, 12 [64 -67]); (iv) carboxylation of C-H bond (Scheme 13 [69 -71]). Telomerization of dienes, for instance 1,3-butadiene, and CO 2 in the presence of Ni(II) and Pd(II) complexes leads to lactones and esters of carboxylic acids (Scheme 14, 15 [73 -79]). Nucleophilic ammonia, primary and secondary amines react with CO 2 to give, respectively, urea and carbamic acid esters - carbamates and isocyanates (Scheme 16 -18 [94, 95]), thus eliminating the use of phosgene in their synthesis. CO 2 reacts with alcohols, diols and epoxides in the presence of transition-metal complexes (Fig. 2) and the reaction products are: linear carbonates (Scheme 20, 21 [110 -118]), cyclic carbonates (Scheme 22 -24 [153 -170]) and polycarbonates (Scheme 25, 26, Fig. 3, Tab. 1 [179 -186]). Finally, hydrogenation of CO 2 , leading to the formation of CO, HCOOH, CH 3 OH, CH 4 , C 2 H 6 and C 2 H 4 (Scheme 27), as well as electrochemical and photochemical reductions in the pre - sence of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts have been shortly reviewed.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2013, 67, 1-2; 1-53
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-3 z 3

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