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    Wyświetlanie 1-28 z 28
    Tytuł:
    A brooch from Wrocław area. A contribution to the research on the migration period in south-west Poland
    Autorzy:
    Błażejewski, Artur
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038293.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Late Migration Period
    SW-Poland
    Thuringia brooch
    Opis:
    In spring 2012 in the area of the village of Krzyżowice, approximately 15 km SW of Wrocław, an accidental discovery of a brooch was made. The brooch’s bow is cast in bronze, while the preserved fragments of the pin and spring were made of iron. Currently, the length of the artefact is 5 cm, but originally it was probably approximately 5.5 cm, because the base which is slightly curved upwards, was initially straight. All similar brooches come from the territory of the Thuringia tribe in the 5th/6th century AD, namely Thuringia and Bohemia. Such a dating places the brooch among the group of artefacts representing the youngest chronological horizon of the Przeworsk cultural area.
    Źródło:
    Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim; 2015, 56; 171-182
    0080-9993
    Pojawia się w:
    Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Znaleziska z miejscowości Górzec w pow. strzelińskim w kontekście przemian kulturowych okresu wędrówek ludów
    Autorzy:
    Gralak, Tomasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1038164.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-06-20
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    great migration period
    hoarding
    potlatch
    settlements
    ceramics
    Opis:
    In the eighteenth and nineteenth century in the vicinity of the village of Górzec was found a set of artefacts probably representing scattered treasure from the beginning of the Migration Period. Such deposits are an expression of the rapid changes in the circulation of capital and the perception of value in this period. The influx of large quantities of gold and changes in silver’s value resulted in rapid changes in the status of various groups and individuals. An unstable social hierarchy is a prerequisite for the existence of the phenomenon of the potlatch, i.e. the ostentatious consumption or removal of goods from circulation. It seems that the deposits of the Migration Period should be considered this way. In 2010-2011 in the area of Górzec, excavations were undertaken. The aim was to discover of the remains of settlements from the time of the deposition of the treasure. As a result of this work, the existence of a settlement from phase D-D2 of the Migration Period was revealed. Hence, it is most likely that it is slightly younger than the treasure, but this is still open to question.
    Źródło:
    Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim; 2017, 58; 67-89
    0080-9993
    Pojawia się w:
    Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Late-Roman solidus found at Prełuki (the Upper San River basin)
    Autorzy:
    Bodzek, Jarosław
    Fedyk, Robert
    Kotowicz, Piotr N.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2042483.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    Solidus
    Theodosius II
    Prełuki
    Sanok County
    Migration Period
    Opis:
    The aim of the article is to publish and discuss the late Roman solidus of Theodosius II (408-450), found in 2018 in the vicinity of the village of Prełuki, Komańcza commune, Sanok County. The coin was found randomly by treasure hunters, eventually recovered and donated to the Historical Museum of Sanok by Robert Fedyk. It is the second find of a late Roman solidus in the Upper San River basin. Several years ago a solidus of Valentinian III (425-455) had been found in Prusiek, Sanok County. Both coins belong to the early Migration Period finds horizon in this area. This consists of few bronze buckles, a sword, and fragments of a Hunnic cauldron finds. In all likelihood, the solidi found their way into the Upper San River basin as a consequence of the Hunnic-Germanic relations. They should be also treated as a part of the latest wave of Roman coins arriving in the present Lesser Poland area in the 5th century AD.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica; 2019, 54; 269-284
    0001-5229
    2719-4841
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West and archaeological accounts
    Autorzy:
    Kazanski, Michel
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1385909.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    Vandals
    Suebi
    Great Migration Period
    Western Roman Empire
    Opis:
    This article addresses a few archaeological finds from the earliest stage of the Great Migration Period (late fourth to the first half of the fifth century AD) in the territory of the Western Roman Empire related to Central Europe by origin, which could testify to the migration of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman West in 406 AD. These finds comprise different types of crossbow brooches discovered in the Roman provinces in Gallia, Spain, and North Africa, which parallels originate from the lands to the north of the Danube, in the zone where the Vandals and the Suebi lived by the moment of the migration to the West in 406 AD. Besides, some features of the funeral rite discovered in the early Great Migration Period in Eastern Gallia, particularly ritually destroyed weapons, meet with analogies in the cemeteries of Central European barbarians, particularly in the Przeworsk culture. These archaeological pieces of evidence were partially related to the arrival of the Vandals and the Suebi to the Roman Empire’s territory in 406 AD, and also reflected the presence of the Central European barbarians in the Roman military service.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica; 2020, 55; 197-214
    0001-5229
    2719-4841
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Results of excavation at the Roman Period site in Podegrodzie, Nowy Sącz district
    Autorzy:
    Madyda-Legutko, Renata
    Tunia, Krzysztof
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/51977800.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    Carpathians
    Late Roman Period
    Early Migration Period
    North Carpathian group
    jug
    Krausengefäße
    Opis:
    In the Late Roman and the Early Migration Periods, i.e. the 4th and the early 5th centuries AD, in the Polish Western Carpathians, especially in the Sącz Basin, the adjacent Sącz Beskid Mts and Wyspowy Beskid Mts as well as in the Krosno-Jasło Basin, a significant intensification of settlement is observed. The area has been investigated through archaeological surface surveys and excavations; in the Sącz region, five sites have been excavated with the results published to date. This text presents the results of test excavation at yet another site, Podegrodzie 7, Nowy Sącz district. In the feature investigated there a rare jug ornamented with glossed triangles, several storage vessels of the Krausengefäße type, as well as some organic remains were discovered. Palaeobotanical analysis has shown that common barley (Hordeum vulgare) was the predominant species cultivated by the inhabitants of this territory. The radiocarbon date obtained from a charcoal sample corresponds to the chronology of the site determined by the ceramics typology. The results of the excavation at Podegrodzie 7 site are complemented with a map presenting the location of settlement in that area in the Late Roman and the Early Migration Periods.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica; 2022, LVII; 89-114
    0001-5229
    2719-4841
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wielokulturowe stanowisko 59-60 w Sanoku w świetle badań wykopaliskowych z lat 2017-2018
    Multicultural Site 59-60 in Sanok in the light of excavations in the years 2017-2018
    Autorzy:
    Bulas, Jan
    Mazurek, Mirosław
    Okońska, Magdalena
    Poradyło, Wojciech
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896963.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
    Tematy:
    Upper San basin
    settlement
    Bronze Age
    Early Iron Age
    Roman Period
    Early Migration Period
    Opis:
    This article presents the results of rescue excavations carried out at multicultural site 59-60 in Sanok. In the years 2017-2018, archaeological rescue excavations were carried out over an area of 562.06 ares in connection with the construction of the Sanok ring road as part of national road 28 (Zator-Medyka). The discoveries include: traces of Mierzanowice culture settlement, a Lusatian culture settlement, some objects of the La Tène culture, and a large settlement from the late Roman Influence period and the early phase of the Migration period. Additionally, materials from the early modern period and traces from the times of World War II were identified. The results of the excavations are important to understanding the cultural situation in the Upper San basin, especially near the end of the ancient period.
    Źródło:
    Raport; 2019, 14; 55-81
    2300-0511
    Pojawia się w:
    Raport
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sprawozdanie z badań wykopaliskowych na grodzisku zwanym „Okrągła góra” w Ppasymiu, pow. Szczytno, stan. 1 w roku 2016
    The report of excavations at the „Okrągła góra“ hillfort in Pasym, Szczytno County in 2016
    Autorzy:
    Wadyl, Sławomir
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1365797.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    grodzisko
    okres wędrówek ludów
    wczesne średniowiecze
    Prusowie
    Migration Period
    Early Medieval Period
    Old-Prussians
    Opis:
    The stronghold is located 1.5 km north-west of Pasym. It is situated on a peninsula called Ostrów within Lake Kalwa. Numerous artefacts were recovered during the course of the excavations: nearly 9000 fragments of pottery, over 16,000 animal remains, as well as numerous objects that can be dated to the younger Stone Age / early Bronze Age (e.g. a stone axe) or the early Iron Age (a fragment of a bronze knife ), whilst the vast majority of materials can be dated to the Migration Period and the early Middle Ages.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2016, 292, 2; 377-382
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Gotlandic pottery outside Gotland
    Autorzy:
    Eriksson, Thomas
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1774650.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-29
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Decorated pottery
    Roman Iron Age
    Migration Period
    Vendel period
    Eastern Sweden
    Gotland
    Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture
    networks
    Opis:
    The article discusses contacts and networks along the eastern coast of Sweden and around the Baltic Sea. The focus is on the decorated pottery c. 0–700 AD. Sweden and Scandinavia had different regional styles of pottery during this period. One of the most distinctive Scandinavian styles is found on Öland and Gotland. This style is distinguished by the elaborate use of stamps and vessels with handles positioned from the rim to the shoulder. Vessels made in this style are found outside the large islands, notably in Svealand, i.e. the lake Mälaren Basin in central Sweden, as well as in northern Sweden. More interesting is the spread and influences in the Dollkeim-Kovrovo culture, in north-eastern Poland, and Oblast Kaliningrad. During the Roman Iron Age, a special type of beaker is found from the Mälar basin to Gotland/Öland and further on in Oblast Kaliningrad. The connection can also be seen in dress ornaments and other artefacts. The regional differences in the pottery decrease during the Vendel Period (c. 550–800 AD). A new style of stamped vessels is spread from the Langobards in northern Italy to England and Scandinavia and marks a new, more uniform material culture. This marks probably a new area of more complex and centralised political units.
    Źródło:
    Światowit; 2018, 57; 101-115
    0082-044X
    Pojawia się w:
    Światowit
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Archäologisches Informationssystem (AIS) zur bodendenkmalpflegerischen Archivierung und Forschung: Fallbeispielhafte Anwendung zur Identifizierung der Besiedlungsdynamik der Oderregion von der späten römischen Kaiserzeit bis zum Frühmittelalter
    Archeologiczny system informacyjny (AIS) w konserwatorskiej archiwizacji i badaniach nad osadnictwem: przykład studiów nad dynamiką zmian osadniczych w dorzeczu dolnej Odry od późnego okresu wpływów rzymskich do wczesnego średniowiecza
    Autorzy:
    Volkmann, Armin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442413.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
    Tematy:
    Archaeological Information System (AIS)
    GIS
    lower Oder region
    Late Roman Period
    Migration Period
    Early Medieval Period
    settlement patterns
    Opis:
    The basic concept of the function of the Archaeological Information System (AIS) is the following: A GIS (Geographic Information System) is integrated into the virtual research environment of the AIS and allows access to external and internal databases through the Internet or intranets. The AIS is utilised for visualisation, analysis, and finally publication of heterogeneous archaeological data (site registries, excavation plans and reports, and photographic records) through the integration of additional open-source tools. This article investigates settlement patterns and the conception of settlement spaces west and east of the lower Oder from the Late Roman Iron Age until the Early Middle Ages. All relevant data from archaeological finds and natural features are condensed into the AIS and analysed as a case study on the use of experimental design of the developed AIS. A pattern of discrete settlement clusters containing multiple individual settlements was identified during the Late Roman Iron Age. These clusters lay exclusively in areas with high natural potential for crop cultivation and animal husbandry. The borderlands demarcating these clusters are partly infertile and partly fertile, indicating that the agricultural potential of the landscape was not wholly responsible for the location of these clusters, but rather that this was done in a planned fashion and based on social concepts. Considerable emigration out of the Oder region occurred in the Migration Period, reaching its high point in the late fifth century A.D. and resulting in a broad desettled region in the sixth and early seventh centuries. First the settlement clusters underwent a process of concentration and only those in optimal natural resource surroundings could continue to exist. Not until the second phase do these clusters dissolve and for a brief time there were only individual settlements lying far away from one another. Interestingly, the repopulation of the Oder region during the Early Middle Ages in the eighth century initially copied the old pattern of discrete settlement clusters. Following the first consolidation phase however settlement formation of the Oder region at the end of this period in the ninth and tenth century was widespread and the previous spatial concept of discrete settlement clusters abandoned.1
    Podstawowe założenia funkcji archeologicznego systemu informacyjnego (AIS) są następujące: GIS (geograficzny system informacji) jest zintegrowany z wirtualnym środowiskiem badawczym AIS i umożliwia dostęp do zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych baz danych przez Internet i Intranet. AIS służy wizualizacji, analizie i wreszcie publikacji heterogenicznych danych archeologicznych (spisów stanowisk, planów i raportów z wykopalisk) poprzez zastosowanie dalszych narzędzi z otwartych zasobów. Prezentowany artykuł poświęcony jest rozważaniom nad wzorcami osadniczymi i konceptem przestrzeni osadniczej na zachód i wschód od dolnej Odry od późnego okresu wpływów rzymskich do wczesnego średniowiecza. Wszystkie istotne informacje o znaleziskach archeologicznych i naturalnych cechach krajobrazu zostały razem zestawione w oprogramowaniu AIS i przeanalizowane jako studium przypadku. W późnym okresie wpływów rzymskich stwierdzić można obecność wyodrębniających się wyraźnie zespołów osadniczych, na które składa się po kilka osiedli. Skupiska te położone są wyłącznie na obszarach o dużym potencjale gospodarczym, zarówno z punktu widzenia uprawy roślin jak i hodowli. Rubieże tych skupisk, i przestrzenie między nimi to jednak po części tylko obszary o małej żyzności, co świadczy tym, że uwarunkowania gospodarcze były tylko jednym z czynników wpływających na takie właśnie rozmieszczenie osadnictwa i że istotną rolę w tym względzie musiały odgrywać również czynniki społeczne. Znacząca emigracja z ziem położonych w dorzeczu dolnej Odry ma miejsce w okresie wędrówek ludów, osiągając apogeum w V wieku naszej ery i skutkując trwałym wyludnieniem w szóstym i początkach siódmego stulecia. Proces ten przebiega w dwóch fazach. Początkowo następuje koncentracja osadnictwa połączona z zanikiem całych skupisk osadniczych leżących na gorszych z gospodarczego punktu widzenia terytoriach. Następnie dochodzi do zmniejszenia się gęstości zaludnienia w tych skupiskach, które wciąż funkcjonowały. W rezultacie sieć osadniczą tworzą pojedyncze stanowiska, położone w dużej odległości od siebie. Interesujące jest to, że w początkach powtórnego zasiedlania dorzecza dolnej Odry – w ósmym wieku – sieć osadnicza kopiuje starszy wzorzec z wyraźnie wyodrębnionymi skupiskami osadniczymi. Dopiero w IX i X wieku, wraz ze wzrostem gęstości zasiedlenia, model ten zostaje porzucony i zacierają się granice pomiędzy skupieniami osadniczymi.
    Źródło:
    Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2015, 7; 117-143
    0137-3285
    Pojawia się w:
    Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Szklane naczynie typu Eggers 230 (typ Kowalewko) z Iglic, gmina Resko, powiat łobeski (niem. Geiglitz, Kr. Regenwalde)
    Glass vessel of Eggers 230 type (Kowalewko type) from Iglice, Resko commune, Łobez district, (German: Geiglitz, Kr. Regenwalde)
    Autorzy:
    Rogalski, Bartłomiej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440483.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-23
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
    Tematy:
    Iglice
    archiwalia
    naczynie Eggers 230
    okres wędrówek ludów
    archives
    Eggers 230 vessel
    Migration period
    Opis:
    In the Archives of the Department of Archaeology of the National Museum in Szczecin (file No. 839), there is a letter written by Alfred Röwe, dated July 12, 1942 informing H.J. Eggers about a discovery of Eggers 230 type glass cup (Kowalewko type) in the palace garden in Iglice, Resko commune, Łobez district. This vessel has been known so far only from a rough sketch and brief mentions in the literature on the subject. In Iglice, artefacts from the Roman period were being discovered from the late 19th century on at least two sites – cemeteries.
    Źródło:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie; 2019, 15; 367-371
    0076-5236
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    New perspectives of studies in the Przeworsk culture in the Lublin region – on the example of the results of interdisciplinary studies of site 5 in Nieszawa Kolonia, Opole Lubelskie district, Lublin voivodship
    Autorzy:
    Stasiak-Cyran, Marta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1385888.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    Przeworsk culture
    settlement
    Roman Period
    early Migration Period
    Lublin region
    interdisciplinary studies
    food economy
    pottery
    Dacian circle influences
    Opis:
    The last twenty years have brought discoveries which provide a large number of sources concerning the archaeology of the Roman Period in the Lublin region. The interdisciplinary studies related to site 5 in Nieszawa Kolonia, Opole Lubelskie district, Lublin region, Poland, have generated a substantial part of these new sources. The multi-aspectual analysis of archaeological and biological sources allowed us to characterize of the economy of the dwellers of the settlement which was constituted by agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing. The relative chronology of the settlement was established, and the first stage of its functioning was determined as belonging to phase B2, until phase C1a inclusive. The second stage of the utilisation of the settlement is dated to phase C3-D1. Three instances of radiocarbon dating confirm the chronological frame established by relative dating. The presented analysis of selected archaeological sources from site 5 in Nieszawa Kolonia, especially of ceramic material, seems to confirm the possibility that in the early Roman period, in the Lublin region, especially in its western part, infiltration of Dacian cultural elements into the Przeworsk environment took place. It is undeniable that the chronology of the settlement in Nieszawa Kolonia extends beyond the established time frame assumed for the functioning of the Przeworsk culture in the Lublin region. It is possible that in the late Roman Period the history of the settlement in question is part of a series of changes that took place in the areas of Barbaricum and Roman provinces. Some of the settlers of northern origin could have returned to the former settlements. The settlement in the mesoregion of the Lesser Poland Gorge of the Vistula is of particular importance for the revision of previous interpretations of the cultural changes taking place in the Lublin region in the Roman Period and in the early Migration Period.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica; 2020, 55; 111-136
    0001-5229
    2719-4841
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dwie interesujące fibule z Ryczywołu, pow. kozienicki
    Two Interesting Fibulae from Ryczywół, Kozienice County
    Autorzy:
    Kuś, Grzegorz
    Rzeźnik, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28328247.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    znaleziska luźne
    zapinki kolankowate
    Bügelknopffibeln
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    okres wędrówek ludów
    stray finds
    knee-brooches
    Roman Period
    Migration Period
    Opis:
    Dwie fibule, którym poświęcone jest niniejsze opracowanie, zostały znalezione podczas badań powierzchniowych z zastosowaniem wykrywaczy metali, przeprowadzonych w 2020 r. na stanowisku nr 7 (AZP 68-70/16) w Ryczywole, gm. Kozienice, pow. kozienicki. Stanowisko to jest położone na północno-wschodnim skraju wcinającego się w dolinę Wisły cypla terasy nadzalewowej, w odległości ok. 1,5 km na południowy wschód od obecnego ujścia Radomki do Wisły (ryc. 1). Stanowisko wchodzi w skład większego zespołu osadniczego kultury przeworskiej, datowanego ramowo od młodszego okresu przedrzymskiego po młodszy okres rzymski. <br></br> Pierwsza fibula, która została wykonana ze stopu miedzi, zachowała się fragmentarycznie (ryc. 2: 1). Jest to mała (29 mm długości) zapinka kolankowata z małym grzebykiem na główce, zbliżona do typu Almgren 132 (O. Almgren 1923, 69–70, ryc.132). Zapinki typu Almgren 132 są zróżnicowanego pod względem wielkości, formy i materiału użytego do ich wykonania. Żelazne egzemplarze pochodzą głównie z obszaru kultury przeworskiej i luboszyckiej, natomiast z obszaru kultury wielbarskiej znane są okazy wykonane ze stopu miedzi lub srebra. Stylistycznie, omawiana zapinka najbliższa jest właśnie wielbarskim zapinkom typu Almgren 132, chociaż bliskie nawiązania znajduje również nad górną Łabą i w dorzeczu Morawy, głównie wśród zapinek wariantu BGKF D wg Eduarda Droberjara (E. Droberjar 2012, 239-241, ryc. 3:11). Brak bezpośrednich analogii do omówionej fibuli oraz fakt, że jest ona znaleziskiem luźnym, nie pozwalają na określenie jej bliższej chronologii. Niemniej uwzględniając jej cechy stylistyczne i odwołując się do ogólnych ustaleń poczynionych dla tej grupy zabytków, omawianą zapinkę można datować na fazę B2/C1-C1a okresu wpływów rzymskich. <br></br> Druga fibula znaleziona w Ryczywole (ryc. 2: 2) została wykonana ze stopu miedzi i zachowała się fragmentarycznie. Posiada pełną pochewkę i kulisty guzek na główce, co pozwala zaliczyć ją do tzw. Bügelknopffibeln, które znane są przede wszystkim z zachodniogermańskiego kręgu kulturowego, ale także z obszaru grupy dębczyńskiej, kultury wielbarskiej i kultury czerniachowskiej, a pojedyncze egzemplarze również z obszaru kultury przeworskiej. Omówiona zapinka należy do grupy znalezisk o zasięgu interregionalnym. Znajduje ona bliskie nawiązanie stylistyczne wśród znalezisk pochodzących z zachodniogermańskiego kręgu kulturowego jednak najbliższe analogie można dla niej wskazać wśród materiałów wiązanych z szeroko rozumianym gockim kręgiem kulturowym. Jej datowanie można odnieść do dotychczasowych ustaleń dla Bügelknopffibeln i określić ramowo - od fazy C3 okresu wpływów rzymskich po fazę D1 okresu wędrówek ludów. <br></br> Omówione znaleziska potwierdzają istnienie dalekosiężnych kontaktów ludności zamieszkującej w okresie wpływów rzymskich i na początku okresu wędrówek ludów okolice dzisiejszego Ryczywołu.
    In 2020, a surface survey using metal detectors was conducted at site 7 at Ryczywół, Kozienice County. The site is located on the north-eastern edge of a promontory of a fluvial terrace cutting into the Middle Vistula Valley, about 1.5 km southeast of the present-day confluence of the rivers Radomka and Vistula (Fig. 1). It is part of a larger Przeworsk Culture settlement complex. During the survey, 10 fragments of pottery from the Roman Period or the Migration Period (including vessels made with the help of a potter’s wheel), a denarius of Marcus Aurelius and two copper-alloy fibulae were found at the site. <br></br> The first of the two fibulae is a small (29 mm long) knee-shaped brooch with a small crest on the head, similar to Almgren type 132, pre-served without a spring and pin (Fig. 2:1). Brooches of this type vary in size, form and material used in their manufacture. Iron specimens come mainly from the area of the Przeworsk and Luboszyce Cultures, while pieces made of copper or silver alloy are known from the area of the Wielbark Culture. Stylistically, the brooch in question most resembles Wielbark Culture fibulae of Almgren type 132, although close references are also found in the Upper Elbe region and in the Morava River basin, mainly among brooches of variant BGKF D distinguished by Eduard Droberjar. The lack of direct analogies and the fact that the discussed fibula is a stray find do not allow its more precise dating. Nevertheless, taking into account its stylistic features and referring to the general findings regarding this artefact group, the brooch can be dated to phase B2/C1−C1a of the Roman Period. <br></br> The second fibula (43 mm long) is likewise damaged (Fig. 2:2). It has a full catch-plate and a spherical knob on the head, which allows it to be identified as one of the so-called Bügelknopffibeln, known primarily from the West Germanic cultural circle. They are also encountered in the area of the Dębczyno group, the Wielbark and Chernyakhov Cultures, with isolated specimens found in the Przeworsk Culture territory. It has close stylistic analogies among finds from the West Germanic cultural circle, but its closest parallels can be identified among materials associated with the Goth cultural circle in the broad sense. It should be dated within the range adopted for Bügelknopffibeln, i.e., from phase C3 of the Roman Period to phase D1 of the Migration Period. <br></br> The two brooches are evidence of long-distance contacts maintained by the population inhabiting the area of present-day Ryczywół in the Roman Period and at the beginning of the Migration Period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2022, LXXIII, 73; 264-273
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Rediscovered Decorative Strap-end from Ciemna Cave in Ojców
    Ponownie odkryte ozdobne okucie pasa z Jaskini Ciemnej w Ojcowie
    Autorzy:
    Madyda-Legutko, Renata
    Wojenka, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048928.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    Migration Period
    cave sites
    strap-ends
    Stefan Krukowski
    okres wędrówek ludów
    stanowiska jaskiniowe
    okucia końca pasa
    Opis:
    Z jaskiń i schronisk skalnych Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej, zwłaszcza zlokalizowanych na terenie Płaskowyżu Ojcowskiego, pochodzą liczne ślady pobytu człowieka datowane na okres wpływów rzymskich i wczesną fazę okresu wędrówek ludów. W sposób szczególny wyróżnia się pod tym względem Jaskinia Ciemna położona w dolinie Prądnika w Ojcowie, pow. krakowski. Prace w jaskini prowadzone od przełomu XIX i XX wieku po dzień dzisiejszy, poza spektakularnymi inwentarzami paleolitycznymi przyniosły liczne znaleziska odnoszące się także do wspomnianego okresu. Materiały z okresu wpływów rzymskich i z wczesnej fazy okresu wędrówek ludów pochodzące z badań Stefana Krukowskiego z lata 1918–1919 były przedmiotem odrębnego opracowania (M. Mączyńska 1970). Kwerenda zabytków z Ojcowa przeprowadzona przez Michała Wojenkę w Dziale Wczesnego Średniowiecza i Archeologii Czasów Nowożytnych PMA przyniosła odkrycie ozdobnego okucia pasa z pierwszej połowy V wieku, omyłkowo określonego jako przedmiot nowożytny (nr VI/6441, nr kat. 4). Dokładna lokalizacja okucia w obrębie jaskini nie jest znana. Z całą pewnością pochodzi ono z jednego z sześciu wykopów założonych przez S. Krukowskiego (Ryc. 1). Okucie to wykonano ze stopu miedzi, jego górną powierzchnię pokrywa bogata ornamentyka stempelkowa w stylu Untersiebenbrunn, wykonana różnymi stemplami, dodatkowo zdobiona inkrustacją, zapewne srebrną (Ryc. 2–4). Okucie odpowiada typowi 13 metalowych zakończeń pasa z obszaru kultury przeworskiej w klasyfikacji R. Madydy-Legutko (2011). Na terenie Barbaricum okucia płytowe nie należą do częstych znalezisk. Jak dotąd koncentrują się one głównie w południowym zasięgu osadnictwa kultury przeworskiej (Ryc. 5:1–5.8). Na pozostałych terenach występują w pewnym rozproszeniu. Zbliżony stylistycznie i wielkością do okucia z Jaskini Ciemnej jest zabytek z Jerzmanowic (Ryc. 5:1), również z południowej części Płaskowyżu Ojcowskiego. Podobne cechy stylistyczne charakteryzuje także mniejsze i węższe okucie z jaskini Kaplnka (Ryc. 5:7) położonej na południowym obrzeżu Niskich Tatr i okucie odkryte ostatnio w zachodniej Ukrainie (Ryc. 5:10). Z kolei stosunkowo duże srebrne okucie płytowe znalezione na Litwie (Ryc. 5:11) i brązowe znad środkowego Dunaju (Ryc. 5:9) nie są bogato zdobione ornamentyką stempelkową, co zapewne jest związane z różnicami warsztatowymi. Dekoracja występująca na okuciu z jaskini Ciemnej zbliżona jest do ornamentu zaplatanego. Takim wzorem wykonanym techniką niello, zdobione są srebrne, pozłacane okucie płytowe i sprzączka ze skarbu z Zamościa na Lubelszczyźnie (Ryc. 6:1.2). Końcowe okucia pasa z ornamentyką stempelkową typu Untersiebenbrunn datowane są na fazę D2 wczesnego okresu wędrówek ludów w ujęciu J. Tejrala (2010). Wraz z innymi częściami stroju, jak np. zapinki, sprzączki typu Strzegocice-Tiszaladány-Kercz tworzą wyraźny horyzont chronologiczny i stylistyczny. Okucia płytowe, nie tylko wykonane ze stopów miedzi, ale także ze srebra, czasem nawet pozłacane, należały do szerokich, ozdobnych pasów o charakterze paradnym, noszonych, jak należy sądzić, głównie przez elity wojowników. Rozprzestrzenienie ozdobnych części pasów z ornamentyką stempelkową w pierwszej połowie V wieku wskazuje na istnienie dalekosiężnych kontaktów pomiędzy środkowoeuropejskim Barbaricum, Panonią, a północnymi wybrzeżami Morza Czarnego i południowymi wybrzeżami Bałtyku.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 389-399
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Faza C3 w kulturze wielbarskiej – próba wyróżnienia
    Phase C3 in Wielbark Culture – an Attempt at Definition
    Autorzy:
    Mączyńska, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/550984.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura wielbarska
    późny okres wpływów rzymskich
    faza C3
    okres wędrówek ludów
    Wielbark Culture
    Late Roman Period
    phase C3
    Migration Period
    Opis:
    In Polish literature, phase C3 is usually considered jointly with phase D1. Based on new material from cemeteries explored in recent decades, an attempt has been made to distinguish phase C3 for the Wielbark Culture. An assemblage of artefacts typical of that culture has been indicated; it consists of specific types of fibulae, belt elements, combs, glass vessels, beads, and pendants, whose peak period of use falls between 310 and 370 AD. The presented proposal obviously needs to be verified based on further research and the emergence of new assemblages from the end of the Roman Period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 43-63
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Unikatowa zapinka z Rajszewa, pow. legionowski. Przyczynek do studiów nad sytuacją kulturową w okresie wędrówek ludów na Mazowszu
    A Unique Brooch from Rajszew, Legionowo County. A Contribution to Studies on the Cultural Situation in the Migration Period in Mazovia
    Autorzy:
    Dulęba, Przemysław
    Woińska, Magdalena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048934.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    zapinka płytowa
    okres wędrówek ludów
    grupa olsztyńska
    stanowiska wczesnosłowiańskie
    plate brooch
    Migration Period
    Olsztyn Group
    early Slavic sites
    Opis:
    In January 2018, a plate brooch from the Migration Period, found in the village of Rajszew near Warsaw, was presented to the Historical Museum in Legionowo (Fig. 1, 2). It represents Animal Style I (B. Salin 1904, 214–245). Anthropo- and/or zoomorphic imagery on the head enables its attribution to phase B of said style (G. Haseloff 1981, 180–196). Metallurgical analyses showed that the body was cast from a copper alloy. The pin was also made from a copper alloy but containing a different share of this chemical element (Table 1). It is currently not possible to indicate an unambiguous analogy to the artefact presented. A bronze brooch discovered in grave A9 at the site of Malaâ Lipovka, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia (Fig. 4:1), dated to the first half of the 6th century (M. Rudnicki, K. Skvortsov, P. Szymański 2015, 592), seems the most similar. The shape of protrusions with representations of animal heads decorating the head and foot of the Rajszew brooch is the most similar to corresponding elements of a brooch found in Stora Gairvide on Gotland (Fig. 4:2), dated to the first half of the 6th century (M. Rudnicki 2014a, 285). The brooch has a rectangular head with relief decoration and four protrusions. Other specimens with similarly decorated rectangular heads and foot terminals come from Tałty, Mrągowo County, a stray find (Fig. 4:3), Tumiany, Olsztyn County, grave 37 (Fig. 4:4), and Babięta, Mrągowo County, grave 109 (M. Rudnicki 2014a, 283–287). These analogies do not allow us to indicate whether the Rajszew brooch was an import from the area of the Olsztyn Group or from Scandinavia. Head decoration in the form of stylised protrusions appears in both of these regions. However, the brooches differ in proportions and size – Masurian specimens are smaller. Such is also the case with the analysed example.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 400-405
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cmentarzysko kultury kurhanów wschodniolitewskich z okresu wędrówek ludów w Vilkiautinis na Litwie w świetle badań z 1913 roku
    The Cemetery of East Lithuanian Barrow Culture from the Migration Period at Vilkiautinis, in Lithuania, in Light of Excavation in 1913
    Autorzy:
    Rosowska, Justyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/550973.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    East Lithuanian Barrow Culture
    Migration Period
    barrow
    cemetery
    Vilkiautinis
    Stefan Krukowski
    kultura kurhanów wschodniolitewskich
    okres wędrówek ludów
    kurhan
    cmentarzysko
    Opis:
    In 1913, Stefan Krukowski excavated a cemetery at Vilkiautinis (former Wysokie) in southern Lithuania. The cemetery belonged to the people of East Lithuanian Barrow Culture and was used mostly in the late phase I (2nd/3rd – half of the 5th c.) and phase II (half of 5th – 6th/7th c.) of this culture. 22 barrows were excavated containing 18 graves. Four inhumation graves belong to the oldest group, while the cremation graves found in Vilkiautinis (14 in all) are relatively younger. Currently, preserved sources (41 objects of 65 survived, kept in the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw) allow us to recover knowledge about this cemetery. The example of the Vilkiautinis cemetery is further proof of the importance of archive studies in the archaeology of the Balts. It is an essential complement to the research conducted on this cemetery in the second half of the 20th century.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 133-172
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Frühgeschichtliche Wegeführungen im Recknitztal bei Laage, Lkr. Rostock
    Prehistoric roads in the Recknitz River valley near Laage, Lkr. Rostock
    Prehistoryczne drogi w dolinie rzeki Recknitz w pobliżu miejscowości Laage, powiat Rostok
    Autorzy:
    Schmidt, Jens-Peter
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440715.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
    Tematy:
    droga
    konstrukcja drewniana
    Meklemburgia-Pomorze Przednie
    wczesne średniowiecze
    okres wędrówek ludów
    road
    wooden construction
    Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
    early Middle Ages
    Migration period
    Opis:
    Abstract: In 2015 were discovered remains of wooden roads on three sites in the Recknitz River valley near Laage, Lkr. Rostock (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern). On site Laage 33 survived two clusters of postholes interpreted as road 1 and 2, dated to around 1169 and 830 AD. On site Laage 34 was discovered wooden construction of road dated by dendrochronological method to 528 (± 10), and on site Subzin 18 next remains of wooden road construction dated to the period between 601 and 719.
    Abstrakt: W 2015 roku odkryto pozostałości dróg drewnianych na trzech stanowiskach w dolinie rzeki Recknitz pod Laage, Lkr. Rostock (Meklemburgia-Pomorze Przednie). Na stan. Laage 33 zachowały się dwa skupiska jam posłupowych interpretowanych jako droga 1 i 2, datowanych na lata około 1169 oraz 830 n.e. Na stanowisku Laage 34 odkryto konstrukcję drewnianą drogi datowanej dendrochronologicznie na rok 528 (±10), a na stanowisku Subzin 18 kolejne pozostałości drewnianej konstrukcji drogi datowanej na okres pomiędzy 601 a 719 rokiem.
    Źródło:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie; 2016, 12; 413-425
    0076-5236
    Pojawia się w:
    Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nowe materiały ze schyłku okresu wpływów rzymskich i początków okresu wędrówek ludów z okolic Wyszogrodu, w pow. płockim
    New Materials from the End of the Roman Period and the Beginning of the Migration Period from the Vicinity of Wyszogród, Płock County
    Autorzy:
    Woźniak, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/551142.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-28
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    kultura wielbarska
    późny okres wpływów rzymskich
    okres wędrówek ludów
    zapinka
    sprzączka
    okucie końca pasa
    Wielbark Culture
    Late Roman Period
    Migration Period
    brooch
    belt buckle
    strap-end
    Opis:
    The collection of the Muzeum Wisły Środkowej i Ziemi Wyszogrodzkiej (Vistula River and Wyszogród Land Museum) in Wyszogród contains hitherto unknown artefacts from the end of the Roman Period and the early phase of the Migration Period. These include: a late brooch with returned foot of Almgren VI,2 series (Fig. 2:1), fragment of a plate-headed brooch (Fig. 2:2), and a beak-shaped strap-end (Fig. 2:3), discovered at Rębowo, Płock County (Fig. 1), and a belt buckle with a thickened frame (Fig. 3) from Wyszogród, Płock County (Fig. 1). All artefacts are made of copper alloy. These forms are typical of the latest phase of the Wielbark Culture in the area of Mazovia on the right bank of the Vistula and in Podlachia. Of particular importance is the fact that they were discovered in an area that, to a large extent, has not been archaeologically explored and which – in light of the material known so far – was devoid of settlement at the end of the Roman Period and at the beginning of the Migration Period.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXX, 70; 246-249
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Uwagi na temat obrządku pogrzebowego grupy olsztyńskiej na przykładzie cmentarzyska w Kosewie, pow. mrągowski (dawn. Kossewen, Kreis Sensburg)
    Remarks on the burial rites of the Olsztyn Group for example cemetery at Kosewo (former Kossewen, Kr. Sensburg)
    Autorzy:
    Rudnicki, Mirosław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/681761.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    grupa olsztyńska
    Bałtowie Zachodni
    okres wędrówek ludów
    wczesne średniowiecze
    obrządek pogrzebowy
    Olsztyn Group
    West Balts
    Migration Period
    Early Middle Ages
    funeral rite
    Opis:
    The cemetery in Kosewo (former Kossewen, Kr. Sensburg; from 1938, Rechenberg) is one of the largest known necropolises dated to the Roman and Migration Periods found in the Mazurian Lakeland. The site was accidentally discovered during the construction works of the road linking Mrągowo with Mikołajki in 1887. Even though a large numer of features was discovered at the cemetery in Kosewo, only single finds or assemblages from that site have been published. At the cemetery in Kosewo there were pit and urn burials. The pit burials contained, besides the remains of the deceased, also the remains of the pyre. The predominant burial type were urn graves. Among the 728 recorded burials the majority were urn graves, amounting to 611. It seems justifiable to assume that in the Olsztyn group the urn graves were generally predominant, with some local departures from the custom. We may also say that the graves from the late Migration Period were deposited closer to the Surface than the ones from the Roman Period. This phenomenon has been also recorded at the other cemeteries of the Olsztyn Group. In the eastern part of the area settled by the Olsztyn Group, in which the Kosewo cemeteries are located, the burial grounds were usually made in the same places as the necropolises of the Bogaczewo culture. Large cemeteries used only in the Late Migration Period are exceptional. Graves from Phase E usually did not disturb the earlier burials, but at the cemetery in Kosewo this happened quite often. Basing on the research conducted so far it is possible to state that the graves from the Olsztyn Group were usually located in separate clusters located away from the graves from the Roman Period or only slightly overlapping with them. In the urn graves of the Olsztyn Group the urns are sometimes covered with overturned bowl- or plate-shaped vessels, or beakers with hollow stems. No stone linings, pavements, or cist graves have been registered. Also no horse graves, which can be found in Mazuria of the Roman and Migration Periods, have been discovered at the cemetery in Kosewo. The cemetery yielded some finds of weapons in the assemblages dated to Phase E. The decline of the Olsztyn Group is connected with the disappearance of archaeologically recordable burial rites. The change of the form of the burial rite probably did not concern cremation, which is recorded for the Prussian tribes from the Early Middle Ages. The change of the burial rites probably consisted in the introduction of a different form of deposition of the burials. Also at the cemetery in Kosewo no materials later than the 7th century have been recorded. The necropolis may have been abandoned or the way of depositing the burials was changed. The question about the final stages of use of the Olsztyn Group cemeteries may be answered by further investigations.
    -
    Źródło:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica; 2015, 30; 137-170
    0208-6034
    2449-8300
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Archaeologica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Missionary Activity of the Pope Gregory the Great
    Działalność misyjna papieża Grzegorza Wielkiego
    Autorzy:
    Dudziak, Dawid
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1916728.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-04
    Wydawca:
    Papieski Wydział Teologiczny we Wrocławiu
    Tematy:
    Saint Gregory the Great
    missions
    Migration Period
    evangelization
    Britain
    Roman Empire
    św. Grzegorz Wielki
    misje
    Wielka Wędrówka Ludów
    ewangelizacja
    Brytania
    Cesarstwo Rzymskie
    Opis:
    The Migration Period at the turn of antiquity and the Middle Ages changed the face of Europe permanently. The Fall of the Roman Empire in the West showed that the functioning of the state and church administration must change. This was perfectly understood by Pope Gregory the Great, who, understanding the circumstances, undertook the task of re-evangelising Europe. In this undertaking, the monks played a significant role as missionaries of the new Europe. The Pope restored to the Holy See the priority in organizing missions and evangelization, which had been the domain of the secular power of the Empire for several centuries. Gregory the Great left behind numerous guidelines and advice for the missionaries, and he personally ensured that everyone entrusted with the task of evangelization was properly prepared for it. As the basis of the mission, Gregory considered, first and foremost, the testimony of the life of missionaries according to the so-called spirituality exemplum. In addition to the proclamation of the Gospel, monks were required to be active witnesses of love, demonstrated by the establishment of structures for the service of caritas. In his decisions, the Pope was firm and courageous, which is why posterity gave him the title of First European.
    Wielka Wędrówka Ludów na przełomie starożytności i średniowiecza zmieniła na stałe oblicze Europy. Upadek Cesarstwa Rzymskiego na Zachodzie pokazał, że dotychczasowe funkcjonowanie administracji państwowej i Kościoła musi ulec zmianie. Doskonale rozumiał to papież Grzegorz Wielki, który odczytując bieżącą sytuację, podjął się zadania reewangelizacji Europy. W tym przedsięwzięciu mnisi odegrali znaczącą rolę jako misjonarze nowej Europy. Papież przywrócił Stolicy Apostolskiej pierwszeństwo w organizowaniu misji i ewangelizacji, które od kilku stuleci były domeną władzy świeckiej Cesarstwa. Grzegorz Wielki pozostawił po sobie liczne wskazania i rady dla misjonarzy, jak również osobiście dbał o to, aby każdy udający się z zadaniem ewangelizacji był do tego odpowiednio przygotowany. Jako podstawę misji uznał Grzegorz świadectwo życia misjonarzy według tzw. duchowości exemplum. Oprócz głoszenia Ewangelii do podstawowych zadań mnichów należało czynne świadectwo miłości, okazywane poprzez zakładanie struktur posługi caritas. W swoich decyzjach papież był stanowczy i odważny, przez co potomni nadali mu tytuł Pierwszego Europejczyka.
    Źródło:
    Wrocławski Przegląd Teologiczny; 2020, 28, 2; 207-228
    2544-6460
    Pojawia się w:
    Wrocławski Przegląd Teologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sprawozdanie z badań wykopaliskowych na cmentarzysku grupy olsztyńskiej w Wólce Prusinowskiej, stan. I, pow. mrągowski w latach 2017–201
    Report on excavations at the cemetery of the Olsztyn Group in Wólka Prusinowska, site 1, Mrągowo district in 2017–2018
    Autorzy:
    Lewoc, Iwona
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1366219.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Północny im. Wojciecha Kętrzyńskiego w Olsztynie
    Tematy:
    grupa olsztyńska
    okres wędrówek ludów
    stanowiska archiwalne
    cmentarzysko
    Fundacja Terra Desolata
    Olsztyn Group
    Migration Period
    archaeological archives
    grave field
    Terra Desolata Foundation
    Opis:
    The cemetery in Wólka Prusinowska is situated in the north-eastern upper bank of Lake Zyzdrój Wielki. The first excavations were conducted there at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The site was rediscovered in 2017. During the two seasons of excavation, dozens of metal objects, burnt human bones and fragments of ceramics overlooked or discarded by the first researchers were discovered. Thanks to non-invasive tests, the unexcavated part of the cemetery was also identified. The discovered finds can be dated to the main part of the Migration Period.
    Źródło:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie; 2019, 303, 1; 148-152
    0023-3196
    2719-8979
    Pojawia się w:
    Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zapinki bałtyjskie z Janowca nad Wisłą
    Balt Brooches from Janowiec on the Vistula River
    Autorzy:
    Kuś, Grzegorz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048971.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-20
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    wczesne średniowiecze
    Barbaricum
    okres wędrówek ludów
    badania powierzchniowe
    zapinka szczeblowa
    zapinka typu Dollkeim/Kovrovo
    Migration Period
    early Middle Ages
    rung brooch
    brooch type Dollkeim/Kovrovo
    Opis:
    Zaprezentowane materiały zostały znalezione na stanowisku nr 3 (AZP 76-74/47) w miejscowości Janowiec (dawniej Janowiec nad Wisłą), gm. loco, pow. puławski. Stanowisko jest położone na piaszczystej terasie zamykającej od zachodu dolinę Wisły. W pobliżu stanowiska przepływa niewielki ciek wodny nazywany lokalnie „Nieciecz” oraz rzeka Plewka znajdującą swe ujście do Wisły powyżej Janowca. Obecne koryto Wisły jest oddalone o ok. 2 km od stanowiska (ryc. 1). Stanowisko zostało odkryte w roku 1981 podczas badań powierzchniowych, prowadzonych w ramach Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski. Od roku 2016 prowadzone są tu regularne badania powierzchniowe i wykopaliskowe, którymi kieruje Grzegorz Kuś. Pracami wykopaliskowymi objęto dotychczas obszar o powierzchni zaledwie 1,8 ara, a szczegółową prospekcją powierzchniową objęto obszar ok. 3 ha. Pozyskano przy tym materiały, które można datować na okres wpływów rzymskich, wczesne średniowiecze oraz liczne znaleziska nowożytne. Podczas prospekcji powierzchniowej pozyskano również dwa omawiane przedmioty, które można datować na okres wędrówek ludów. Pierwszym znaleziskiem jest wykonany ze stopu miedzi fragment fibuli z pełną pochewką, o kuszowatej konstrukcji (ryc. 2: a, b). Fibulę można zaliczyć do wydzielonego przez A. Bitner-Wróblewską typu Dollkeim/Kovrovo. Zapinki tego typu wiązane są głównie z kręgiem zachodniobałtyjskim, gdzie występują najliczniej. Znane są również z Pomorza, Bornholmu, Olandii, Gotlandii oraz obszarów fińskich. Jeden egzemplarz został również znaleziony w miejscowości Tomasze pow. ostrołęcki oraz w bliżej nieokreślonej miejscowości w dorzeczu Dniepru. W kręgu zachodniobałtyjskim zapinki typu Dollkeim/Kovrovo datowane są na młodsze odcinki fazy D i początki fazy E okresu wędrówek ludów. Drugim znaleziskiem z Janowca jest wykonany ze stopu miedzi fragment sprężyny zapinki szczeblowej o konstrukcji „pseudokuszowatej” (ryc.2: c, d). Zapinki tego typu znane są niemal wyłącznie z obszarów bałtyjskich, gdzie są datowane na rozwinięte odcinki fazy E okresu wędrówek ludów. Znalezisk z Janowca, można chyba traktować jako ślady krótkotrwałego pobytu, czy raczej postoju, w trakcie wyprawy niewielkich grup Estiów szlakiem wzdłuż Wisły. Nie można jednak wykluczyć, że wzdłuż takiego szklaku funkcjonowała sieć bardzo rozproszonego osadnictwa, a miejscowa ludność była zaangażowana w organizację dalekosiężnej wymiany. W wyjaśnieniu tej kwestii mogą jednak pomóc tylko kolejne odkrycia.
    The artefacts presented were found at site no. 3 (AZP 76-75/47) in Janowiec in the commune of Janowiec, Puławy County, located on a sandy terrace closing the Vistula River valley from the north-west. At the foot of the terrace, below the site, flows a small watercourse, which the locals call “Nieciecz”; it feeds the Plewka River, which has its confluence with the Vistula above Janowiec. The current bed of the Vistula River is about 2 km from the site (Fig. 1). The site, which can be described as a multicultural settlement, was discovered in 1981 during a surface survey conducted as part of the Archaeological Record of Poland; since 2016, fieldwalking and excavations have been regularly carried out at the site. Apart from isolated sherds of Trzciniec Culture pottery, the site also yielded Przeworsk Culture material, the oldest of which can be dated to phase A3, and the most numerous can be attributed to phases B2 and B2/C1–C1a. The youngest settlement horizon of the Przeworsk Culture is marked by a brooch of Almgren type 158, which can be classified as the Jakuszowice variant (according to I. Jakubczyk 2014), and a belt buckle similar to type H12 in the classification of R. Madyda-Legutko (1987). Fragments of the two brooches of Balt provenance, discussed in the article, can be dated to the later sections of the Early Migration Period and to the Late Migration Period. The beginning of early Slavic settlement is marked by fragments of bracelets with trumpet-shaped, ornamented terminals, which, with some reservations, can be dated to the 7th–8th century, as well as by late Avar belt fittings, dated to the 8th/9th century. The youngest early medieval artefacts can be dated to the 12th–13th century. During the excavations, modern period material was also recovered. The first of the finds discussed here is a copper-alloy fragment of a fibula with solid catchplate (Fig. 2:a.b). The fibula belongs to the Dollkeim/Kovrovo type, distinguished by A. Bitner-Wróblewska. Brooches of this type are mainly associated with the West Balt circle, where they are the most numerous. They are also known from Pomerania, Bornholm, Öland, Gotland and Finnish areas. One specimen was also found in Tomasze, Ostrołeka County, and in an unspecified locality in the Dnieper River basin. In the West Balt circle, Dollkeim/Kovrovo-type brooches are dated to the later stages of phase D and the beginning of phase E of the Migration period. The second find from Janowiec is a copper-alloy fragment of a spring from a rung brooch of a “pseudo-crossbow” construction (Fig. 2:c.d). Brooches of this type are found almost exclusively in the Balt areas, where they mark the developed stages of phase E of the Migration period. The finds from Janowiec can probably be regarded as signs of movement of small groups of West Balt people along the Vistula River.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2021, LXXII, 72; 194-199
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dom to nie tylko dach i cztery ściany… O budownictwie w późnej starożytności w Europie Północnej i Środkowej ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ziem polskich
    A House Means Not Only Four Walls and a Roof… On House Building in Northern and Central Europe in Late Antiquity with Special Consideration of Poland
    Autorzy:
    Schuster, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048809.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
    Tematy:
    okres przedrzymski
    okres wpływów rzymskich
    okres wędrówek ludów
    budownictwo
    długi dom
    archeologia osadnictwa
    Polska
    Pre-Roman Iron Age
    Roman Iron Age
    Migration Period
    house building
    long-house
    settlement archaeology
    Polska
    Opis:
    One of the most interesting, but sometimes slightly underestimated topics of research as a whole into the Late Antiquity of the ‘barbaric’ part of Europe is the development of longhouses and settlements. This paper is an attempt to combine the results of long-term research on construction and settlements from the Iron Age (with a main focus on the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period) in the western part of Central Europe and Scandinavia with the results of relevant research in Poland. This is no easy task. Despite undeniable research progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still in the early stage of searching for patterns of recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual house types. The aim of this paper is to convince the Polish research community that it is necessary to change its perspective on the subject of Iron Age house building and especially on the spatial organisation of settlements. Too often, one can observe an avoidance of careful and accurate analysis of archaeological objects in relation to the reconstruction of house plans – partly out of fear of misinterpretation, partly due to inability, partly because of habit and use of well-worn research paths, but often also out of a lack of reflection on the regularities and laws of statics and carpentry methods. In this way (unnecessarily), a gap was created between two (artificially created) zones of barbaric Europe that lacks one of the basic features of working on archaeological material within the so-called Germania magna: comparability. For a long time, the pit house was regarded as the main residential building in Late Antiquity in the area of Poland. Additionally, post houses were and are being reconstructed that could never have existed in this way. As a result of efforts to adapt the shape of the house to his own needs and economic requirements, a man living in Central and Northern Europe had already created a universal building in the Neolithic (Fig. 2) that we call a longhouse. However, this building is not a homogeneous creation. In different periods of time, in regionally determined varieties, it occurs in different forms. On the basis of certain design features, arrangements of roof-bearing structures and other elements, these varieties are recognised as house types. Similarly to the classification of artefacts and analysis of the distribution of different types, variants and varieties, the analysis of house types also helps us to determine the peculiarities of individual societies and groups, to track their development and to recognise zones of common tradition and contact networks. At this point, I would venture to say that construction traditions even more closely reflect the characteristics of individual societies than, for example, brooches whose forms have undergone rapid fashion changes and influences from various milieus. For large areas in western Central Europe and Scandinavia, we can determine house types that can be grouped into overarching categories, defining building tradition zones (Hauslandschaften). In the relevant works, such regions east of the Oder have not yet found their place. It is high time to change that. I decided to review in the first part of the paper the most important issues related to Iron Age house building, given the fact that this paper cannot cover and discuss all aspects of the issue. Construction details, forms and basic types of longhouses in northern Central Europe are discussed, followed by the layout of farmsteads and settlements. The second part of the article attempts to relate the results of settlement archaeology in western Central Europe and Scandinavia to research results in Poland, often based on a reinterpretation of published features. When discussing the main features – the description of the post hole, the appearance and foundation of the post itself, the walls, doorways, roofs and house types, as well as the layout of farmsteads and settlements – I always had in mind and attempted to refer to the situation in Poland. It is a trivial statement that the most important feature in settlement research is the post hole. We owe the first detailed description of the archaeological feature which we call a post hole to A. Kiekebusch (1870–1935), an employee and later a department head of the Märkisches Museum in Berlin. He had contact with C. Schuchhardt (1859–1943), one of the founders of the Römisch-Germanische Kommission in Frankfurt am Main. From 1899, he, in turn, conducted excavations in the Roman legionnaire camp of the Augustus period in Haltern on the northern edge of the Ruhr region, during which, for the first time on a large scale, attention was paid to the remains of ancient post foundations. Thus, research in Haltern can be regarded as the beginning of modern settlement archaeology. During research on the early Iron Age stronghold Römerschanze in Potsdam, Schuchardt transferred the discovery of the research value of the post hole to ‘barbarian’ archaeology. The aforementioned A. Kiekebusch participated in research on Römerschanze; C. Schuchardt’s innovative research methods made a huge impression on him. In the publication of results of his own excavation of a Bronze Age settlement in Berlin-Buch, he described the appearance and properties of the post hole on eleven (!) pages (Fig. 4). The turn of the 19th/20th cent. is also a breakthrough in settlement archaeology in the Scandinavian countries. Here, however, the road was slightly different than on the continent, in a figurative sense from the general to the detail. Geographical conditions and construction methods, sometimes quite different from the way houses were erected in Central Europe, were conducive to the discovery of real Iron Age ruins of three-aisled houses and in this way it was known almost from the very beginning of settlement research that the houses were elongated and based on the structure of regularly placed roof-bearing posts. For example, in 1924, plans were published of the remains of burnt down houses in the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age settlement at Kraghede in northern Jutland that was discovered in 1906 (Fig. 5). The posts of these houses have survived partly as charred wood, which greatly facilitated the interpretation of discovered traces. The 1920s and 30s witnessed a real leap in settlement archaeology, which was also observed on the continent, e.g. in the Netherlands. A.E. van Giffen (1888–1973) conducted excavations in 1923–1934 in the area of the warf/Wurt/wierde/terp at Ezinge in the Dutch part of Friesland – a Late Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age settlement. These names, mentioned in Dutch, Frisian and North German dialects, refer to an artificial hill in the North Sea shore region, created to protect house sites against high tide and floods. Moisture in the earth was conducive to the preservation of organic materials, and because of this van Giffen also found ‘real’ ruins of houses (Fig. 6). Large-scale excavations of this type in Germany were conducted in 1954–1963 at the Feddersen Wierde site. The results of this research were just as spectacular as in the case of the settlement at Ezinge (Fig. 46, 47). Large-scale research began in various countries in the 1960s as part of extensive research projects. In Denmark, the nationwide ‘Settlement and Landscape’ project resulted, among others, in the uncovering of a huge area with several settlements/farm clusters from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Grøntoft, Jutland (Fig. 1). The completely surveyed, enclosed settlement from the Pre-Roman Iron Age at Hodde, Jutland must be mentioned in this context, too. At Vorbasse in Jutland, a huge area from the Late Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlement was uncovered. After pioneering research at Feddersen Wierde in the 1970s, as part of the ‘North Sea Programme’ project of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (German Research Community), research began at the 1st to 6th cent. CE settlement site at Flögeln in the German part of the southern coast of the North Sea. The results became fundamental not only for this region of Germany. As part of the competitive project ‘Research on Iron Age settlements’ of the Academy of Sciences in East Berlin, large-scale excavations were conducted in settlements of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements at Tornow in Lower Lusatia and at Herzsprung in the Uckermark. Already at the turn of the 1950s/60s, the famous Early and Late Roman Iron Age settlement at Wijster in the northern Netherlands was excavated, but the area studied was not comparable in size to the areas of the above-mentioned sites. In 1974, excavations began at Oss in the southern part of the country, starting in 1979 within the so-called Maaskant-Project of the University of Leiden, which led to the unveiling of an extremely large area, consisting of many, slightly dispersed excavations at so-called native settlements from the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the time when this region was part of the Roman Empire. North of the Rhine and Waal, in the northern Netherlands, the Peelo site is situated. Here, in the 1970s and 1980s, extensive excavations at several neighbouring settlement sites were carried out as part of the ‘Peelo project’ of the Biologisch-Archaeologisch Instituut of the University of Groningen. Similar large excavations were conducted in the 1980s at Colmschate in the eastern Netherlands by the Rijksdienst voor Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, Archeologische Werkgemeenschap Nederland and Archeologie Deventer. The settlement traces date back to the Bronze Age up to medieval times. In the meantime, many new and important large-scale settlement excavations took place that cannot all be mentioned here. In the following chapters, I discuss the most important basic features of longhouses, beginning with the post hole and the post itself. Along with the growing sensitivity of archaeologists towards this issue and thanks to the good condition of surviving posts, there are more and more examples of houses where planks were used as roof-bearing poles. Excellent examples are the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age house at Jerup on Vendsyssel-Thy and two Late Roman Iron Age houses at Ragow and Klein Köris, both south of Berlin (Fig. 8). In some cases, there is evidence that the post was secured in the ground, such as a plank basement at the settlement of Klein Köris, anchoring at Feddersen Wierde or stones used as stabilisation like at Herzsprung (Fig. 7). In eastern Brandenburg, we have seen partial or complete post-hole fillings of burnt or unburnt clay, especially in the case of granaries. Depending on the function of the post, the sizes of the post holes can differ. The deepest post holes often belong to roof-bearing and doorway posts. It is interesting that this applies not only to three-aisle, but also to two-aisled houses (Fig. 10). This fact can be useful in the case of incomplete house plans. The basic typological division of longhouses refers to the general roof-bearing construction (three-aisled, two-aisled, one-aisled and so-called four-aisled houses). Three-aisled houses were not invented in the Iron Age; they appeared as early the Early Bronze Age (Fig. 11) within a large zone including northwestern France and Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden. Although closely related to the idea of keeping livestock in the same building where people lived, well-dated three-aisled houses with a stall do not date to earlier than around 1400 BCE. During the Pre-Roman and Roman Iron Age, the area of occurrence of these houses contracted slightly; they were erected in a wide zone south of the North Sea, in the Netherlands and northern Germany, Jutland, on the Danish islands and in southern areas of Norway and Sweden. Due to intensive settlement research carried out since the 1990s, we know that – at least in the Roman Iron Age – all of Mecklenburg, Western Pomerania, most of Brandenburg and some regions at the Middle Elbe belonged to this zone of three-aisled houses. The layout of two-aisled houses differs slightly due to construction based on only one row of roof-bearing posts. The arrangement and number of posts are often not as regular as in the case of three-aisled houses, which can create problems when interpreting house plans. Two-aisled longhouses, known from Neolithic sites, and sometimes appeared in a surprising similar form at Bronze Age, Roman Iron Age and Migration Period sites south of the Baltic Sea (Fig. 13), were replaced in Scandinavia and the southern North Sea coast region by three-aisled houses as early as the Middle Bronze Age. The zone of appearance of two-aisled houses is not that well specified and seems to have changed over time. In the west, it is situated to the south of the three-aisled house zone, reaching Westphalia, eastern Brandenburg and parts of Saxony. In Lower Lusatia and south of Berlin, so-called four-aisled houses were discovered (Fig. 14, 63). It is not easy to interpret the plans of these buildings. Here, I present a new proposition for the characteristic post arrangement as supporting a loft (Fig. 64). In the case of one-aisled houses, the inner space is free of posts (Fig. 15) since the walls took over the roof-bearing function. It was a very demanding construction because poor carpentry of joining elements above the wall line inevitably led to its destabilisation and collapse, so it appeared on a larger scale at the beginning of the Middle Ages. However, we also know a few one-aisled longhouses dating to an earlier period. In the next chapter, all elements of the walls are discussed. Special attention is drawn to the fact that rows of posts and walls do not necessarily line up. Since the wall construction is not connected to the house frame or roof, its roof-bearing function can often be excluded (Fig. 20). As the ruins at Feddersen Wierde demonstrate, the line of the wall and that of lateral posts may differ. A special feature are the outer, eave-supporting posts (Fig. 21) that we know from houses in both the west and in the east, but at different times. Such constructions seem to appear in Poland, too. Most of the walls were probably built using the wattle and daub technique. It was predominant used in Central and Northern Europe, but was not the only technique. Houses with wall trenches might have been built with palisade-like walls, with planks (Fig. 26) or as log constructions (Fig. 27). Sometimes there are no traces of the walls at all and the construction must have been over-ground (Fig. 25, 29). With respect to log construction, one drawback is the need for timber, which in regions with limited timber resources can be decisive for choosing another wall variant. For constructing the huge Early Bronze Age house (33.5×ca. 8 m) at Legård on Thy-Vendsyssel (Fig. 27), it was calculated that about 150 oak trees were needed! Most longhouses were built with a rectangular plan, but a quite high number of longhouses in Northern and Central Europe had apse-shaped gable walls (Fig. 30). Roof reconstruction of three-aisled houses with that characteristic seems to pose no problem (Fig. 40–44), but in the case of two-aisled houses with a roof-bearing post in the apse-shaped gable wall, the task of reconstruction is challenging. Regarding the interior structure of Iron Age longhouses, we have a lot of information from the well-preserved house ruins at Feddersen Wierde (Fig. 47–50) and burnt down houses from Denmark (Fig. 51). They prove the widespread use of houses with a living area and stall under one roof. In other cases, the inner division is proven by the existence of small trenches where the partition walls of the boxes were placed (Fig. 52, 53). For now, we cannot determine the precise range of this economic model; the easternmost houses with stall trenches were discovered in Lower Lusatia (right on the German-Polish border). Placing animals under the same roof as people is not a phenomenon limited to antiquity. In some regions of Germany and the Netherlands, it was a fairly common form of farming in modern times. Some of these houses survived until the 1970s (Fig. 54). This type of house was found in a long zone from the vicinity of Amsterdam to the Hel Peninsula – mainly in the zone of the historical range of the Low German language, which is therefore called Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus. At a time when Bronze Age and Iron Age longhouses began to be intensively researched in the Netherlands and Germany, the memory of the original functioning of Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus, so similar to ancient buildings, was still alive, and the grandparents or parents of these researchers often lived in them or knew of such houses anecdotally (Fig. 55:1–3). Some very old buildings showed common structural features with houses from the Roman Iron Age. A comparison of the characteristics of ancient and modern houses has greatly facilitated approaching the subject and interpreting the results of excavations. However, it has sometimes also led to the use of inadequate terms that survive to this day and which are misleading. For example, if the famous researcher of rural architecture J. Schepers talked about Germanisches Hallenhaus or W. Haarnagel in his monumental monograph uses the term dreischiffige Hallenhäuser, they were influenced by the use of almost the same name of the above-mentioned medieval and modern houses that in terms of internal division are so similar to three-aisled longhouses from the Iron Age. However, there is a significant functional difference: the term Halle (hall) in Niederdeutsches Hallenhaus refers to a room with a threshing floor in the central nave, located between livestock bays. This room is large and hall-like, and that is why the houses were given the name Hallenhaus. The ‘hall’ in Late Antiquity (Fig. 58, 59) and medieval times had a completely different meaning and does not mean the same as in the case of rural houses from later times. In the next chapter, I discuss congruencies of house plans as a source of interpretation of incompletely preserved longhouses and for typological divisions. In regard to the latter, we have to take into account the state of preservation, touch-ups, repairs, modifications, extensions and superposition of house plans that influence the interpretation of the record. The same applies to farmsteads and even whole settlements that have been shifted, rebuilt, changed in layout and so on (Fig. 75–80). The issue of forms and structures of settlements is a rather complicated topic, because the condition for their assessment is a completely uncovered site. Such objects are rare, and even if a large complex is excavated, we can only assess the arrangement of objects within the excavations. This statement sounds trivial, but I emphasise this fact because we cannot be sure that there were no satellite units belonging to the given settlement nearby. This is well illustrated by the plan of extremely interesting features at Galsted in southern Jutland (Fig. 81). Its second phase represents another step of settlement evolution and is similar to what we know from settlements such as Nørre Snede in eastern Jutland (Fig. 82). The layout of farmsteads – although already present at some Late Pre-Roman Iron Age sites – represents the state of development of Roman Iron Age and Migration Period settlements. The earliest settlements of this type stem from Jutland, while the tendency to set up large, enclosed rectangular or trapezoidal farms in northern Germany is observable from the late 1st cent. CE and in the northern Netherlands from the 2nd cent. CE. The phenomenon of ‘stationary’ settlements is also known from East Germany, including the already mentioned settlements at Dallgow-Döberitz, Wustermark, Herzsprung or Göritz. Probably such settlements were discovered in Poland, too (see below). Settlements of this type replaced settlements with a different structure, dating to the Pre-Roman Iron Age. Their features included a loose arrangement of farms (rather unfenced) spread out over a large area (Fig. 1) and instability of house and farm sites. Houses and farmsteads were not occupied for a long period of time, but changed relatively quickly (the so-called wandering/shifting settlements). In the Late Pre-Roman Iron Age in Jutland and – in a slightly different form – in the northern Netherlands, completely enclosed settlements appeared. It was a fairly short-lived phenomenon (that ended in the 1st cent. CE), but the first step to stationary settlements, where farmsteads were designed to last for a longer period of time. At sites such as Nørre Snede in Jutland or Flögeln at the North Sea, there was a slow shifting of farmsteads, but over a period of several hundred years. With such a slow pace of changes in the positions of houses and farms, we can actually talk about stationary farms/settlements. It should be emphasised that the structure of settlements during the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period was not compact and there were no clusters of houses around a free square, as is sometimes suggested in Polish literature (admittedly on the basis of insufficient evidence). The image of settlements at that time resembles instead a group of several farms, sometimes in rows. We also know this spatial organisation from settlements in the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse Rivers (the German-Polish border) and there is no reason to believe that it was different to the east of these rivers. Despite undeniable progress in recent decades, settlement archaeology in Poland is still at the very beginning of searching for patterns for the recognition and reconstruction of longhouses that can contribute to the determination of individual types. Before completing this stage, analyses at a higher heuristic level do not yet make sense. All attempts to reconstruct settlement structures and search for references in building traditions to other regions in the Barbaricum have ended and often continue to end in failure. There are several reasons for this. First of all, this type of work from the second half of the 20th cent. mainly consisted of incorrect assumptions and axioms – especially regarding the dominance of pit houses in settlements. Secondly, the material that was available cannot create a suitable base for far-reaching conclusions – often the uncovered parts of the settlements were and are still too small to decipher the structures at all; sometimes it is not even possible to say in which part of a given settlement (or farmstead) the researchers conducted excavations. Another, also quite important point is the inaccurate or incompetent recognition of plans for alleged or actually non-existent post houses (Fig. 83). For decades, ‘buildings’ have been published that have no right to exist. Even in contemporary works, we can still find reconstructions (basically recreations) of primitive huts without statics or carpentry rules (Fig. 83), which were exceeded – if they had existed – by longhouses, even in the Neolithic. If buildings were created that have never existed, then obviously the image of a given farmstead must be false, not to mention the settlement structure. The necessity to verify published materials from settlements resulting from the state of research as I have described it does not need to be particularly emphasised. In a sense, the above-mentioned region between the Oder and the Elbe can be a benchmark for Poland. With regard to the state of research on settlements and the research paradigm, the situation in recent decades has been very similar to the situation in recent years in Poland. Until the early 1990s, the regions east of the Elbe could barely contribute to research on the subject of longhouses in the Barbaricum. It seemed that the presence of such buildings at settlements east of these regions that B. Trier (1969) had examined in his basic monograph on Iron Age longhouses was impossible. The very few examples were treated as exceptions. But due to large, often linear investments in infrastructure renewal in the early 1990s, the situation in Eastern Germany changed radically. Suddenly, longhouses started to appear at almost every settlement surveyed. One of the first excavations of this type was carried out in 1994 at the settlement site at Dallgow-Döberitz, a few kilometres west of Berlin, where at least 28 longhouses were discovered, primarily of the three-aisled variety. Publication of research results at Herzsprung in the Uckermark became a milestone, proving in the Oder region the existence not only of three-aisled longhouses, but farmsteads with a layout that was known only until that time from southern Scandinavia and the western part of Central Europe. In 1994–1997, 25 longhouses, mainly two-aisled, were uncovered at Göritz in Lower Lusatia. Today, a similar shift in settlement archaeology is taking place in Poland. Nevertheless, the attempts to distinguish longhouses at settlements in Poland and, at the same time, the frequent lack of experience of archaeologists in this field led to the creation and inclusion of objects that either did not exist in this form or not at all. The biggest obstacle is the lack of models to recognise house types, reflected by the arrangement of posts. There are still very few confidently confirmed three-aisled longhouses in Poland, yet this fact seems to result from the state of research rather than reflect the realities of the Roman Iron Age and Migration Period. To date, we do know four ‘definite’ buildings of this type, three from Pomerania and one from Mazovia; two others houses from central and southern Poland probably also belong to this group: the house I/A at Czarnowo in Western Pomerania (Fig. 85), a not fully uncovered house at Ostrowite in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 86:1), a house at Leśno in southeastern Pomerania (Fig. 87), and a house in Rawa Mazowiecka (site 38) in western Mazovia (Fig. 88). In my opinion, the traces of a house at Kuców in Central Poland have to be interpreted as two rows of the roof-bearing posts of a three-aisled building (Fig. 89:1), while a house at Domasław in Lower Silesia also probably belongs to the three-aisled type (Fig. 90). Today, we know more examples of two-aisled houses than of three-aisled houses, which primarily appear only in the Przeworsk Culture area. It seems that in fact two-aisled houses were dominant in the area of this cultural unit, but it is still a bit too early to determine this with great certainty. The largest series of longhouses results from excavations of the settlement at Konarzewo near Poznań (Fig. 91), a smaller group we know from the Bzura River region (Fig. 94). The latter form a group that can be used to define the first longhouse type in Poland, the Konotopa type. A very interesting house was discovered in the 1960s at Wólka Łasiecka in Central Poland (Fig. 95). Although the arrangement of the posts is very clear, it can be read in the source publication, and sometimes in later ones, that this building is a three-aisled house. Actually, we are dealing with a two-aisled house with additional, external eave-supporting posts. In the case of the settlement at Izdebno Kościelne in western Mazovia, one can point to a house that was not included in the analysis of the site plan (Fig. 97). The same applies to a two-aisled longhouse at Janków in Central Poland (Fig. 96). It also belongs to the ‘verified’ buildings which were distinguished after the publication of the research results. The above-mentioned house at Wólka Łasiecka can be interpreted as a ‘lime kiln building’ on the basis of similar houses that, for example, were discovered at Klein Köris near Berlin and Herzsprung in the Uckermark. At the latter site, several buildings of this type have been even discovered, at least four of which were longhouses (e.g. Fig. 99:1.6). Lime kiln houses in other forms at this settlement (Fig. 100:3) and subsequent ones (Fig. 99:7, 100:1.2) show that there are many variants of such buildings. It might seem that production halls with limes kilns are a special feature of the settlements of Central Europe from the left-bank regions of the Oder and Neisse to the Vistula. However, the example from Osterrönfeld and houses from the settlement at Galsted in southern Jutland that are not yet published warn against this inference. It is not an exaggeration to claim that previous attempts to distinguish farmsteads in Poland have usually lacked sufficient evidence; often such an activity was and is simply impossible. There are several reasons for this: in the first place, often there are no reliable house plans, also the excavation area is too small and – it should be strongly emphasised – the research results are presented as a schematic plan only or in the form of a plan with symbols. Recently, contrast has been emphasised between the interpretation of the ‘farmstead’ approach among researchers from ‘west of the Oder’ and researchers in Poland, which in my opinion results mainly from the state of research and – probably even in a decisive way – from the research paradigm, and under no circumstances reflects ancient conditions. The results of excavations in recent years have shown that such an contradiction – if used to refer to archaeological material – is only apparent and artificial. The basis for analysing settlement structures in terms of farmsteads is quite narrow, although there are few proposals worth considering. In a separate article, I re-analysed published research results in the area of the settlement at Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland in terms of some longhouses. In addition to the alternative interpretation of buildings, the published plan and field documentation analysis provide the basis for a new interpretation of the spatial organisation of the uncovered part of the settlement (Fig. 102–104). An interesting arrangement of objects was observed at the settlement in at Mąkolice in Central Poland. Both post and pit houses as well as production facilities were uncovered here. The dispersion of all objects is quite clear, but several issues remain an open question (Fig. 105). Closely related to the form of the farmsteads is their arrangement relative to each other, meaning the form of a settlement. Polish literature holds the view that one of the basic forms of settlements of the Przeworsk Culture (because it is the only one we can say anything about) is the circular settlement. The above-mentioned settlement from Wytrzyszczki in Central Poland and well-known settlement from Konarzewo near Poznań cannot be called circular under any circumstances as has happened in the literature (Fig. 104, 106). Concerning the spatial organisation of settlements from areas east of the Oder, I am convinced that they did not differ from settlements in areas west of this river (Fig. 108, 109). The latest field research results provide us with more and more arguments confirming this thesis. The basic unit of each settlement was a farmstead, which was spatially organised as economic units in the western and northern regions of the Barbaricum.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 3-159
    0043-5082
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Archeologiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Populism in the pre-election period: Analysis of the social discourse on the topic of migration in Slovak parliamentary election campaign 2020
    Autorzy:
    Loziak, Alexander
    Piterová, Ivana
    Papcunová, Jana
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28408744.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    populism
    migration
    social discourse
    polarization
    pre-election period
    Slovakia
    Opis:
    The topic of migration is often used by populist and non-populist politicians in order to arouse emotions, polarise social attitudes and thus mobilise voters. The present study aims to identify themes (a cognitive aspect of attitudes) and discrete emotions (an emotional aspect of attitudes) in online social discourse as a reaction to the media posts of the main Slovak political parties on the topic of migration in the pre-election period (January-February 2020). Methodological triangulation of discourse analysis and Text mining was used to analyse the data. Analysis of the discourse revealed that articles with pro-migrant rhetoric provoked more discussion about the security and identity threat, while articles by populists provoked more discussion about the morality of elites and the economic threat of migration. The evoked sentiment throughout the discourse leaned more towards negative emotions (fear, anger) but pro-migrant articles and articles by non-populist politicians evoked also positive emotions (joy). Results indicate that rather than fear of migration, the anticipation of a change in the morale of the elites was the key element of the pre-election period in Slovakia. Limitations and implications of the study are further discussed. The value of this paper lies in focusing on both emotional and cognitive aspects of attitudes towards migration.
    Źródło:
    Society Register; 2022, 6, 4; 41-62
    2544-5502
    Pojawia się w:
    Society Register
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polscy górnicy w Estonii w latach 1937–1939
    Polish Miners in Estonia between 1937 and 1939
    Autorzy:
    Grzybowski, Jerzy
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197801.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Towarzystwo Naukowe w Toruniu
    Tematy:
    Estonia
    Polska
    interwar period
    Kiviõli
    diplomacy
    labour migration
    Polish miners
    Opis:
    The purpose of the publication is to present the fate of Polish miners in Estonia between 1937 and 1939. Until now, this topic has only been hinted at by some Polish historians while doing other research. This article is based on Polish and Estonian documents which are kept in the Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw and the National Archives of Estonia in Tallinn, respectively. This allowed the Polish and Estonian viewpoints on the subject to be compared. Taking into account the state of research on the discussed topic, the article presents such issues as the genesis, course and consequences of the emigration of Polish miners to Estonia. The analysis of Polish and Estonian documents indicates that the main reason for labour migration from Poland to Estonia was material deprivation, which went hand in hand with access to the foreign labour market. Lack of work opportunities and poverty in Poland forced miners to seek work abroad. At the same time, economic changes in Estonia during the interwar period led to the emergence of new industries in the country, the most important of which was the fuel industry. Estonia needed foreign miners to work in shale mines. Poland was the only country that supplied Estonia with miners, as the budding Estonian oil industry was unable to meet the demands for skilled professionals from Western Europe.
    Źródło:
    Zapiski Historyczne; 2022, 87, 3; 101-122
    0044-1791
    2449-8637
    Pojawia się w:
    Zapiski Historyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Comparison of gas migration test and building structural strength of slurry in the aspect of limiting gas invasion
    Autorzy:
    Kremieniewski, M.
    Rzepka, M.
    Stryczek, S.
    Wiśniowski, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/298587.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
    Tematy:
    gas migration
    structural strength
    cement slurry
    hardened cement slurry
    transition period
    transition time
    Opis:
    The problem of eliminating natural gas microflows through the cement slurry while bonding has been investigated by scientists in a number of scientific and research centers. Works have been undertaken to define the causes of gas migration and predict possibilities of interchannel communication in the hardened cement slurry. In the course of bonding cement slurry changes its state from liquid through gel to solid. Accordingly, the gas migration effects should be taken into account in the formation of these phases. The results of tests of gas migration in the course of binding and building structural strength have been presented in this paper. Both research methods have been compared and a high dependence of parameters defined by each of them has been found. The research works were conducted with the use of innovative apparatuses thanks to which the phenomena taking place in the course of binding can be observed. This gives the possibility of working out recipes of sealing slurries applicable to deposits where the risk of occurrence of gas migration is high.
    Źródło:
    AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas; 2016, 33, 3; 595-608
    2299-4157
    2300-7052
    Pojawia się w:
    AGH Drilling, Oil, Gas
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Population size change in rural areas of West Pomeranian voivodeship in 2011-2014
    Autorzy:
    Ossowska, L.
    Bartkowiak-Bakun, N.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43664.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
    Tematy:
    population size
    size change
    population growth
    natural increase
    net migration
    rural area
    West Pomeranian voivodship
    2011-2014 period
    Źródło:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2018, 47, 1
    1899-5241
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    „Erstes Ende” der Przeworsk-Kultur im Lublinerland The „first end” of Przeworsk culture in the Lublin region
    The „first end” of Przeworsk culture in the Lublin region
    Autorzy:
    Kokowski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2042402.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
    Tematy:
    Roman Period
    Przeworsk culture
    Goths
    settlement
    cemeteries
    migrations
    hoards of coins
    Römische Kaiserzeit
    Przeworsk-Kultur
    Gothen
    Siedlungen
    Gräberfelde
    Migration
    Münzschätze
    Opis:
    The downfall of the settlement structure of Przeworsk culture in the Lublin region happened during chronological phases B2/C1-C1a. In course of the research concerning the time of formation of cemeteries, settlements and their duration of use, it was proved, that each of three settlement regions (north-western, western and eastern – see at the maps) displays certain unique features. Those differences are motivated by the accessibility of the Czerniczyn group in the pre-Roman period and the speed of Wielbark culture spread in the Roman period. The most long-term duration of the settlement was recorded in subregion I (A2-B2/C1-C1a). In subregion II it begins with phase B2 (possibly – end of phase B1) and lasts until the phase B2/C1-C1. In subregion III, after the episode of Przeworsk culture influx, that happened in the younger pre-Roman Period, Przeworsk culture appears in phases B2/C1-C1. The research of hoards of Roman coins allows us to suppose, that they were deposited in times of danger provoked by the migration of Goths in the years 193-218 A.D. (supposedly shortly after those events), as the latter date is indicated on the coin found in hoard from Spiczyn.
    Zusammenfassung: Während der Stufe B2/C1-C1a brachen die Siedlungsstrukturen der Przeworsk-Kultur in der Lublinerlandes zusammen. Bei der Untersuchung der Zeit der Errichtung von Gräberfelder und Siedlungen und der Dauer ihrer Nutzung wurde gezeigt, dass es in drei unterschiedlichen Subregionen (Nordwest, West und Ost – siehe Karten) grundlegende Unterschiede gibt. Sie haben Bedingungen, die durch die Zugänglichkeit der Gebiete bestimmt sind, die in der vorrömischen Eisenzeit von der Czarniczyn-Gruppe besetzt waren, und durch das Tempo der Wielbark-Kultur in der Römischen Kaiserzeit. Die am längsten andauernde Besiedlung fand in der Subregion I (A2-B2/C1-C1a) statt. In der Subregion II hat es einen Beginn zu Beginn der Stufe B2 (möglicherweise im späten B1) und dauerte bis zur Stufe B2/C1-C1. In der Subregion III tritt die Przeworsk-Kultur nach einer in die jüngere vorrömische Eisenzeit fallenden Episode der Durchdringung der Bevölkerung der Przeworsk-Kultur in den Stufen B2/C1-C1 auf. Bei der Untersuchung der Deponierung römischer Münzen können wir annehmen, dass sie, wahrscheinlich im Hinblick auf die Bedrohung durch die umherziehenden Goten, zwischen 193 und 218 n. Chr. (Wahrscheinlich kurz nach dieser Zeit) versteckt waren, da das jüngste Datum die jüngste Münze aus der Hortfund in Spiczyn angibt.
    Źródło:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica; 2019, 54; 129-158
    0001-5229
    2719-4841
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Archaeologica Carpathica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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