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Wyszukujesz frazę "Magnesium Alloy" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Vibration analysis during AZ31 magnesium alloy milling with the use of different toolholder types
Autorzy:
Korpysa, Jarosław
Zagórski, Ireneusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172033.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Polskie Naukowo-Techniczne Towarzystwo Eksploatacyjne PAN
Tematy:
vibration
stability
magnesium alloy
milling
Opis:
Machining vibrations are an important issue as they occur in all types of machining processes. Due to its negative impact on machining results, this phenomenon is undesirable, and so there have been continuous efforts to find solutions that will minimise it, and thus improve the stability and safety of the machining process. The paper attempts to determine the impact of toolholder type and cutting condition on the vibrations generated while milling an AZ31 magnesium alloy. The tests were performed using the three most common types of toolholders: ER, Shrink Fit and hydraulic. The vibration displacement and acceleration signals were analysed based on parameters such as Peak-to-Peak, Peak, and Root Mean Square. Composite Multiscale Entropy was also applied to check the stability of cutting processes and define the level of signal irregularity. To determine the frequencies of vibrations and to detect chatter vibrations Fast Fourier Transform was performed. This provides information on the stability and enables vibrations to be minimized by avoiding unfavourable cutting conditions.
Źródło:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność; 2022, 24, 3; 489--501
1507-2711
Pojawia się w:
Eksploatacja i Niezawodność
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Friction Stir Processing (FSP) on the Microstructure and Properties of AM60 Magnesium Alloy
Autorzy:
Iwaszko, J.
Kudła, K.
Fila, K.
Strzelecka, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355521.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
friction stir processing
magnesium alloy
Opis:
The samples of the as-cast AM60 magnesium alloy were subjected to Friction Stir Processing (FSP). The effect of FSP on the microstructure of AM60 magnesium alloy was analyzed using optical microscopy and X-ray analysis. Besides, the investigation of selected properties, i.e. hardness and resistance to abrasion wear, were carried out. The carried out investigations showed that FSP leads to more homogeneous microstructure and significant grain refinement. The average grain size in the stirred zone (SZ) was about 6-9 μm. in the thermomechanically affected zone (TMAZ), the elongated and deformed grains distributed along flow line were observed. The structural changes caused by FSP lead to an increase in microhardness and wear resistance of AM60 alloy in comparison to their non-treated equivalents. Preliminary results show that friction stir processing is a promising and an effective grain refinement technique.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 3; 1555-1560
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of brushing parameters upon edge states after wire brushing of AZ91 HP magnesium alloy
Autorzy:
Matuszak, J.
Zaleski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/102334.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
edge state
wire brushing
magnesium alloy
Opis:
When the tool leaves the part during machining operations, burrs can form as a result of material plastic flow. Wire brushing is one of burr removing methods. Low cost of brushes which can be mounted in a milling center gives the perspective of developing this method. The article was aimed at presenting the results of brushing process upon edge radius after wire brushing of AZ91HP magnesium alloy. Three kinds of brushes were tested with different types of fibers and the diameter of a single fiber. Brass and steel brushes were used.
Źródło:
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal; 2013, 7, 20; 55-60
2299-8624
Pojawia się w:
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Badania metalograficzne odlewniczego stopu magnezu AZ91 po współbieżnym wyciskaniu
Metallographic investigation of AZ91 magnesium casting alloy after the forward extrusion
Autorzy:
Pachutko, B.
Ziółkiewicz, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/211339.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Obróbki Plastycznej
Tematy:
stop magnezu
metalografia
magnesium alloy
metalography
Opis:
W publikacji przedstawiono wyniki badań metalograficznych stopu magnezu AZ91 - wlewka surowego i po procesach przesycania oraz współbieżnie wyciskanych prętów. Procesy wyciskania prowadzono w temperaturze: 280ºC, 300ºC, 316ºC i 338ºC przy współczynniku wydłużenia λ wynoszącym 4,14 i 5,78 odpowiednio dla średnic wyciskanych prętów wynoszących 16 mm i 20 mm. Jedynie w wyniku wyciskania w temperaturze 280ºC otrzymano pręty pozbawione wad (nieciągłości) powierzchniowych i wewnętrznych. Zwiększanie temperatury procesu od 300°C do 338°C skutkowało pojawieniem się nieciągłości wewnętrznych lub powierzchniowych w skali makroskopowej. Podczas procesu wyciskania następowała dynamiczna rekrystalizacja ziaren. Gęstość wydzieleń fazy γ-Mg17Al12 w pasmach i skupiskach wyraźnie zmniejszyła się, kiedy proces wyciskania prowadzono w największej temperaturze.
The paper presents the results of metallographic examination of AZ91 magnesium alloy – a raw ingot and one after the processes of supersaturation and forward extrusion of rods. The extrusion processes have been performed at the temperatures of 280oC, 316oC and 338oC with the elongation coefficient, λ equal to 4.14 and 5.78, respectively, for the extruded rod diameters of 16 mm and 20 mm. Rods free of surface and internal defects (discontinuities have been obtained only as result of extrusion at the temperature of 280oC. Increase of the process temperature from 300oC to 338oC has resulted in internal or surface discontinuities in the macroscopic scale. During the extrusion process, dynamic recrystallization of grains took place. The density of the secretions of phase γ-Mg17Al12 has clearly decreased when the process of extrusion was performed at the highest temperature.
Źródło:
Obróbka Plastyczna Metali; 2013, 24, 2; 119-129
0867-2628
Pojawia się w:
Obróbka Plastyczna Metali
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The technology of preparing green coating by conducting micro-arc oxidation on AZ91D magnesium alloy
Autorzy:
Wang, S.
Liu, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/778739.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
magnesium alloy
micro-arc oxidation
coating
Opis:
Micro-arc oxidation was applied to AZ91D magnesium alloy by taking K2Cr2O7  as the colouring salt in the silicate system. It was shown that the green coating obtained through performing micro-arc oxidation on magnesium alloy consisted of Mg, Mg2SiO4 , MgO, and Mg2SiO4  based on analysis of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among which, Mg2SiO4 was the colouring salt; there were something in the lamellar, pit, and convex forms found on the surface of the coating. The coating consisted of a porous, and a compact, layer from the outside to the inside. As demonstrated, the colour of the coating depended on the K2Cr2O7 concentration: it became gradually deeper with the addition of K2Cr2O7 and the increasing micro-arc oxidation time. The corrosion resistance and hardness of the green coating were greater than that of the matrix.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology; 2016, 18, 4; 36-40
1509-8117
1899-4741
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Chemical Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Fatigue Properties of AZ31 and WE43 Magnesium Alloys
Autorzy:
Junak, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352138.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
low-cycle fatigue
mechanical properties
magnesium alloy
Opis:
The paper presents low-cycle fatigue (LCF) characteristics of selected magnesium alloys used, among others, in the automotive and aviation industries. The material for the research were bars of magnesium alloys AZ31 and WE43 after hot plastic working. Due to their application(s), these alloys should have good/suitable fatigue properties, first of all fatigue durability in a small number of cycles. Low-cycle fatigue tests were carried out on the MTS-810 machine at room temperature. Low-cycle fatigue trials were conducted for three total strain ranges Δεt of 0.8%, 1.0% and 1.2% with the cycle asymmetry factor R = –1. Based on the results obtained, fatigue life characteristics of materials, cyclic deformation characteristics σa = f(N) and cyclic deformation characteristics of the tested alloys were developed. The tests have shown different behaviors of the tested alloys in the range of low number of cycles. The AZ31 magnesium alloy was characterized by greater fatigue life Nf compared to the WE43 alloy.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2020, 65, 2; 721-726
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Technology of Repairing QE22 Alloy Casts
Technologia naprawy odlewów ze stopu QE22
Autorzy:
Turowska, A.
Adamiec, J.
Rzychoń, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356393.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
QE22
cast magnesium alloy
weldability of magnesium alloys
repairing of magnesium alloy
odlewnicze stopy magnezu
spawanie stopów magnezu
naprawa stopów magnezu
Opis:
Hot cracking is one of the main problems involved in the casting of magnesium alloys and their joining by means of welding. Despite many research done, this type of cracking still constitutes a major problem in industrial practice. The present paper describes the impact of metallurgical, structural and technological factors on the susceptibility of the QE22 alloy to hot cracking of the repaired joints. A technology of repairing the QE22 alloy casts by means of welding and pad welding, was developed. The technology meets the qualification requirements according to EN 15614-4.
Pękanie gorące jest jednym z głównych problemów odlewania stopów magnezu oraz ich łączenia przez spawanie. Pomimo licznych badań, w praktyce przemysłowej ten rodzaj pękania nadal stanowi istotny problem. W pracy przedstawiono wpływ czynników metalurgicznych, konstrukcyjnych i technologicznych na skłonność stopu QE22 do pękania gorącego złączy naprawczych. Opracowano technologie naprawy odlewów ze stopu QE22 za pomocą spawania i napawania spełniającą warunki kwalifikowania technologii wg EN 15614-4.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2014, 59, 2; 667-673
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimization of Output Responses during EDM of AZ91 Magnesium Alloy using Grey Relational Analysis and TOPSIS
Autorzy:
Tajdeen, A.
Megalingam, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049133.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ91 magnesium alloy
EDM
TOPSiS
GRA
ANOVA
Opis:
Unconventional machining of magnesium alloys through die sinking and Wire electrical discharge Machining (WEDM) processes are preferred over conventional machining processes to overcome the rapid loss in strength and affinity that occurs with tool materials at high temperatures. in the present study, AZ91 magnesium alloy is machined in EDM using a prepared alloy tool (copper alloyed with titanium diboride). Based on Taguchi’s l27 orthogonal array, a total of 27 experiments have been conducted by varying the process parameters such as pulse on time (Ton), gap voltage (Vg) and current (Ip) with three different levels. Techniques for Order Preference by Similarity to ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) have been applied to optimize the response parameters of EDM to obtain maximum Material Removal Rate (MRR) and minimum Tool Wear Rate (TWR) and Surface Roughness (SR). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is carried out based on F-test at a confidence interval of 95% to confirm the significant influence of individual parameters. From the above two optimization techniques, the obtained optimal values are current 15 A, gap voltage 55 V, pulse on time 30 μs and an error of less than 5% is observed from the confirmation experiments. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images revealed that there is no formation of cracks but micro pits and holes are observed.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2021, 66, 4; 1105-1113
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Conversion Coatings Produced on AZ61 Magnesium Alloy by Low-Voltage Process
Autorzy:
Nowak, M.
Płonka, B.
Kozik, A.
Karaś, M.
Gawlik, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356921.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
AZ61 magnesium alloy
anodic oxidation
corrosion resistance
Opis:
The resultes of anodic oxide conversion coatings on wrought AZ61 magnesium alloy production are describe. The studies were conducted in a solution containing: KOH (80 g/l) and KF (300 g/l) using anodic current densities of 3, 5 and 10 A/dm2 and different process durations. The obtained coatings were examined under a microscope and corrosion tests were performed by electrochemical method. Based on these results, it was found that the low-voltage process produces coatings conferring improved corrosion resistance to the tested magnesium alloy.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 1; 419-424
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of an AZ91 Magnesium Alloy Processed through Backward Extrusion
Autorzy:
Chalay-Amoly, A.
Zarei-Hanzaki, A.
Fatemi, S. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353050.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
magnesium alloy
extrusion
mechanical properties
shear punch test
Opis:
A cast AZ91 magnesium alloy was processed via backward extrusion (BE) method at different temperatures of 250, 350 and 450°C. Metallography investigations were conducted at three different regions of BE-processed cup (wall, bottom and flow channel). The main feature observed at the wall of the BE cup was mechanical twins, the frequency of which was decreased by increasing the process temperature. Flow localization in the form of shear banding occurred within the flow channel at all deformation temperatures. The bottom of the BE-processed cup at 250°C exhibited coarse initial grains along with continuous network of eutectic phase at the grain boundaries. However, increasing the process temperature to 350 and 450°C led to the fragmentation of the γ-Mg17Al12 network down to the fine particles, where a considerable grain refinement was also traced particularly at 450°C. Furthermore, shear punch testing method was employed to evaluate the room temperature mechanical properties of the backward extruded specimens. The results show that BE-processed material would benefit from higher strength compared to the as-received material; however, the ductility follows different trends depending on the deformation temperature.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 1; 149-157
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Characterization of Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of AE44 Magnesium Alloy
Autorzy:
Sozańska, M.
Mościcki, A.
Chmiela, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352109.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
magnesium alloy
fractography
stress corrosion cracking
SCC
AE44
Opis:
The paper presents the susceptibility of AE44 magnesium alloy to electrochemical corrosion and stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The evaluation of the intensity of the interaction of the corrosive environment was carried out using the corrosion tests and the Slow Strain Rate Test (SSRT). Corrosion tests performed in 0.1 M Na2 SO4 solution (immersion in solution and under cathodic polarization conditions) revealed that the layer of corrosion products was much thicker after immersion test. The results of SSRT showed that the AE44 alloy deformed in the solution was characterized by higher plasticity compared to the alloy deformed in the air after immersion in solution. Moreover, the fractures were characterized by different morphology. In the case of an alloy deformed in the solution under cathodic polarization many microcracks on the fracture were observed, which were not observed in the case of the alloy deformed in the air.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2020, 65, 1; 479-484
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effects of SPD by Biaxial Alternate Forging on the Tensile Properties and Microstructure of AZ31B Magnesium Alloy
Autorzy:
Shin, Young-Chul
Ha, Seong-Ho
Shah, Abdul Wahid
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2203714.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
forging
magnesium alloy
grain refinement
severe plastic deformation
tensile properties
Opis:
The forming limit of AZ31 alloy, a representative Mg-Al-Zn-based wrought alloy, and the effect of severe plastic deformation (SPD) by examining the microstructure change caused by dynamic recrystallization led by high temperature and high dislocation density at 300℃ using a biaxial alternate forging (BAF) were investigated in this study. As a result of BAF test for AZ31 Mg alloy, significant cracks on the ends of workpieces occurred after 7 passes. The microstructure of as-extruded specimen showed the non-uniform distribution of the relatively coarse grains and the fine grains considered to be sub-grains. However, as the number of passes increases, the area of coarse grains gradually disappeared and the fine grains became more dominant in the microstructures. The result of tensile test for workpieces with each forging pass showed an increase in strength depending on pass number was shown with a slight increase of elongation. The Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) results exhibited that, the microstructure showed the presence of coarse grains and twins after only 1 pass, while the grains appeared to be significantly refined and uniformly distributed after 3 pass, at which the strength and elongation began to increase, simultaneously.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2023, 68, 1; 97--101
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Corrosion and Stress Corrosion Cracking of New Wrought Magnesium Alloys
Autorzy:
Ben-Hamu, G.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/115827.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Fundacja na Rzecz Młodych Naukowców
Tematy:
Magnesium Alloy
Die Cast
Hot Extrusion
Alloying Element
Electrochemical Techniques
Opis:
New magnesium alloys (Die-Cast and wrought) have increasingly been developed in recent years for the automotive industry due to their high potential as structural materials for low density and high strength/weight ratio demands. However, their poor mechanical properties and low corrosion resistance have led to a search for new kinds of magnesium alloys with better strength, ductility, high temperature behaviour and high corrosion resistance. The main objective of this research is to investigate the corrosion behaviour of new magnesium alloys: Mg-Al-Ca, Mg-Al-Sr, Mg-Zn-Mn-Si (ZSM) and Mg-Zn-Mn-Si-Ca (ZSMX). These ZSM6X1 and ZSM651+YCa alloys were prepared using hot extrusion. These Mg-Al-Ca and Mg-Al-Sr were prepared using high pressure die cast. AC and DC polarization tests were carried out on the new alloys. Microstructure was examined using optical and electron microscopy (SEM) and EDS. The addition of Si increased the corrosion resistance. The additions of Sr and Ca also aff ected the corrosion behaviour. These results can be explained by the eff ects of alloying elements on the microstructure of Mg alloys such as grain size and precipitates caused by the change in precipitation and recrystallisation behaviour.
Źródło:
Challenges of Modern Technology; 2010, 1, 1; 79-87
2082-2863
2353-4419
Pojawia się w:
Challenges of Modern Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effects Of Aluminum Sputtering On The Corrosion Resistance Of AZ91 Alloy
Wpływ glinu nanoszonego metodą rozpylania jonowego na odporność stopu AZ91 na korozję
Autorzy:
Ishibashi, Y.
Nose, M.
Hatakeyama, M.
Sunada, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355762.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
magnesium alloy
corrosion
aluminum
sputtering
stopy magnezu
korozja
glin
rozpylanie
Opis:
The corrosion resistance of a Magnesium alloy is low and needs to be improved. This research aimed at corrosion-resistance improvement by supatterd deposition aluminium film, which is formed on the surface of AZ91 Magnesium-alloy. Corrosion resistance performed polarization curve measurement, was evaluated in quest of the corrosion rate using the Tafel extrapolation method, and conducted surface observation and EDS analysis by SEM. Although corrosion resistance is not improved only by film forming because of defects in film, corrosion resistance is improved by heat treatment for 3 hours by 553K after sputtering. In the case of heat treated at 623K and 673K for 3 hours, magnesium diffuses through the alminium film and reached the surface of the film. Thus, heat treatment at high temperature degrade the corrosion resistance of the film. The optimization of heat treatment after sputtering is important in this method.
Celem badań jest zwiększenie odporności na korozję stopu magnezu AZ91 poprzez naniesienie na jego powierzchnię warstwy glinu metodą rozpylania jonowego. Na podstawie pomiarów krzywej polaryzacji, oszacowano szybkości korozji metodą ekstrapolacji Tafela. Obserwacje morfologiczne oraz badania składu chemicznego wykonano metodą SEM-EDS. Nie stwierdzono poprawy odporności na korozję stopu z powodu defektów obecnych w warstwie. Jak wykazały badania, obróbka cieplna napylonej warstwy w 553 K przez 3 godz. wpłynęła na poprawę odporności korozyjnej. Gdy obróbka cieplna prowadzona była w temperaturach 623 K i 673 K przez 3 godz., magnez dyfundował poprzez warstwę glinu aż do powierzchni warstwy. Z tego względu obróbka cieplna prowadzona w wysokiej temperaturze obniża odporność warstwy na korozję. Ważnym aspektem tej metody jest zatem optymalizacja procesu obróbki cieplnej warstwy po rozpylaniu.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2015, 60, 2A; 953-955
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The forming of magnesium alloy forgings for aircraft and automotive applications
Autorzy:
Dziubińska, A.
Gontarz, A.
Dziubiński, M.
Barszcz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/103291.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Inżynierów i Techników Mechaników Polskich
Tematy:
magnesium alloy
forging
aircraft applications
automative applications
metal forming
experimental tests
Opis:
The paper presents the theoretical and technological aspects of forming magnesium alloy parts for aircraft and automotive applications. The main applications of magnesium alloys in the aircraft and automotive industries are discussed. In addition, the forging technology for magnesium alloys is generally described, with a particular emphasis on wrought alloys. A brief outline of the state of the art in the forging of magnesium alloys is given based on a survey of the specialist literature and the results of previous research by the authors.
Źródło:
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal; 2016, 10, 31; 158-168
2299-8624
Pojawia się w:
Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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