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Tytuł:
Zastosowanie analizy korespondencji do klasyfikacji materiałów z późnej epoki brązu na przykładzie obiektów funeralnych z Polski południowo-wschodniej
Application of the correspondence analysis to the classification of materials from the later bronze age on the example of funeral inventory from south-east Poland
Autorzy:
Rajpold, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023723.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-15
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
correspondence analysis
periodization
Nadsan stylistics
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
funeral archeology
statistics
Opis:
It is truism to say that for an archaeologist the question of chronology is particularly important. In relation to Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture, this topic was frequently raised, which in the case of its early and late stages gave satisfactory results. There are numerous determinants of these phases, and they can also be divided into smaller periodical stages. The dynamics of change is well understood. However,p hase II is far more problematic. Basically, it is represented by one type of vessel. In addition, the 150–200 year phase is very compact in terms of inventory and it is almost impossible to identify older or younger materials. The problem of its decline also needs to be emphasized, where when treated through the prism of the San River style as it usually is, it should be prolonged to HaD. The author, using the correspondence board, tries to indicate materials which can be related to the older and younger episode of the second phase of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture.
Źródło:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2020, 25; 209-245
0239-8524
2450-5846
Pojawia się w:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Z badań nad znaleziskami brązowych sierpów z guzkiem na Lubelszczyźnie i na terenach ościennych
Research on finds of bronze sickles with a knob in the Lublin region and neighboring areas
Autorzy:
Kłosińska, Elżbieta M.
Orzeł, Jolanta
Sadowski, Sylwester
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567497.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
sickles
Bronze Age
Lusatian culture
south-eastern Lublin region
Opis:
The subject of the article is the selection of finds of knob-sickles, recently uncovered in the south-eastern border of the Lublin region. The sickles come from the Middle and Younger Bronze Age, and their provenance can be linked with the territories on the Dniester River. Sickles are multifunctional tools. They were used as harvesting tools, commodity money, a source of bronze raw material, and cult accessories.
Źródło:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2017, 38; 49-72
0137-5725
Pojawia się w:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wyniki ratowniczych badań przeprowadzonych na wielokulturowym stanowisku w Łowcach, stan. 17, gm. Chłopice, pow. jarosławski
Results of rescue excavations carried out at the multicultural site in Łowce, site 17, Chłopice commune, Jarosław district
Autorzy:
Głowacz, Michał
Szpila, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567539.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
settlement
late Bronze Age
early Iron Age
Funnel Beaker culture
Mierzanowice culture
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
Opis:
The article presents the results of rescue excavations carried out in August 2018, at the archaeological site Łowce 17. The site is located on the extreme promontory of the loess lobe, extending at an altitude of 210m above sea level, near the riverbed of the Łęg Rokietnicki River. The value of this place has been confirmed several times by surface surveys, which provided the evidence of artefacts from the Neolithic period, Bronze Age, Roman influence and Early Middle Ages. In the course of excavations, an area of one are was examined. After removing the surface layer, an accumulation layer was recorded at the level of 40 cm, with numerous Neolithic and Bronze Age materials, together with an iron artefact. Below, at a level of about 50 cm, a layer of yellow loess was uncovered, in which features of the Mierzanowice culture, the Tarnobrzeg Łużycka culture and features of unknown chronology were recorded. In total, 20 features of an economic nature were registered, containing ceramic, flint and stone artefacts in their fills, as well as burnt daub and animal bones were noted. Moreover, secondary deposited material was observed in some features. In the next stage of research, the obtained materials were analyzed, which were mainly represented by pottery vessels. The research included the analysis in terms of technology, morphology and ornamentation, based on macroscopic characteristics. As a result of these observations, an attempt was made to determine the relative chronology, distinguishing the ceramics of the Funnel Beaker culture, the Globular Amphora culture, the Mierzanowice culture, the Trzciniec culture and the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. The assessment of the cultural affiliation of flint materials was difficult due to the uncharacteristic forms or lack of context. With reference to artefacts coming from the accumulation layer, a miniature axe/chisel made of Volyn flint was found, which can be attributed to the activities of the TRB and an iron axe/adze with undetermined chronology. As a result of the research, it was possible to confirm the high importance of site No. 17 in Łowce, which was a settlement enclave from the Middle Neolithic period to the Early Middle Ages. The studied area was part of the settlement of the Mierzanowice culture and Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Certainly the following years of research will provide a lot of valuable information about the settlement of these communities and the importance of the region.
Źródło:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2019, 40; 255-278
0137-5725
Pojawia się w:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wyniki badań archeologicznych przeprowadzonych w 2013 r. na wielokulturowej osadzie na stanowisku 20 w Bninie, gm. Kórnik, woj. wielkopolskie
Results of archeological field survey conducted in 2013 in a multicultural settlement on site 20 in Bnin, commune Kórnik, the Wielkopolskie Voivodeship
Autorzy:
Pawlak, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896837.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
settlement
the Neolithic period
the Lusatian culture
the Przeworsk culture
early Middle Ages
the Modern period
Opis:
The article presents the results of archaeological field survey carried out by the Archaeological – Conservator’s Studio Alina Jaszewska on site 20 in Bnin in 2013. In the area with the width of 65 m, length: 75 m 60 features were uncovered related to population settlement of the Lusatian Culture (45), the Przeworsk culture (5) and from the early Middle Ages (10) and the modern times (2). The oldest phase of inhabiting this land alls in the Neolithic period, which links only single pieces of ceramics. The next, dated to the 5th EB and HaC, contains most numerous features forming a compact utility zone of the settlement and a set of 342 fragments of dishes. Late Roman period is the period of the residential feature and several utility buildings open in dispersion and 104 pieces of dishes. With regard to the early Middle Ages two phases are distinguished: older, connecting at least 5 features in a period from the 2nd half of the 7th –1 half of the 8th century, earlier to the 2nd half of the 8th century and 1st half of the 9th century. Dating an early medieval settlement uses the 14C analysis.
Źródło:
Raport; 2014, 9; 241-291
2300-0511
Pojawia się w:
Raport
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wielokulturowe stanowisko w Wysokiej, stan. 1, pow. łańcucki – wyniki badań sondażowych z 1995 roku (analiza obiektów nieruchomych i źródeł ceramicznych)
Multicultural site in Wysoka, site 1, Łańcut District – results of trial excavations from 1995 (an analysis of immovable finds and ceramic artefacts)
Autorzy:
Adamik-Proksa, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/3144898.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-08-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
Bronze Age
Mierzanowice culture
Trzciniec culture
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
settlement archeology
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present and analyse immovable finds and ceramic materials of the Mierzanowice, Trzicniec and Tarnobrzeg Lusatian cultures collected from site No. 1 in Wysoka, coming from trial excavations carried out in 1995. The uncovered ceramics indicate typical characteristics of the late phase of the Mierzanowice culture, the classical stage of development of the Trzciniec culture and the oldest phase of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Research results in Wysoka, site 1 has also provided very important data on the specificity of settlement in the area of the Rzeszów Foothills.
Źródło:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2022, 43; 29-72
0137-5725
Pojawia się w:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wielokulturowa osada w Litwinkach, stan. III (AZP 32–60/4), gm. Nidzica, pow. nidzicki, woj. warmińsko-mazurskie (badania 2014–2016)
Multicultural settlement in Litwinki, site III (AZP 32-60/4), Nidzica commune, Nidzica district, Warmińsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship (research 2014-2016).
Autorzy:
Rogalski, Bartłomiej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/896877.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Narodowy Instytut Dziedzictwa
Tematy:
Przeworsk culture
Warmia
Jastorf culture
Lusatian culture
multicultural settlement
Opis:
In the years 2014-2016, in connection with the construction of the S 7 expressway, the area of 1,021.51 ares (102,151 sq. m.) of the site was examined. Remains of settlements: of the Lusatian culture from the turn of the Bronze and the Iron Age; of the Przeworsk culture - the A2-A3 phases of earlier pre-Roman period; of the B2-C2 phases of the Wielbark culture were unearthed, as well as traces of habitation from the late Middle Ages and from the modern period. The most numerous and the most interesting were the objects of the Przeworsk culture, including 10 wells, and pottery with the features of the tradition of the Jastorf culture.
Źródło:
Raport; 2018, 13; 39-84
2300-0511
Pojawia się w:
Raport
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Transformacja ciała ludzkiego jako wyraz świadomości i istnienia duchowości w kulturze łużyckiej
The transformation of the human body as an expression of the existence of consciousness and spirituality in the Lusatian Culture
Autorzy:
Żychlińska, Justyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440773.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Muzeum Narodowe w Szczecinie
Tematy:
archeologia
transformacja
ciało ludzkie
dusza
kultura łużycka
archaeology
transformation
human body
soul
Lusatian Culture
Opis:
Abstract: The human body and its theoretical possibilities of change or transformation have not yet been discussed in publications. Assuming that the source of information about a person can both be their remains and iconography, this article attempts to approach this issue based on two sources: a graphical representation of the object that could be used to transform the human body - i.e. a wand and the narrative scene representing the transformation. On the vessel from Smuszewo, Wągrowiec district, there is the figure of a man holding a wand in his right hand. He is surrounded by many small holes - it is highly probable that they are a graphical representation of the human transformation when touching the wand (Fig. 1B). For the Nadziejewo vessel, Środa Wielkopolska district, Greater Poland Voivodeship, another interpretation is proposed other than the published one (Mikłaszewska-Balcer 1973, Fig. 1). This interpretation assumes that the first person is the man responsible for the ritual of body change, and on right the ritual wand is depicted. Other figures visible on the left side of the picture show the transformation of the body - at the beginning the change is in the legs (from none to three), and at the end the evident transformation of the entire body. What is the most important is that the last of the three figures are connected by a line of holes which emphasis the most important stage of transformation, i.e. obtaining a new state (Fig. 1A). The scene was explained as a graphical presentation of the transition of the human body to the world of the sacrum. This is further evidence and support for including the Lusatian Culture into the orbit of a pan-European system of a mythological axial era. One of the characteristics of this sphere was a focus on the world of values, which were needed to protect against negative external factors, and was realised inter alia through magical acts.
Źródło:
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie; 2015, 11; 33-44
0076-5236
Pojawia się w:
Materiały Zachodniopomorskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Younger Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age in Chełmno land in the light of the evaluation of selected finds of metal products
Młodsza epoka brązu i początki epoki żelaza na ziemi chełmińskiej w świetle oceny wybranych znalezisk wyrobów metalowych
Autorzy:
Gackowski, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/497967.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
bronze and iron products
Younger Bronze Age
Early Iron Age
Chełmno land
Lusatian culture
Źródło:
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia; 2016, 11; 165-208
2084-4409
Pojawia się w:
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The size and structure of Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture population
Autorzy:
Czopek, Sylwester
Trybała-Zawiślak, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/3143093.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-08-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture
Bronze Age
Early Iron Age
anthropological analysis
microstructures
cemeteries
mesoregions settlement
paleodemography
Opis:
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture is a cultural unit distinguished in south-eastern Poland, spanning from the middle Bronze Age to the early Iron Age (and thus roughly from the 14th/13th to the 5th/4th century BC). One of its most characteristic features are large crematory cemeteries (the largest consisting of more than a thousand tombs), utilized for many centuries. For many of them, apart from standard archaeological information, we also possess anthropological analysis, perfect for demographic considerations. One can specify the size and structure of the population which used the cemetery, as well as study the dynamics of changes in the course of a long period of burying the dead in the same place. Such an analysis in the form of social microstructure research is the basis of inference at a higher level, including mesoregions settlement, characterized by a network of co-occurring cemeteries and accompanying settlements. The sum of these observations, in turn, allows us to estimate the number of people living in the territory assigned to Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. At each level of inference in terms of population size, a crucial role is played by possibly the most accurate and precise estimation of time of cemetery usage or the presence of settlements in the analyzed region.
Źródło:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2022, 43; 125-133
0137-5725
Pojawia się w:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Kroczycka Cave – the history of research in the light of the most recent interpretations
Jaskinia Kroczycka – historia badań w świetle najnowszych interpretacji
Autorzy:
Jędrysik, Joanna
Wagner, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1396859.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
Tematy:
Kraków-Częstochowa Upland
cave
mortuary practice
Kroczycka Cave
Lusatian culture
Early Migrations Period
Opis:
The Kroczycka Cave is an archaeological site located in southern Poland, in the Krakow-Czestochowa Upland. The history of exploration of the site began in 1936, when miners found forty skeletons inside the cave. The discoverers also found artefacts dating back to the Early Migrations Period and pottery connected with late phases of the Lusatian culture. However, the Kroczycka Cave has not been investigated on a larger scale so far, which results in hitherto discoveries bringing more questions than answers. It is important to emphasise that this is the first paper to present the full history of studies on the Kroczycka Cave in the light of recent interpretations. The paper also brings the analysis of the episodes of Late Holocene occupation both inside the cave and in the plateau in front of the entrance, followed by the discussion of several possible interpretations based on the location of the site and the distribution of artefacts discovered there over the 20th and 21th century. Furthermore, the study presents the geographical and environmental context of the site, as well as a range of analogies from other cave sites in Europe. It is concluded that the lack of precise analogy makes determining the function of the Kroczycka Cave itself and its surroundings very difficult. The present paper provides a basis for further investigations.
W roku 1936 w jednej z krasowych jaskiń na północy Wyżyny Krakowsko-Częstochowskiej lokalni poszukiwacze kalcytu odkryli około 40 ludzkich szkieletów – miejsce to zostało nazwane przez archeologów Jaskinią Żurowskiego, a później Jaskinią Kroczycką. Liczne zabytki metalowe, szklane i ceramiczne, które pozyskane zostały ze stanowiska, związane są z wczesną fazą okresu wędrówek ludów, ponadto znaczną część fragmentów naczyń łączyć należy z późną fazą kultury łużyckiej. Nigdy na większą skalę nie badano tego stanowiska, a artykuł ten jest w zasadzie podsumowaniem osiemdziesięcioletniej historii poszukiwań na tym stanowisku w świetle najnowszych badań i interpretacji. Wskazując na wybrane przykłady późno-holoceńskiego wykorzystania stanowisk jaskiniowych na terenie całej Europy, próbujemy dokonać analizy śladów osadnictwa odkrytych na plateau przed otworem wejściowym i we wnętrzu Jaskini Kroczyckiej. Ważnym elementem naszych rozważań jest także kontekst geograficzny i środowiskowy, w którym osadzone jest stanowisko i pobliskie punkty osadnicze. Po raz pierwszy też dokładnie przyglądamy się różnym kategoriom zabytków. Studium przypadku przedstawione w niniejszym artykule ukazuje za równo praktyczne, jak i symboliczne funkcje podziemnych struktur skalnych, lecz nie pozwala jednoznacznie odpowiedzieć na pytanie: jaką rolę pełniła Jaskinia Kroczycka? Prezentowany tekst posiada charakter przyczynkowy i jedynie nieznacznie dotyka problemów interpretacji jurajskich stanowisk jaskiniowych użytkowanych w młodszych okresach prahistorii.
Źródło:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2015, 7; 37-60
0137-3285
Pojawia się w:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The biritual cemetery of the Bronze Age from Opatów site 1,Kłobuck distr., Śląskie voiv. – the study of the funeral customs
Birytualne cmentarzysko z epoki brązu w Opatowie stan. 1, pow. kłobucki, woj. śląskie – studium obrządku pogrzebowego
Autorzy:
Szczepanek, Anita
Jarosz, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/498150.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
Bronze Age
Lusatian Culture
birytual cemetery
Opatów
funeral customs
Opis:
The excavations on the cemetery were conducted in the years 1938–2007. There was uncovered 1504 graves, 900 are of the Przeworsk culture and others from II–V period of the Bronze Age and Halsztadt C/D. The typical feature of the burial rite on this cemetery as well as others necropolises of the Górnośląsko-Małopolska Group of the Lusatian Culture is occurrence contemporaries crematory and skeletal burials side by side. The cremation graves dominated only 20% were skeleton burials. Most grave are connected with IV and V period of the Bronze Age only 15% are earlier (II and III period). The basic aim of the present study was to determine interrelations between the type of burial furnishings as well as sex and age of the buried individuals. One only can state that furnishings in grave were probably connected with social position of the dead. Possibly other rules were practiced in infants graves because part of them were richly equipped.
Źródło:
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia; 2013, 8; 25-48
2084-4409
Pojawia się w:
Analecta Archaeologica Ressoviensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Szpile w tarnobrzeskiej kulturze łużyckiej. Przyczynek do badań nad ich związkiem z wiekiem i płcią oraz rozważania na temat pojawienia się żelaza
Pins in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. A contribution to the study of their relationship with an age and gender and consideration of the appearance of iron
Autorzy:
Rajpold, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/567533.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Instytut Archeologii Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego. Muzeum Okręgowe w Rzeszowie
Tematy:
Bronze Age
Early Iron Age
Tarnobrzeg Lusatian Culture
pins
settlement archaeology
metallurgy
Opis:
The purpose of the text below is an attempt to present changes in the distribution of bronze and iron pins in the area occupied by the population of the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture. Based on these changes, an issue of iron will be investigated. Pins are the only objects in the Tarnobrzeg Lusatian culture TLC, which were made on a larger scale from both bronze and iron. Therefore, considering this issue in terms of settlement archaeology, as well as a view at its cultural conditions, it may provide interesting information about the changes introduced by the appearance of iron. In the course of the research the division of pins into individual subgroups was made and the relationship between the type of these pins together with their size in the light of age and gender of the deceased was analyzed. The article will discuss both the issues of changes that were caused by the appearance of iron, and the relationship of the pins with age and the gender of their users.
Źródło:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego; 2017, 38; 73-100
0137-5725
Pojawia się w:
Materiały i Sprawozdania Rzeszowskiego Ośrodka Archeologicznego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studies on the Lusatian culture settlement and animal husbandry on site 1 at Zagórzyce, Kazimierza Wielka district, based on the materials from seasons 2001–2003
Autorzy:
Gocman, Ulana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442439.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
Tematy:
Lusatian culture
Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age
animal husbandry
Opis:
The paper presents the Lusatian culture materials recovered during the first three excavation seasons on site 1 at Zagórzyce, Kazimierza Wielka district. The discovered artefacts (pottery shards) may be connected particulary with the end of the Late Bronze Age and the beginning of the Iron Age (Bronze Age Period V and HaC phase). The collected bone remains were analysed archaeozoologically, which allowed for conclusions to be drawn on the model of animal husbandry. An analysis of the species composition showed that the predominant dietary components were cattle and small ruminants, followed by pigs. Such a herd composition suggests a economy based on herding cattle and small ruminants. Due to the small number of collected bone remains it seems that additional research needs to be conducted, using materials from the remaining excavation seasons.
Źródło:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2011, 3; 227-240
0137-3285
Pojawia się w:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Siekierki tulejkowate z łukowato facetowanymi bokami z dorzecza środkowej Wisły
Socketed Axes with Facetted Sides from the Middle Vistula Basin
Autorzy:
Orlińska, Grażyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048826.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-31
Wydawca:
Państwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne w Warszawie
Tematy:
epoka brązu
kultura łużycka
nordyjski krąg kulturowy
metalurgia brązu
facetowanie
siekierka
skarb
znalezisko pojedyncze
Bronze Age
Lusatian Culture
Nordic Circle
metallurgy of bronze
canting
axe
hoard
stray funds
Opis:
The article discusses six characteristic bronze axes whose sides are covered with six symmetrically-arranged arcuate planes. Two axes – from Gole, Grodzisk Maz. County (Fig. 2:b, 3:b), and Rogowo, Toruń County (Fig. 16), come from hoards, the others – from Drohiczyn, Siemiatycze County (Fig. 11, 12:a), Masłomęcz, Hrubieszów County (Fig. 12:b), Pobyłkowo, Pułtusk County (Fig. 13–15), and Wilamowice, Płońsk County (Fig. 8, 9), were stray finds. In Gole, in addition to the facetted axe, a second socketed axe of a different type was also found (Fig. 2:a, 3:a). The axes in question, except for the assemblage from Gole, have already been published, with divergent views presented on their provenance. The axes from Gole and Wilamowice were cast from tin bronzes of varying composition (Table 1). They were cast utilising reusable cores, almost cylindrical in shape in the case of Gole, axe no. 1 (Fig. 5:a), and conical in the case of facetted axes from Gole, Wilamowice and Masłomęcz (Fig. 5:b.c). The axes are usually carefully finished (Fig. 4:c–f, 7, 10:a.e); only the specimen from Pobyłkowo presented an unremoved fragment of a sprue on the edge of the socket. Certain use-wear was observed on two specimens only – from Wilamowice and Masłomęcz (Fig. 8, 9, 10:g–i, 12:b). J. Kostrzewski (1964, 20, 32, 54, map VII) associated the axes from Drohiczyn and Pobyłkowo with the Eastern Balt circle and dated them to the Early Iron Age. J. Kuśnierz (1998, 84–85) considered them (as well as the specimens from Wilamowice and Rogowo) to be similar to Balt forms of the Littausdorf type and attributed them to Bronze Age V. J. Dąbrowski (1997, 500) deemed that they are related to Lusatian Culture axes (without specifying their chronology). According to him (J. Dabrowski 197, 48), the specimen from Wilamowice, representing the first variant of the so-called Lusatian axes from Bronze Age IV and V, is an import from the south. Due to its general formal similarity, the axe from Masłomęcz is linked with the ‘Lusatian’ types of Kowalewko and Wielichowo, and due to its facetted sides, with the Balt metallurgical centre (M.E. Kłosińska 2006, 310). Facetted axes do not form a uniform group. The four larger specimens, measuring from 13.4 to 13.9 cm in length (Fig. 2:b, 3:b, 8, 9, 14–16), differ in shape and convexity of the cutting edge. All four axes have a vertical midrib, thickened, elevated side edges, longitudinal recesses located on both sides of the midrib, and a prominent, biconical moulding around the edge of the socket, which can be round (Fig. 14) or almost quadrilateral (Fig. 3:b, 9, 10:f). The smaller axes, about 11.0 cm long and with spade-like blades (Fig. 12), differ from each other in a number of details. The specimen from Drohiczyn (Fig. 12:a), with a cylindrical ridge around the mouth of the socket round in cross-section, topped with a vertical collar, has a vertical rib and prominent side edges (Fig. 11, 12:a) like the large facetted axes. On the faces of the Masłomęcz axe, there are wide, curved recesses, separated by a Y-shaped ridge; the ridge of the quadrilateral socket is strongly thickened (Fig. 12:b). In terms of formal features, facetted axes correspond to the oldest socketed axes of the Lusatian Culture. Such specimens, classified as the Kowalewko (length of 12–15 cm) and Wielichowo (length of 9.0 cm on average) types according to J. Kuśnierz (1998, 28, 31), were manufactured at the end of Bronze Age IV at the so-called Oder metallurgical centre. Facetted axes form a peculiar group of objects, characterised by strongly defined midribs and edges, and sometimes also by decorations on the faces (Fig. 2:b, 3:b, 8, 9, 16). According to information provided by the finder, the place where the axes from Gole were discovered is located within the former riverbed of the Pisia Tuczna River, currently not visible in the terrain (Fig. 1). Axe 1 from this assemblage represents forms of Middle Danube origin, with a straight socket mouth of variant B in J. Kuśnierz’s classification, dating north of the Carpathians from HaA1 to the late Bronze Age (J. Kuśnierz 1998, 15–16; J. Orlicka-Jasnoch 2019, 29–30). Most of the formal features of axe 2 (Fig. 2:a, 3:a) are consistent with the Kowalewko type of variant B (J. Kuśnierz 1998, 28), according to the definition – ‘with one rib’ in the middle and bent, thickened edges (axes ‘with several ribs’ are characterised by the presence of short, vertical ridges). It differs thanks to its slenderness, strongly expanded and convex blade and multi-layered ornamentation consisting of incisions, grooves and stamped points (Fig. 6). In proportions, it resembles the forms of the Nordic Culture: flanged axes or palstaves with a socket at the top (Rand- und »Absatzbeile« mit oberständiger Tülle in the classification of E. Aner [1962, 173–178, fig. 4:2.3]) from Bronze Age II, and similarly dated battle/ceremonial palstaves (nordische Streitbeile/Prachtbeile of type B after A. Oldeberg [1974, e.g. no. 194, 255, 406; 1976, 3]), especially the socketed forms (nach Art »nordischer Streitbeile« by E. Aner [1962, 180–186, fig. 6:1.2, 7:2b, 8:2b]) from the younger stage of Bronze Age II, which were often additionally decorated. The motif of three engraved, nested angles, located on the upper part of the Gole axe, occurs quite often at the base of the blade of nordischer Streitbeile, which were sometimes also ornamented with incisions and stamped points (e.g. K. Kersten 1958, pl. 21:270.272, 29:332). The assemblage from Gole, as well as the treasures from Pławowice, Proszowice County and Podłęże, Wieliczka County, also consisting of axes of Middle Danube origin with a straight socket mouth of variant B and local specimens of the Kowalewko type, falls within HaB1, i.e. the final stage of Bronze Age IV (cf. W. Blajer 2013, 31–32). The hoard from Rogowo is dated to HaB1 – apart from the facetted specimen with features of the Kowalewko type of variant B, adorned with three nested V-shaped ribs on the midrib and a knob below the socket mouth (Fig. 16) – consists of a hexagonal axe (Wesseling form) of Nordic provenance and a spearhead with a ribbed blade that has analogies in the Carpathian Basin (W. Blajer 2013, 36–37, 48, 152–153, pl. 76:4–6). Analogies to the Rogowo axe, apart from the almost identical specimen from Wilamowice (Fig. 8, 9, 10:b.c), can be found in five specimens decorated with V-shaped ribs, but with smooth lateral sides, from the hoard from Nowa Górna, Warszawa West County (unpubl., collections of the State Archaeological Museum in Warsaw and the City Museum of Zgierz). Significant similarity between specimens from Rogowo and Wilamowice (Fig. 8, 9, 16) indicates that they were made at a similar time. The repetitiveness of axes decorated with V-shaped ribs and their concentration in a relatively small area near the Vistula River (Fig. 17) allows considering them as objects of local provenance, which may have come from workshops operating outside the Oder metallurgical centre; so far, no axes decorated with arcuate facets and V-shaped ribs are known from the western part of the area covered by the Lusatian Culture settlement. The axe from Pobyłkowo (Fig. 15) resembles the smaller specimen from Drohiczyn in proportions and placement of the loop (Fig. 12:a). Similar, slightly lowered loop placement is rarely encountered in the examples of the Kowalewko type; it is more common in the Wielichowo type forms (cf. J. Kuśnierz 1998, pl. 8:117.127, 9:132.137.141, 10:149.151–154.156). The axes from Drohiczyn and Masłomęcz (Fig. 12) correspond in length (11.0 cm) to some of the largest specimens of the Wielichowo type. The axe from Drohiczyn (Fig. 12:a), similar to the large facetted specimens, represents a form with one rib and prominent lateral edges. Socket mouths as the one in the Drohiczyn example – cylindrical with a low vertical collar – can be found in the Czarków and Kotowo type axes, occurring mainly in Bronze Age V (cf. W. Blajer 2013, 35–36). The Masłomęcz specimen differs from other facetted axes in deep, curved recesses separated with a Y-shaped ridge, and non-thickened edges (Fig. 12:b). Such recesses were commonly placed on the blades of norddeutcher Arbeitsbeile of the Oldeberg A group, i.e. palstaves of the Kappeln type, occurring in the Nordic zone, especially from the second half of Bronze Age II to the beginning of Bronze Age III (e.g. K. Kibbert 1980, 212, pl. 32:483–485, 33, 34). They were to play a significant role in the development, already in the second half of Bronze Age II, of socketed looped axes nach Art »norddeutscher Arbeitsbeile«, which possessed analogous indentations (E. Aner 1962, 187–200, e.g. fig. 9, 10:1–3a, 12). The arrangement of recesses and the vertical ridge that separates them, found on the above mentioned Nordic axes, corresponds to the arrangement of indentations and the single vertical rib on early Lusatian axes, including facetted examples (Fig. 2:b, 3:b, 8, 9, 11, 12:a, 13–16). Thus, if the vertical rib is considered to be what remains of a stop-ridge formed on flanged axes and palstaves (cf. E. Sprockhoff 1956a, 87), then the recesses may serve as a model for the concavities on specimens of the Kowalewko and Wielichowo types. The edges, although not thickened in palstaves (and the Masłomęcz axe), were in fact emphasised by the adjoining recesses; in the literature they are described as pseudo-flanges or strongly defined edges (E. Sprockhoff 1950, 95; M. Kaczmarek 2012, 198). On axes of the Lusatian Culture, where the recesses were shallower than on the earlier forms, the edges were emphasised by thickening them. Therefore, it seems likely that the idea of placing one rib on the Lusatian Culture axes may originate in the tradition of the Nordic cultural circle. As local bronze manufacturing developed, axes with one rib were supplanted as early as Bronze Age V by the most numerous local types of Czarków and Przedmieście with several vertical ribs, which were easier to make and reproduce. This theory seems to explain the diversity of the early Lusatian Culture axes, which has already been highlighted many times in the literature (e.g. E. Sprockhoff 1950, 93; E. Baudou 1960, 25). The practice of covering the sides of axes with arcuate facets also originates from the Nordic cultural circle. Flanged axes and axes of Kappeln type were already adorned in this manner (see e.g. A. Oldeberg 1974, no. 93, 624a, 738, 939), as well as socketed axes nach Art »norddeutscher Arbeitsbeile« (e.g. E. Aner 1962, fig. 9, 10:2.3a, 13:2a), to which the Masłomęcz specimen bears a resemblance in the shape of its faces. The demonstrated connections to the Nordic cultural circle seem to confirm the distribution of finds of facetted axes along the final section of a route which, from the Early Bronze Age to the Hallstatt Period, ran from north-western Europe along the Lower and Middle Oder, further along the Warta River through the Gniezno Lakeland to Kuyavia, then along the Vistula and Bug River to the south (Fig. 17; cf. J. Żychlińska 2008, 156; J. Affelski 2011, 165). Before the assemblages from Gole and Nowa Górna (the locations of both hoards, provided by the finders and fully corresponding to the distribution of facetted axes, are considered reliable) were discovered, there had been no known hoards from the end of Bronze Age IV from the area of Mazovia, Kuyavia and central and south-eastern Poland. New finds from the area of western Mazovia shed new light on the distribution of hoards in Poland at the end of the 11th and beginning of the 10th century BCE.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne; 2020, LXXI, 71; 189-216
0043-5082
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Archeologiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rescue excavations at site 1 in Witów, Proszowice district. Seasons 2004 – 2006
Autorzy:
Gawlik, Anna
Godlewski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442388.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
Tematy:
Witów
excavations 2004-2006
Lusatian culture
fortifications
early Medieval cemetery
Opis:
Excavations at site 1 in Witów, in the years 2004 – 2006, were a continuation of rescue excavations started in 2002. Excavations covered three areas most likely to be destroyed. At the foot of the promontory (trench 1) a sequence of cultural strata dating from the Neolithic (Funnel Beaker culture) through the Bronze Age (Lusatian culture) until the Roman period was unveiled. In trench 2 excavation works were continued on the remains of fortifications (embankment with elements of wooden structures) connected with the Lusatian culture. Within the trench no. 3 next settlement features of the Lusatian culture and early Medieval skeletal graves were discovered. The most interesting discoveries in the reporting period include the Lusatian burials in trapezium-like pits, unearthed in the trench no. 3. Due to its equipment (including ceramics of the “knob” style) and 14C dating, they should be tied with the origins of the Lusatian culture. Other interesting findings were also silver coins (denarii) from a Medieval cemetery. Research in seasons 2004 - 2006 proved most of the conclusions reached in previous seasons: the multicultural nature of the site, high intensity of the Lusatian culture settlement, and the presence of fortifications of this culture.
Źródło:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2009, 1; 83-99
0137-3285
Pojawia się w:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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