Temat: Kontrola społeczna - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Znaczenie jawności umów w procesie społecznego kontrolowania systemu zamówień publicznych
The meaning of contracts transparency for the process of social control over the public procurement system
Autorzy:: Tomaszewska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2031367.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-07-31
Wydawca:: Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne
Tematy:: jawność
dostęp
zamówienia publiczne
kontrola społeczna
publicity
access
public procurement
social control
Opis:: Jawność stanowi jedną z zasad zamówień publicznych. Jej realizacja umożliwia zainteresowanym dokonywanie czynności sprawdzających w ramach tzw. społecznego kontrolowania. Sprowadza się do realizacji obowiązków publikacyjno-informacyjnych podmiotu zamawiającego, obejmuje również dostęp do dokumentacji postępowania, w tym protokołu oraz umowy o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego. Określeniu zasad udostępnienia zawartości umowy oraz jej znaczenia w ramach społecznego kontrolowania jest poświęcone niniejsze opracowanie.
Transparency is one of the major rules in the public auctions. Its presence enables the concerned to perform supervising actions as part of social control. It consists in fulfilling publishing and information duties of an ordering entity and also encompasses availability of the tender documents, including a protocol and a public procurement contract. This paper is aimed at establishing the rules of making the contents of contract available and its meaning in the scope of social controlling.
Źródło:: Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego; 2021, 7; 19-27
0137-5490
Pojawia się w:: Przegląd Ustawodawstwa Gospodarczego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Zarządzanie w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego w warunkach społecznej partycypacji w realizacji zadań publicznych
Management in local public organizations in the conditions of social participation in implementation of public tasks
Autorzy:: Dobrowolski, Z.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/348143.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2014
Wydawca:: Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
Tematy:: samorząd terytorialny
partycypacyjne zarządzanie publiczne
zarządzanie zaufaniem
kontrola społeczna
local government
participatory public management
trust management
social control
Opis:: Rezultatami zarządzania w jednostkach samorządu terytorialnego powinny być: wysoki standard realizacji zadań publicznych i jednocześnie umacnianie zasad demokracji obywatelskiej. Z perspektywy zarządzania publicznego w warunkach społecznej partycypacji w realizacji zadań publicznych istotnego znaczenia nabiera zasada kreowania zaufania publicznego, nie tylko po-przez zapewnienie dostępności i rzetelności, ale także zrozumiałości informacji. Budowaniu zaufania służy także wspieranie kontroli społecznej przez jednostki samorządu terytorialnego.
Nowadays public tasks are implemented not only by public organizations but also by non-governmental actors, including public-private partnerships. Under such conditions, the proper execution of tasks by local public organizations, which includes among other things gathering resources, requires cooperation and coordination of different activities with other stakeholders. It should enable the achievement of organizational needs at the right time and the better achievement of objectives. The result of the management of local public organizations should ensure a high standard of public tasks performed in the public interest and at the same time enhance the principles of democracy. Based on literature studies and research work, this article is to determine the principles of public management in the conditions of social participation in the implementation of public tasks. The author claims that creating public trust is crucial from the perspective of participatory governance. It can be achieved not only by ensuring the availability and reliability, but also the clarity of information. Supporting the development of social control, public organizations also create public trust. Trust should be included in both the sine qua non condition of action, as well as the results of operations. The level of stakeholder confidence to the local public organization should be considered as an assessment of organizational reputation, which becomes its value, and strengthens the position of the organization in its changing environment.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki; 2014, 1; 180-191
1731-8157
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Współczesne oblicza anomii
The contemporary faces of anomy
Autorzy:: Wrzesień, Witold
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/693878.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:: anomy
social control
socialisation
anomia
kontrola społeczna
socjalizacja
Opis:: In recent years, the multi-dimensional and multi-layered social change has become not so much a temporary, but constant state. The process of decomposition of the existing normative regulations and patterns of behaviour is clearly ahead of the construction of their new stable and enduring forms. The social world has now found itself in a permanent state of anomy, not always easily discernible either by the participants of various social spaces or external observers. In the contemporary reality a normative deregulation has become the norm. This paper is an attempt to formulate an initial diagnosis of the changes outlined above. In the course of the analysis, the following perspective of three medium-range theories interconnected with one another have been used: the theory of socialisation, the social control theory and the theory of anomy.
W ostatnich latach wielopłaszczyznowa i wielowątkowa zmiana społeczna stała się stanem nie tyle przejściowym, ile ciągłym, a proces dekompozycji obowiązujących regulacji normatywnych i wzorów zachowań wyraźnie wyprzedza konstruowanie nowych stabilnych i trwałych ich form. Społeczny świat znalazł się stanie permanentnej anomii, nie zawsze łatwo dostrzegalnej, zarówno przez samych uczestników rozmaitych społecznych przestrzeni, jak i z zewnątrz, przez ich obserwatorów. W otaczającej nas współczesności normatywne rozregulowanie stało się normą. Niniejszy tekst stanowi próbę wstępnej diagnozy naszkicowanych powyżej przemian, a tok analizy podporządkowany zostanie perspektywie połączonych ze sobą trzech teorii średniego zasięgu: teorii socjalizacji, teorii kontroli społecznej i teorii anomii.
Źródło:: Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny; 2017, 79, 4; 285-304
0035-9629
2543-9170
Pojawia się w:: Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Wady i zalety dobrego obyczaju kontroli spolecznej
Advantages and disadvantages of good practice of civic control
Autorzy:: Fraczak, P
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/881049.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2009
Wydawca:: Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny. Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej w Rogowie
Tematy:: organizacje pozarzadowe
kontrola spoleczna
krytyka konstruktywna
korupcja
nepotyzm
Opis:: Tematem artykułu jest prezentacja idei społecznej kontroli administracji i różnych służb publicznych. Odpowiedź na pytanie: czy rzeczywiście kontrola społeczna to dobry obyczaj, czy też raczej utrudnienie w codziennej pracy urzędów i instytucji? Dlaczego i po co powinniśmy uznać wagę kontroli społecznej? Co zrobić, by wykorzystać kontrolę jako czynnik wspomagający jakość działań?
The article presents the idea of civic control over the administration and various public services providers. The author seeks the answer to the question: is civic control indeed a good custom or rather a burden in everyday work of offices and institutions? Why should we appreciate civic control? What should be done to utilize such control as the factor enhancing quality of public service?
Źródło:: Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej; 2009, 11, 1[20]; 46-53
1509-1414
Pojawia się w:: Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Uprawnienia kontrolne strony w ogólnym postępowaniu administracyjnym
Control permissions of a party in general administrative proceedings
Autorzy:: Rzepka, Michał
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2055533.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022-02-15
Wydawca:: Wyższa Szkoła Humanitas
Tematy:: kontrola społeczna
uprawnienia kontrolne
strona postępowania administracyjnego
social control
control permissions
party to administrative proceedings
Opis:: W artykule wyłoniono katalog uprawnień kontrolnych strony w ramach sprawowanej przez nią kontroli społecznej. W następstwie przeprowadzonych analiz omówiono dwa główne aspekty problematyczne – wpływ skorzystania z uprawnień na akt administracyjny wydany w postępowaniu administracyjnym oraz ich charakter w zakresie rzeczywistych czynności, jakie może wykonywać strona, i wynikających z tego ograniczeń.
The article presents a catalog of the party’s control permissions as part of its social control. As a result of the analyzes, two main problematic aspects were discussed - the impact of exercising the powers on the administrative act issued in administrative proceedings and their nature in terms of actual activities that a party may perform and the resulting restrictions.
Źródło:: Roczniki Administracji i Prawa; 2021, 3, XXI; 57-69
1644-9126
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Administracji i Prawa
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Udostępnianie informacji publicznej jako przejaw społecznego kontrolowania postępowania o udzielenie zamówienia publicznego
Providing public information as a manifestation of social control procedure for public procurement
Autorzy:: Tomaszewska, Katarzyna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/942386.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2017
Wydawca:: Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:: dostęp do informacji
ochrona interesu
kontrola społeczna
zamówienia publiczne
zasada jawności
Access to information
protection of interests
social control
public procurement
the principle of openness
Opis:: Wyrastający z powszechnego prawa do informacji dostęp do wiedzy publicznej stanowi podstawowe zagadnienie współczesnych czasów. Dostarcza zainteresowanym informacji o sprawach publicznych. Tworzy płaszczyznę komunikowania się jednostek oraz wspólnego decydowania o zagadnieniach istotnych dla nich samych oraz dla całego społeczeństwa. Na tej płaszczyźnie stanowi instytucję społecznego kontrolowania, która obejmuje swymi ramami także sferę udzielania zamówień publicznych. Określeniu prawnie gwarantowanych form i sposobów jego realizacji (realizacji dostępu do informacji publicznej, a tym samym i procesu kontrolowania) poświęcone jest niniejsze opracowanie.
The access to public knowledge, which is the result of the common right to information, is a fundamental issue of modern times. It provides interested parties with information about public affairs. It creates a place for communication and joint determination of issues that are relevant to society as a whole. On this level, it is an institution of social control, which includes the sphere of public procurement. This paper is devoted to determining legally guaranteed forms and methods of its implementation (realization of access to public information, and thus the control process).
Źródło:: Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego; 2017, 3 (37); 205-241
2082-1212
Pojawia się w:: Przegląd Prawa Konstytucyjnego
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: THE JUDGE AND THE RULE OF LAW
Sędzia wobec rządów prawa
Autorzy:: Forte, David F.
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2096564.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-07-30
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:: rule of law; judicial power; accountability.
rządy prawa; sądownictwo; kontrola społeczna.
Opis:: In the American system of justice, based on the common law method, the judge enjoys greater independence than do the judges in Civil Law systems. Independence of the judiciary is essential in a system of checks and balances where the more powerful elements of the legislature and the executive must be limited by legally enforced principles. At the same time, judicial independence is constrained within moral limits by a system of positive law rules that direct the judge to make reasoned judgments that he must justify by open opinions.
Sędzia w amerykańskim systemie common law cieszy się większym zakresem niezależności, niż sędziowie funkcjonujący w ramach kultury prawnej opartej na legislacji. Niezawisłość sądownictwa jest niezbędna w systemie opierającym się na mechanizmie równoważenia się władz. Równocześnie zaś, moralne ramy dla niezależności jaką cieszy się sędzia przy orzekaniu względem legislatywy lub egzekutywy tworzą unormowania wymagające, by wydany przezeń wyrok był uzasadniony w publicznie dostępnym wywodzie.
Źródło:: Zeszyty Prawnicze; 2020, 20, 2; 281-302
2353-8139
Pojawia się w:: Zeszyty Prawnicze
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Teoria kontroli społecznej w kryminologii
The Theory of Social Control in Criminology
Autorzy:: Kossowska, Anna
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699086.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1983
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: kontrola społeczna
teoria powstrzymywania
socjalizacja
więzi społeczne
kryminologia
containment theory
socialization
social control
social bonds
criminology
Opis:: "Social control" is one of thę most fundamental concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm. The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for. A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary. We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach. In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to. The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values. These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform. In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms. According to Reiss, criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles). Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control. The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs. In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group. Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's aspirations will be achieved. Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time). Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted. By and large Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs. A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work. According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions. To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society. On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.
"Social control" is one of thę most fundamental concepts in sociology. Nevertheless, the meaning of that term has changed, parallel with the development of sociology as an academic discipline. Originally, the idea of social control was the focal idea in studies of the organization and growth of industrial societies, and formed the basis of investigations of the various elements constituting law and order. Nowadays, the dominant trend is to narrow the meaning of the term „social control" to defining the process of conformism to the rules of society. It is this second meaning that is used in criminology today. There is a basic difference betwęen the theory of social control and other criminological theories. This difference consists in the fact that this theory, unlike other ones, tries to explain why people do not break the law, why they behave according to the rules of society, why they fall in with the group - in other words, why they are conformist in their attitude towards the rules and norms, as well as to the values generally accepted by society. The other theories try to find out what makes people go against the social norm. The basic principle of the theory of social control is the recognition that human beings must learn social behaviour through a process of socialisation. The aim of socialisation is to lead people to absorb the norms and values held in esteem by a given society. The process whereby the individual absorbs social norms and values depends mainly on the character of his links with the primary social groups, on the cohesion of the system of social norms, and on how far conformily with those norms will offer him the advantages he looks for. A survey of the criminological literature dealing with the question of the effect of social control on deviant behaviour reveals that several theoretical approaches exist, each of them emphasizing different elements of such control. These elements are: the social bonds, the system of norms and yalues and the course and results of socialisation. These three theoretical approaches are not mutually exclusive. They are undoubtedly complementary. We can distinguish three theoretical approaches to social control: a) the socialisation approach, b) the sociar bond approach, and c) the normative system approach. In the first of these approaches, attempts are made above all to explain how socialisation takes place, and what results it leads to. The chief representatives of this approach may be said to be W. Reckless, I. Nye, and A. Reiss. Recklessr is the author of the containment theory, in which he distinguishes the following elements of social control: We have outer containment when external pressure is exerted on the individualn by the group, or by society, in order to bring about behaviour approved by the group. This kind of pressure is exerted through training the individual to carry out socially approved roles, through his affiliation to tradition and the community in which he lives, and through direct control. We have inner containment when, through socialisation, the individual develops self-control, that is, what we sometimes call his conscience. Five elements developed in the course of socialisation go to make up inner containment: a favorable self-concept, goal orientation, a realistic,aspiration level, adequate frustration tolerance, and commitment to socially accepted norms and values. These two mechanisms - outer containment and inner containment - function either together or soparately. In some cases they reinforce each other, while in other cases they are complementary. On the whole, inner containment regulates behaviour based on a person's internal pressures whereas outer containment is used when factors in the environment favour criminal behaviour. But there are also frequent situations where, when inner containment fails, behaviour is modified by exteinal controlling factors; and conversely, it sometimes happens that in situations where control by the social group or social institutions is ineffective, self-control is the regulating mechanism. Nye is of the opinion that the role of social control in society is that it strengthens our motivation towards conformist behaviour. It is a factor that increases our conformism, whereas lack of it encourages anti-social behaviour. Nye sees four types of social control: Internal control occurs when, in the course of socialisation the individual Internalises the norms and values generally accepted in the given society, so that they become components of this conscience. Indirect control is based on the emotional links between the child and his parents which cause the child to absorb the rules of behaviour passed on by the parents in the course of socialisation. Direct control is exerted by the social institutions and primary groups; punishments are threatened in the case of nonconformist behaviour. Then we have legitimate need satisfaction, where society guarantees that the emotional needs of the individual will be met if he conforms, but threatens that these needs will not be satisfied if he does not conform. In his well-known paper on the connection between the breakdown of social control and the occurrence of criminal behaviour, A. Reiss3 declares that criminaIity may be defined as behaviour that is the consequence of the failure of personal control and social control, as regards the regulation of human behaviour in keeping with the social norms. According to Reiss, criminal behaviour occurs firstly, when there is a relative lack of internalised norms and rules that would keep behaviour conformist; secondly, when a control mechanism that previously functioned properly breaks down; and thirdly, when the group to which the individual belongs is such that the social principles for inculcating conformist behaviour are on the whole lacking, ( or when there is a split between these social principles). Criminality may be regarded as a function of the relationship between personal control and social control. The second approach to the theory of social control lays emphasis on the social bond. Hirschi is the chief exponent of this approach, according to which the bonds (taken in the wide sense) between the individual and other people are the fundamental instrument of social control. According to Hirschi, the social bond consists of four main elements: 1) personal, emotional links (attachment), 2) a rational commitment to conformist behaviour, along with expectations as to punishment and reward (commitment); 3) a degree of involvement which would leave no room for deviant behaviour (involvement), and 4) beliefs. In the case of personal attachment, the behaviour of the individual will depend on how sensitive he is to the opinions of others, on how far he reckons with their views. The people who matter here are the members of the primary groups to which the given individual belongs, the people whose opinion he respects, the people who will expext him to conform to the norms which they themselves recognize. According to Hirschi, the groups with whom bonds are all important are: the parents, the school, and the peer group. Commitment means that the person absorbs the life style of his environment. A strong commitment to conformist behaviour, with the aim of achieving the kind of goals ranked high by the given culture, means that the person may lose a great deal if he acts contrary to the norms accepted by that culture. At the same time, conformism guarantees as it were that the person's aspirations will be achieved. Strong involvement in conformist behaviour results in the fact that the person spends so much time and energy in keeping to the generally accepted model of behaviour that even "physically" he cannot behave otherwise (e.g. for lack of time). Beliefs affect the acceptance or otherwise of the norms adhered to in a given society. Difference of behaviour between individuals may be due to difference in the degree to which the norms laid down by the law are accepted. By and large Hirschi believes that all four types of social bond act together. Yet he also accepts that the diverse elements separately may each have an independent effect on the person's behaviour. Schrag is one of those who adopt the normative and system approach to the question of the functioning of social control. He examines the functioning of the social control system on two planes; 1) culturally approved ends- culturally approved means, and 2) behaviour expected in a given society (prescriptions) – actual behaviour (performance). The cultural goals (prescribed ends) are values such as: freedom, justice, equality, happiness, security, Means that are approved by society (prescribed means) are such norms as: the law, beliefs, legal codes, regulations, agreements. Goals which may actually be achieved (performed ends) are goals such as influence, social status, prestige, education, reputation, money. The means actually used to attain these goals (performed means) are practices such as. customs, traditions, conventions of behaviour, innovations in existing customs. A social system works well when all its constituent elements work well together. In such circumstances there are no disruptions in the functioning of social control. But if the various elements of the system clash, social control ceases to function efficiently, that is, it ceases to regulate human behaviour effectively. There is always a danger that the connections between the various elements of the system will become looser. This danger may take at least six forms: the accepted norms may not be able to protect the group values; goals may be beyond the reach of practical action; ways of behaving may be at odds with the sopially accepted norms; goals may be in conflict with the generally accepted values; there may also be a contradiction between values and practices, and between goals and norms. If the system is to work well, it is essential that there should be no basis divergence between formal (= legal) norms, and informal (= moral) norms. If the legal norms are rejected by the group because they do not fit in with the group's values, social control will not work. According to Schrag, the causes of crime should be sought not so much in the individual as in the social system and the way it functions. To sum up, one may present the sociological theory of social control as follows. It asks what makes people ready to subscribe to the norms and values accepted in a given society. Three basic types of answer may be given to this question. Answers of the first type stress the course and the effectiveness of socialisation processes. Answers of the second type emphasize the role of social bonds in the shaping of conformist behaviour. Answers of the third type draw attention to the importance of cohesion in the system of norms and values in a given society. On the whole, socialisation is a process that takes place within the primary groups. Its aim is to make the individual adopt society's norms and values. The optimum situation is where these norms become internalised, that is, they become an integral part of the person's internal mental and moral structure. If this happens, we can say that inner control governs behaviour - that is, the person’s own conscience keeps him from behaviour that does not fit the generally accepted patterns. This goal can be achieved when there are strong bonds of affection between an individual and his parents, and also when the individual finds emotional support in other primary groups. The role of the primary groups is not only to provide good personal models to imitate, or to help the inaividual to adopt the generally accepted norms, but also to exercise direct control over tbe individual' behaviour by inducing him to conform. If the individual is to absorb a sociaily approved system of norms and values, that system should be a well integrated one, the rules should be clearly stated, and behaviour at odds with the approved norm should encounter expected social sanctions. Social control is most effective when three basic factors play a role: when socialisation follows its undisturbed course, when the individual finds support in the group and the group is able to control the behaviour of the individual, and thirdly when the system of social norms and values is cohesive and clear. In times of social unrest, when bonds are weaker, and the individual does not know what to expect from society, social control will be unable to exert effective control over the individual’s behaviour.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1983, X; 7-22
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Sytuacja młodzieży w społeczeństwach postindustrialnych
The situation of youth in post-industrialized societies
Autorzy:: Takala, Hanna
Jasiński, Jerzy
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699190.pdf
Data publikacji:: 1985
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: sytuacja młodzieży
społeczeństwa postindustrialne
edukacja
rodzina
kultura młodzieżowa
kontrola społeczna
situation of youth
post-industrialized societies
education
family
youth culture
social control
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 59-68
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: System finansowania partii politycznych w Polsce - praktyka i kierunki rozwoju
The Funding of Political Parties in Poland - Praxis and Directions of Development
Autorzy:: Zawadzki, Janusz
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/589611.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:: Finansowanie partii politycznych
Kontrola społeczna
Nadzór
Partie polityczne
System partyjny
Źródła finansowania
Party system
Political parties
Political party financing
Social control
Source of financing
Supervision
Opis:: The system of financing political parties in Poland is based on the principle of budgetary subsidy. Commonly criticised, the system underwent a change in 2011, which meant a 50 % decrease in the subsidy. The change was received positively by the general public, although the system requires further reforms. They might evolve in three directions, namely: 1. eradication of subsidy and considering political parties private enterprises, 2. replacing the already existing system with the so - called targeted subsidies, 3. introducing 1 % deduction from the income tax of the citizens. In the Polish political conditions, connected with the present majority electoral law, targeted subsidies seem to be the most effective solution, though. There are many such examples in this area in other European Union countries.
Źródło:: Studia Ekonomiczne; 2013, 169; 216-225
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:: Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 11.

Tytuł:: Społeczna kontrola jakości artykułów internetowej encyklopedii. Studium przypadku polskojęzycznej Wikipedii
Autorzy:: Skolik, Sebastian
Walczak-Duraj, Danuta
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/chapters/26109642.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2023-04-27
Wydawca:: Politechnika Częstochowska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Częstochowskiej
Tematy:: polskojęzyczna Wikipedia
kontrola społeczna
kooperacja
wiarygodność informacji
Opis:: Celem rozdziału jest zaprezentowanie wytwarzanych społecznie procedur służących poprawie jakości haseł Wikipedii. Wcześniejsze prace koncentrowały się na odkrywaniu czynników wpływających na jakość haseł w ujęciu globalnym. Część badaczy w tym celu tworzyła zaawansowane modele, korzystające z maszynowych algorytmów porównujących treści. Autor, stosując podejście netnograficzne, przedstawił dwa odmienne wzorce poprawiania haseł w polskojęzycznej Wikipedii. Wzorce te zależne są od tego, czy użytkownicy dążą do promowania artykułów wysokiej jakości czy też eliminowania artykułów niskiej jakości.
Źródło:: Uwarunkowania i dylematy funkcjonowania człowieka we współczesnej organizacji; 125-136
9788371939020
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 12.

Tytuł:: Social control of supply or demand? : Counteracting the illegal wildlife trade in wild fauna and flora in Poland
Autorzy:: Drzazga, Edyta
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788462.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-06-21
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: nielegalny obrót dziką fauną i florą
kontrola społeczna
podaż
popyt
illegal wildlife trade
social control
supply
demand
Opis:: This article considers the problem of counteracting the illegal trade in wild fauna and ﬂora in Poland, with special regard to the social control of supply and demand of wildlife. Both social control of the demand for wild fauna and ﬂora and the control of the supply part of this phenomenon are burdened with certain drawbacks, by defnition, integrated into both models. In order to eﬀectively counteract illegal trade in wild fauna and ﬂora, it is necessary to recognize the patterns of the phenomenon and to design a social and criminal policy in this area that will be an adequate response to both the supply of the phenomenon and its demand. The main aim of the project was therefore to present the results of qualitative research conducted with experts dealing with the phenomenon of illegal trade in wild fauna and ﬂora in Poland.
W artykule omówiono problem przeciwdziałania nielegalnemu handlowi dziką fauną i ﬂorą w Polsce ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem społecznej kontroli podaży i popytu na dzikie zwierzęta. Zarówno kontrola społeczna popytu na dziką faunę i ﬂorę, jak i kontrola podażowej części tego zjawiska są z defnicji obarczone pewnymi wadami, zintegrowanymi z obydwoma modelami. Aby skutecznie przeciwdziałać nielegalnemu handlowi dziką fauną i ﬂorą konieczne jest rozpoznanie wzorów tego zjawiska i zaprojektowanie takiej polityki społecznej i kryminalnej w tym zakresie, która będzie adekwatną odpowiedzią zarówno na jego podaż, jak i popyt. Głównym celem projektu było zatem przedstawienie wyników badań jakościowych przeprowadzonych z ekspertami zajmującymi się zjawiskiem nielegalnego handlu dziką fauną i ﬂorą w Polsce.
Źródło:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2020, 27; 43-51
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Social control of public administration: Twilight or renaissance? Observations in the context of the administration performed through the algorithms
Autorzy:: Piecha, Jacek
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/47262140.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022-05-02
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:: Artificial Intelligence
administration
administrative process
social control
technological authoritarianism
sztuczna inteligencja
administracja
administrowanie
kontrola społeczna
autorytaryzm technologiczny
Opis:: This article aims to analyse whether the social control over the administration will play any important role when the administration is going to be performed through the Artificial Intelligence algorithms. It seems that currently this method of controlling the administration is important to ensure that the administration is still integrated into a democratic state ruled by law. However, applying the Artificial Intelligence in the administration process may lead to the situation where the transparency of administrative process is significantly reduced. This may be due to the nature of algorithms. The humans are not able to “decode” or recreate the way the algorithm investigates and solves the given problem. Therefore there is a risk that democratic state may turn into the “technological anocracy” or even into the “technological authoritarianism”. In addition, reckless use of Artificial Intelligence in the administrative process may reverse the values of administrative law itself understood as the law which protects an individual against the abuse of administrative authority. The paper contains also the suggestions in changing the way of exercise the social control over the administration to ensure the democratic standards in the administrative process.
Źródło:: Studia Iuridica; 2021, 89; 269-286
0137-4346
Pojawia się w:: Studia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 14.

Tytuł:: Rola systemów zarządzania i kontroli społecznej w procesie implementacji budżetu zadaniowego
The role of managment systems and social control in the implementation process of performance budgeting
Autorzy:: Heciak, Sławomir
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/539850.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Poznaniu
Tematy:: budżet zadaniowy
finanse publiczne
efektywność wydatków
kontrola społeczna
kontrola zarządcza
performance budget
public finance
expenditure efficiency
social control
management control
Opis:: W artykule pojęta została problematyka związaną z potrzebą przemodelowania podejścia do zarządzania finansami z metody, w której wydatkowanie środków publicznych jest celem samym w sobie, na metodę efektywnego doboru zasobów (w tym finansowych) do wyznaczonych celów i zadań. Wskazano również na problemy związane z partycypacją społeczną w procesie planowania i oceny budżetu państwa. Budżet zadaniowy, mający poprzez swoją konstrukcję zapewnić większą transparentność alokowania środków publicznych, może stanowić efektywny instrument społecznej kontroli ośrodków władzy. Autor wskazuje, że budżet zadaniowy może się przyczynić do większej partycypacji społecznej w procesie określania priorytetów wydatkowania środków publicznych, jak i do zmniejszenia asymetrii informacji pomiędzy centrami generowania wydatków a ośrodkami kontroli społecznej iinstytucjonalnej. Jednocześnie podkreśla rangę komunikacji i monitoringu jako tych elementów budżetowania zadaniowego, bez których wzmocnienia nie będzie możliwe zapewnienie wartości dodanej wynikającej z partycypacji społecznej.
This article addresses the issues related to the need for remodelling the finance management approach, from a method where spending public funds is a goal in itself into a method of effective selection of resources (including financial ones) for the assumed targets and tasks.The article also addresses issues related to social participation in the process of state budget planning and assessment. Performance based budgeting, designed to provide higher transparency in allocating public funds, may constitute an effective instrument for the social control of government centres. The article emphasizes that performance based budgeting may contribute to higher social participation in the process of setting the priorities for spending public funds, as well as to decreasing the asymmetry of information between the centres of expenditure generation and the centres of social and institutional control. The significance of communication and monitoring has been emphasized as well as the elements of performance based budgeting that need to be reinforced in order to ensure the added value resulting from social participation.
Źródło:: Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia; 2013, 1, 3(252)
2300-5254
Pojawia się w:: Studia Oeconomica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 15.

Tytuł:: Rewolucja genderowa jako neomarksizm
The Gender Revolution as Neomarxism
Autorzy:: Butowski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31340469.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2013
Wydawca:: Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:: marksizm
ideologia gender
rewolucja genderowa
nowy człowiek
kontrola społeczna
Marxism
gender ideology
gender revolution
new man
social control
Opis:: This paper seeks to present the genesis and essence of the gender ideology and the contemporary cultural revolution that is based on it and was initiated in the 1950s. This revolution is a continuation and mutation of the Marxist Proletariat revolution whose theoretical foundation was established by Karl Marx’s socio-political and economic doctrine. The ultimate of the communist system based on it was to ensure the absolute power for its leaders. The author seeks to justify a thesis that the ultimate (although implicit) goal of the gender revolution is also to take control over man. Its means, however, to accomplish it is not take over the political authority but to sexualize man, beginning from the affirmation of his right to choose sex irrespective of his biological sex. It seems that sexual freedom is almost an imperceptible form of power over man.
Źródło:: Roczniki Teologii Moralnej; 2013, 5; 103-122
2081-1810
Pojawia się w:: Roczniki Teologii Moralnej
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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