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    Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 15
    Tytuł:
    A Contribution to the Deliberations on the Relationships Between International Law and Roman Law
    Autorzy:
    Winiarski, Bohdan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027957.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-06-15
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    roman law
    public international law
    international water law
    Opis:
    The paper is an English translation of Przyczynek do rozważań nad stosunkiem prawa międzynarodowego do prawa rzymskiego by Bohdan Winiarski, published originally in Polish in “Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny” in 1934. The text is published as a part of a jubilee edition of the “Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review. 100th Anniversary of the Department of Public International Law” devoted to the achievements of the representatives of the Poznań studies on international law.
    Źródło:
    Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2021, 12; 15-33
    2450-0976
    Pojawia się w:
    Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Water and H2O Difference in Terms of International Relationship
    Autorzy:
    Yıldız, Dursun
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193965.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Hydro-Politics
    International Water
    Water
    Water Concept
    Water Definition
    Water War
    Water and Diplomacy
    Water for Future
    Water-Politics
    Opis:
    It is "True" to say that water literally and scientifically is composed of some elements (H2O). But this is to miss the reality of what water REALLY is. It is also “True” to say that the definition very much depends on where you look from. Geopolitical changes, rapid development, water- energy- food-environment nexus, securitisation of water, climate change etc. force us to define its actual meaning especially in terms of international relationship. From this approach, the meaning of this word is gaining a wider and deeper definition not a word but a "concept". Water is a general term to describe the stuff you drink and bathe with, and it, even in the purest and other social, socio-political, economical, socio-economical, international, strategical impurities in what we call “water”. This bulk “water” will play very important role for the future of the world under the of systems, has much else than just hydrogen and oxygen. Therefore there are all sorts of minerals climate change impacts as well as increasing global inequality. This requires more attention to difference between Water term and H2O in terms of international relationship. Society of 21st Century must be aware of the higher degree of social accountability of “water” than before. A higher degree of geopolitical, social, strategical and international accountability of water is therefore need to built into the process, with a wider recognition that water cannot be described on scientific and technological terms alone as H2O. “Water” means more than H2O in this respect since the half of 20th Century. In this paper, I will examine this difference by looking more closely at the social and hydro political notion of water.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2015, 16; 1-11
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Evaluation of Real Water Losses and the Failure of Urban-Rural Water Supply System
    Autorzy:
    Gwoździej-Mazur, Joanna
    Świętochowski, Kamil
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1839569.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
    Tematy:
    water loss
    water supply system failure
    urban-rural water supply system
    International Water Association
    IWA
    water balance
    infrastructure leakage index
    Opis:
    The topic of failures and water losses in the urban-rural water supply network was discussed. The purpose of the work was to assess the level of real water losses and the failure rate of the urban-rural water supply network in 2010-2016. The article’s introduction contains the information on the types and causes of breakdowns in the water supply network. The life cycle of the leakage from its inception to its removal was also described. Next, the methodology and indicators for assessing actual losses in the water supply network were presented according to the guidelines of the International Water Association (IWA), i.e. ILI, CARL, UARL, RLB and water balance. The material and methods chapter describes how to calculate the failure rate. On the basis of the literature review, a method of assessing the failure of the water supply network and the level of actual water losses was presented. The research part presents the results of the water losses indicators values and assesses them against the literature data for the entire urban-rural system. The results of the failure of the water supply of the urban area and the rural area were also presented and compared with the literature data. A method of calculating limit values of the failure intensity index for the entire water supply system was also proposed. The changes in the intensity of failure occurrence during the year were presented. The object described in the studies achieved the A rating according to the classification of ILI and RLB values throughout the entire analysis period (2010–2016). Failure intensity in the analyzed period exceeded the average values calculated for water supply networks in Poland many times. The values in individual cases exceeded the limit values specified in the literature.
    Źródło:
    Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2021, 22, 1; 132-138
    2299-8993
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of Ecological Engineering
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Book review: Piotr Szwedo, Cross-border Water Trade: Legal and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, Boston: 2018
    Autorzy:
    Winkiel-Skóra, Agata Helena
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706622.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-09-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    book review
    international law of water resources
    international trade law
    international environmental law
    Opis:
    Review of a book: Piotr Szwedo, Cross-border Water Trade: Legal and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden, Boston: 2018
    Źródło:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2018, 38; 300-302
    0554-498X
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Yearbook of International Law
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Analysis of the situation of the Euphrates-Tigris-Shatt Al Arab river system and possible solutions of the devastation of the ecosystem
    Autorzy:
    Kordic, M.
    Milankovic, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/184275.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
    Tematy:
    international waters
    water management
    transboundary rivers
    Opis:
    International waters are the most problematic area of water management because there comes to a collision of rights between the riparians, and the most complicated is the problem of trans-boundary rivers (Stevanović 2011). The Euphrates-Tigris-Shatt Al Arab river system is the largest water resource in the Western Asia with a topographic catchment of more than 900,000 km 2 from the Taurus-Zagros Mountain Range to the Persian Gulf and is populated by around 54 million people. The riparians: Turkey, Syria and Iraq have different views on the resources of these rivers. Turkey doesn’t agree with the term “sharing waters”. They see it as inadequate. For them the Euphrates is a trans-boundary river that is under their sovereignty as long as it is within its territory. Iraq and Syria take it as an “international river” that should be treated as a shared entity. According to Turkey the Euphrates and Tigris form a single water basin, but Iraq and Syria consider them as two separate basins (UN-ESCWA and BGR, 2013). Turkey says that in order to reach an agreement on allocation, negotiations should include all available water resources, but Syria and Iraq disagree. At the 1997 UN Convention on the Law of Non-navigational Use of International Watercourses Turkey was the only Euphrates Basin country that voted against. If they had signed, that could give riparians a veto right over their development plans. In 1987 Damask and Ankara signed a protocol, which guaranteed 500 m 3•s -1 of flow volume in the Euphrates River to Syria, which was not respected during the filling of Ataturk Dam in 1990. In 1977 Turkey initiated the South-eastern Anatolia Project (GAP in original) to harness the water of the Tigris and the Euphrates for energy and agricultural production thus providing an economic boost to south-eastern Anatolia by creating 4 million new jobs. The flow of the river has been cut in half by 2010 on the border with Syria and by 2/3 for Iraq since the development of the GAP project. In Iraq this flow reduction is viewed as a national crisis that will have serious consequences (Issa et al. 2014). The project covers an area of 74,000 km 2 and is populated by around 7 million people. When completed, there will be 22 dams and 19 hydroelectric power plants on these rivers. The plan is to produce 27,367 GWh of hydroelectric energy per year and to double irrigable farmland to 1.8 million ha (UN-ESCWA & BGR 2013). Today almost half of GAP has been fulfilled. This led to an increase in salinity and serious changes of the ecosystem and river flow regime. These caused a discord between riparians, NGOs and activists worldwide. International experts think that GAP is going to consume more than 50% of the Euphrates and about 14% of the Tigris. To verify this view, two periods of monitoring were selected. The first period is from 1938–1974 and it represents the natural flow of the Euphrates River before the construction of the Keban Dam in Turkey and Lake Assad in Syria and the second is from 1974–1998 as the first phase of the evolving infrastructure on the Euphrates basin. The average flow was measured in Jarablat (Syria) and for the first period is around 950 m 3•s −1 and for the second around 800 m 3•s −1 , than Hit (Iraq) decreased from 970 m 3• s −1 to 720 m 3• s −1 and Hindijah (Iraq) from 630 m 3•s −1 to 470 m 3 •s −1 (UN-ESCWA & BGR 2013). We can see a pattern and a decrease in river flow volume by around 150 m 3• s −1 . Of course, regulation of the Euphrates can protect downstream countries from floods and droughts. The effects of water pollution are mostly visible downstream in Syria because Turkey diverts water from the main course of the Euphrates at Lake Ataturk. The water goes through the Urfa tunnels to the Urfa-Harran agricultural area in the upper Jallab/Balikh and Khabour sub-basins. The return flows from irrigation are large in quantity but poor in quality and they enter Syria mostly through the Jallab River near Tell Abyad and enter the Euphrates through the Balikh River around 200 km from the Syrian-Turkey border. This shows us why the Euphrates water quality has remained almost unaffected by the agricultural development in Turkey on the Syrian-Turkey border. There should come to a conjoined look from the riparians on the rights of the ecosystem and the serious damage that is being done to it and the legal obligations of the riparians between themselves, for the sake of the greater good. This is extremely difficult especially now with the rising political problems between Turkey and Syria. International experts in all fields relevant to this problem should meet and discuss the matter, and enforce laws that will stick and solve the issue. The most important issue should be the environment but we should not look the other way for the needs of the riparians and their development too. So very important would be research and evaluation of the potential of all available resources and their combined usage. There should be a good monitoring network of the underground and surface waters and calculation of the regime, balance and reserves and the amounts of water that is needed by riparians, and determining the connection of overall water flow because of the circulation of pollution. Also, an assessment of geothermal potential of the area and its possible usage considering the North and East Anatolian Fault Zone should be made. For example, for the production of electricity solar or geothermal energy could be used, as well as the energy of the wind and the energy of biomass should be utilised, separately or concurrently. If there are underground waters available, a variety of methods could be used, such as “AGRONET” and drip irrigation technique to decrease the usage of surface waters and their pollution. Polluted waters could be used for energy production by constructing a hydroelectric power plant in the area where polluted waters are flowing and there could also be a water treatment plant erected. Polluted waters should be monitored and diverted into one watercourse, which should be controlled by a hydro-isolator securing the ground beneath and on the sides of this new course.
    Źródło:
    Geology, Geophysics and Environment; 2016, 42, 1; 83-84
    2299-8004
    2353-0790
    Pojawia się w:
    Geology, Geophysics and Environment
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Protection of the Human Right to Water Under International Law - The Need for a New Legal Framework
    Autorzy:
    Daci, Jordan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1035871.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Academicus. International Scientific Journal publishing house
    Tematy:
    Right to water
    International Law
    Climate Change
    Sustainale development
    World Water Authority
    Opis:
    The human right to water entitles everyone to sufficient, safe, acceptable, physically accessible and affordable water for personal and domestic uses. An adequate amount of safe water is necessary to prevent death from dehydration, to reduce the risk of water-related disease and to provide for consumption, cooking, personal and domestic hygienic requirements. Indeed, the right to water clearly falls within the category of guarantees essential for securing an adequate standard of living, particularly since it is one of the most fundamental conditions for survival. Thus, the human right to life doesn’t have any sense without the right to water and other vital human rights that are a pre-condition for human life. Consequently, the enjoyment of the human right to water is a prerequisite for the enjoyment of other basic human rights such as the right to the highest attainable standard of health and the rights to adequate housing and adequate food etc. Nevertheless, today in this era of quasi irreversible clime changes as well as very extensive increase use of natural fresh water resources, their quantity and quality is significantly decreased. From this perspective, the future of the entire mankind depends mostly in the preservation of world natural water resources. However their preservation requires from mankind a new world approach that would include inter alia the following steps: the adoption of a new international treaty on world environmental protection, the establishment of the World Water Authority under UN that would deal with issues such as the protection, management and use of international waters, ICJ shall be empowered with biding jurisdiction to exanimate inter-state disputes over international watercourses, a new international treaty on Artic shall be adapted at least to address environmental concerns, and finally International Humanitarian Law shall address other environmental protection issues raised by enormous development of weapons destruction power including avoidance of loopholes that allow derogations from these treaties obligations. Certainly, any failure to do so, will undoubtedly lead mankind to future massive wars that shall be mostly fought for water rather than for oil.
    Źródło:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal; 2012, 06; 71-77
    2079-3715
    2309-1088
    Pojawia się w:
    Academicus International Scientific Journal
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sustainable use and protection of groundwater resources – transboundary water management – Belarus, Poland, Ukraine
    Autorzy:
    Nałęcz, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2063007.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    transboundary basin
    water management
    international cooperation
    Bug river basin
    Opis:
    In 2006 Science for Peace and Security NATO Pilot Study project “Sustainable Use and protection of Groundwater Resources – Transboundary Water Management” has been launch. This project focuses on development of international co-operation on implementation of water quality assessment and water quality monitoring and assessment as important issues in relation to sustainable land management. It is also a scientific platform for experts from Belarus, Poland and Ukraine as well as from other countries for exchange ideas about water management with special emphasis on groundwater and its protection. The project initiates trilateral cooperation on monitoring, contamination migration and water management issues. The main interest of the project focused on the Bug River Basin, which is divided into three riparian countries Belarus, Poland and Ukraine as well as is an eastern border basin of European Union.
    Źródło:
    Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego; 2010, 441 Hydrogeologia z. 10; 107--112
    0867-6143
    Pojawia się w:
    Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wojna o niebieskie złoto
    War for blue gold
    Autorzy:
    Drembkowski, D.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/347818.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
    Tematy:
    bezpieczeństwo narodowe
    woda
    konflikty zbrojne
    international security
    water
    armed conflicts
    Opis:
    Tam, gdzie jest woda, musi być życie. To dlatego szukamy jej w kosmosie. Ciągle wydaje nam się, że na ziemi mamy jej dość i ciężko jest nawet sobie wyobrazić, że może jej zabraknąć. A może... Najpopularniejsza księga świata — Biblia — tak się rozpoczyna: „Na początku Bóg stworzył niebo i ziemię. Ziemia zaś była bezładem i pustkowiem: ciemność była nad powierzchnią bezmiaru wód, a Duch Boży unosił się nad wodami” (Rdz 1, 1-2). Biblia mówi o trzech fundamentach stworzenia: niebie, ziemi i wodzie. Ludzie w wielu kulturach przypisywali wodzie sakralny - magiczny wymiar. Woda jest „świętością”, bez niej nie ma życia. Są państwa, które mają wody dość, są też takie państwa, w których woda jest cennym dobrem i muszą ją importować. Przeciętny obywatel USA zużywa dziennie około 425 litrów wody. W Mali czy na Madagaskarze statystycznemu mieszkańcowi trudno osiągnąć poziom 10 litrów. Według Światowej Organizacji Zdrowia, problemem nie jest brak wody, ale nierównomierny dostęp do niej, co już jest i może być potencjalnym źródłem niepokojów. ONZ już na początku tego wieku ostrzegała, że o ile XX wiek, szczególnie jego końcówkę, można nazwać wiekiem wojny o „czarne złoto”, czyli ropę naftową, to wiek, w którym żyjemy, może być wiekiem wojny o „niebieskie złoto”, czyli wodę. Obecnie trwa kilkanaście konfliktów, w których walki toczą się o kontrolę nad wodą. Jeśli nic się nie zmieni, w przyszłości będzie jeszcze gorzej — postrzegają pesymiści. Szacunki ONZ mówią o ponad 40 państwach, których główną troską nie będą wcale surowce energetyczne, ale woda. Od tego, czy osiągną porozumienie, co do tego, jak podzielić się jej zasobami, zależeć może pokój. Chodzi przede wszystkim o kraje Afryki północnej i Bliskiego Wschodu, choć nie tylko. Woda, stając się coraz częściej przedmiotem sporów o własność, o jej użytkowanie i o prawa do niej, staje się problemem geopolitycznym. Niemożliwe jest rozpatrywanie przyszłości ludzkości bez brania pod uwagę wody — mówił Riccardo Petrella, sekretarz generalny International Committee for the World Contract on Water.
    While the nineteenth century was the century of ‘gold nuggets’, the twentieth century of ‘black gold’, the twenty-first century will be the century of wars for ‘bread’ and ‘blue gold’ and related crises. Approximately eighteen thousand children die every day from hunger or malnutrition as 850 million people go to bed with an empty stomach. Mozambique, Eritrea, Afghanistan are just a few countries whose instability result from hunger and water shortages. C. Clausewitz argued that each era has its own war. So do our times. They will have their war too. Deficiencies related to the insufficiency of life is a key category of internal security of each country and region. Therefore, to determine their contemporary character is the starting point for local but also global safety. Today, more and more domestic security is related to the global security situation and vice versa. Risks associated with lack of basic life-giving ‘materials’, which is food and water, could become a potential situation that might affect values and national interests, posing a threat to the life, health and living conditions of hundreds of thousands or millions of people.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki; 2011, 3; 204-217
    1731-8157
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The transboundary water management – comparing policy translations of the water framework directive in the international Basin Districts of the oder river and the torne river
    Autorzy:
    Ibragimow, Aleksandra
    Albrecht, Eerika
    Albrecht, Moritz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1051052.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Water Framework Directive
    water management
    international river basin district
    the Oder River
    the Torne River
    Opis:
    The European Union’s Water Framework Directive introduced a new approach to the system of water management in Europe by nominating the river basin district as the basic unit in water management. While its transboundary character aims to better manage natural resources, its design and implementation carries several challenges due to its weak integration of various bordering effects related to administrative boundaries that strongly affect the directives’ implementation. Based on a comparative document based case study of two river basin districts – the International Oder River Basin District (IORBD) and the International Torne River Basin District (ITRBD) – the paper scrutinizes the effects on the implementation processes of the directive and aims to draw attention to identify the differences that derive from various socio-spatial settings during the first cycles of water management plans from 2009 to 2015. By thematically comparing biophysical characteristics, cross-border cooperation, cultural and administrative borderingprocesses the study displays a mismatch between the directives aims for transboundary governance and the actual governance processes which are hampered by a variety of conflicting bordering processes.
    Źródło:
    Quaestiones Geographicae; 2019, 38, 1; 29-39
    0137-477X
    2081-6383
    Pojawia się w:
    Quaestiones Geographicae
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    New International Security Paradigm related to Water and Environmental Security
    Autorzy:
    Yıldız, Dursun
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1193955.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Climate change and security
    New international security
    New security paradigm
    Water and securitry
    Water security
    Opis:
    Security is constantly changing, which means security professionals need to be proactive, says a former US military Chief Information Officer. Water security has become a central feature of the global policy agenda. Climate change, population growth, and pollution are altering the distribution of water resources and the political control of these resources is becoming increasingly contested. These and other water security threats are a source of conflict not only within countries but across international boundaries. Security is a multidimensional issue, because individual welfare is more central to policy-making than it was fifty years ago. Individual security can no longer be satisfied only through military measures; it needs a multidimensional understanding. Security is elusive; more than ever, it is embedded in the interaction of localizing and globalizing forces. The axes of conflict in the shadow of the Cold War and under the impact of 9/11 are already proven to be more complex, not less, and more difficult to manage, not easier. The Word is in a very fast changing prosess including international security paradigm. Indeed, everything has not changed - but what has changed did so faster than we ever expected.The Cold War superimposed on the international security agenda a political and conceptual framework that simplified most issues while magnifying some and obscuring others. During this period, almost every western government defined national security in excessively narrow military terms. That meant there was an enduring acceptance of the need for a balance of terror, with mutually assured destruction ensuring a stable international system. The end of the Cold War revealed a different set of threats and dangers, not really new but previously kept outside the Cold War context. These new threats are again global in scope, persistent in nature, and potent in their implications [12]. It’s easy to equate “national security” or “global security” with military defense against rogue states and terrorism, but a leading U.S. military expert says that view is far too narrow—and could lead to catastrophe if not changed. The environmental matters had little overall public concern before. It was a reflection of how limited and unstrategic our thinking about security. Environmental change, in general, can lead to a decrease in the quality of life and increased tension, competition, instability and conflict. In parallel to climate change, water security is an issue today closely linked to environmental security. Natural resources, such as water, show a number of threats and risks that may contribute to the amplification of a conflict. Perhaps if we were to pay more attention to the documented effects of particular conditions and events, rather than to the threat-worthiness, we could see the world differently-and more accurately. The question of the water and environmental security is more ominous than that of peace and war.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2015, 19; 97-111
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Podstawy traktatowe wolności żeeglugi na rzekach międzynarodowych z perspektywy międzynarodowego prawa zasobów wodnych
    Treaty basis of the freedom of navigation on international rivers from the perspective of international law applicable to water resources
    Autorzy:
    Gadkowski, Andrzej
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/693315.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    international rivers
    freedom of navigation on international rivers
    Barcelona Convention
    international law applicable to water resources
    transboundary watercourses
    shared natural resources
    rzeki międzynarodowe
    wolność żeglugi na rzekach międzynarodowych
    Konwencja barcelońska
    międzynarodowe prawo zasobów wodnych
    transgraniczne cieki wodne
    zasoby naturalne dzielone
    Opis:
    The aim of this paper is to present the issue of the freedom of navigation on international rivers in light of international law and international practice. An analysis of relevant provisions of pertinent treaties which determine the scope of that freedom and the rules that govern its use leads to a conclusion that no universal principle of freedom of navigation on international rivers has been formulated, nor can be found in the norms of customary international law. This subject is presented from the perspective of contemporary international law applicable to water resources, which is linked to international environmental law. Its regulations, and in particular the 1997 Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses, do not provide for such universal freedom of navigation on transboundary watercourses. Similar approaches may be found in the work of the International Law Commission, for example in its 1966 Helsinki Rules and 2004 Berlin Rules.
    Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie problematyki wolności żeglugi na rzekach międzynarodowych w świetle prawa i praktyki międzynarodowej. Autor analizuje postanowienia najważniejszych umów międzynarodowych, które określały zakres i zasady korzystania z tej wolności. Na tej podstawie formułuje konkluzję, że umowy te nie formułowały powszechnej wolności żeglugi na rzekach międzynarodowych, jak również tezę, że takiej powszechnej wolności żeglugi nie gwarantowała żadna norma prawa zwyczajowego. Problematykę tę autor prezentuje z perspektywy współczesnego międzynarodowego prawa zasobów wodnych, które bardzo wyraźnie powiązane jest z międzynarodowym prawem środowiska. Regulacje tego prawa, a zwłaszcza Konwencja o prawie nieżeglugowego użytkowania międzynarodowych cieków wodnych z 1997 r., nie przewidują powszechnej wolności żeglugi na transgranicznych ciekach wodnych. Podobne konstrukcje znajdujemy w pracach Komisji Prawa Międzynarodowego (reguły helsińskie i reguły berlińskie).
    Źródło:
    Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny; 2013, 75, 4; 51-65
    0035-9629
    2543-9170
    Pojawia się w:
    Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polskie i czeskie uregulowania prawne odnoszące się do wpływu wód kopalnianych na stan jakości wód powierzchniowych
    Polish and Czech environmental law regulations regarding to change of surface water quality as a result of mine water impact
    Autorzy:
    Babka, O.
    Harat, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357121.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Śląska
    Tematy:
    wody kopalniane
    prawo ekologiczne
    umowa międzynarodowa
    mine water
    environmental law
    international agreement
    Opis:
    W artykule przedstawione zostały polskie i czeskie regulacje prawne odnoszące się do wpływu wód kopalnianych na stan jakości wód powierzchniowych. Omawiane zagadnienia przedstawiono w kontekście wspólnych uregulowań prawnych wiążących oba państwa (ratyfikowane umowy międzynarodowe) oraz o źródeł prawa wewnętrznego każdego z państw (ustawy). Przykładem wieloletniej i owocnej współpracy pomiędzy sąsiednimi państwami stanowić może polko-czeska umowa o ochronie wód rzeki Olzy. Wpływ wód kopalnianych na stan jakości wód w rzece został potwierdzony przez wyniki badań prowadzonych po obu stronach granicy. W artykule omówiono również wewnętrzne regulacje prawne w tym zakresie, z których najistotniejsze znaczenie mają obowiązujące w Polsce i w Czechach ustawy.
    In the following article, the Polish and Czech environmental law regulations regarding to change of surface water quality as a result of mine water impact was presented. Presented problem is including mine water environmental law regulations in case of international agreement between neighboring countries as well as national law regulations. The impact of mine water on change of surface water quality in Olza river is confirmed by surface water tests in Poland and Czech Republic. Presented activity is also a great example of long-term and fruitful cooperation, which comes from international agreement in terms of environmental monitoring.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Gospodarki Odpadami i Ochrony Środowiska; 2012, 14, 3; 37-42
    1733-4381
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Gospodarki Odpadami i Ochrony Środowiska
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The science of climate change how to talk with society? International Conference (Warsaw, Poland, 24th October 2013)
    Autorzy:
    Kundzewicz, W.J.
    Kassenberg, A.
    Kundzewicz, Z.W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/12016.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    science
    climate change
    scientific research
    sustainable development
    water management
    society
    international conference
    Warsaw conference
    Polska
    Źródło:
    Papers on Global Change; 2014, 21
    2300-8121
    1730-802X
    Pojawia się w:
    Papers on Global Change
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Legal protection of waters in the context of human rights
    Autorzy:
    Zębek, Elżbieta
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2197935.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    water resources
    international and national legal regulations
    human rights
    zasoby wodne
    międzynarodowe i krajowe przepisy prawne
    parwa człowieka
    Opis:
    This article shows the general prinicples of water protection in the international, European Union and Polish levels in the contex of human rights. Because deficit of drinking waters is very important issue not only in Africa and Asia countries but also in some state in UE e.g. in Poland with scarce water resources. The legal aspect of water protection against pollutants stemming from anthropogenic activity is complex and hence, is regulated in many conventions, directives and national laws. The very important for water protection is to limit iflows of sewage into water bodies or limit pollution at source, and effective remediation and restoration of the water damage. All contribute to improved quality of waters and ensuring their proper quality which is the basic human right to life.
    Źródło:
    Themis Polska Nova; 2018, 1(13); 14-24
    2084-4522
    Pojawia się w:
    Themis Polska Nova
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Woda jako przyczyna konfliktów zbrojnych w XXI wieku
    Water as the cause of armed conflicts in the 21st century
    Autorzy:
    Borek, Paweł
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565589.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
    Tematy:
    woda
    surowce naturalne
    wojny i konflikty zbrojne
    bezpieczeństwo międzynarodowe
    water
    natural resources
    wars and armed conflicts
    international security
    Opis:
    Współczesna wojna o surowce ma charakter transgraniczny, zwłaszcza z powodu nieszczelności granic państwowych, a także wielorakości tego typu konfliktów. Główną przyczyną tego stanu rzeczy jest to, iż wpływ na wybuch i wzrost liczby konfliktów surowcowych ma stały wzrost zapotrzebowania na światowe zasoby naturalne. Ważną rolę w pojawianiu się sytuacji konfliktowych odgrywa fakt, że większość zasobów, na które istnieje podaż znajduje się na terenie krajów niestabilnych zarówno politycznie, jak i ekonomicznie. Woda jest podstawowym surowcem naturalnym, integralnym elementem wszystkich działań socjalnych i ekologicznych, służącym m.in. do produkcji energii, żywności, utrzymania zdrowia ludzkiego czy rozwoju przemysłowego. W dwudziestym pierwszym wieku systemy wodne i wodociągowe stają się coraz bardziej narażone na ataki podczas działań wojennych, jak również bycie przyczyną konfliktów zbrojnych w miarę wzrostu populacji ludzkiej. Nie mniej istotnym jest też fakt, że globalne zmiany klimatu powodują coraz większy popyt na wodę, co w niektórych regionach świata może stanowić zarzewie konfliktów.
    The modern war for raw materials has a cross-border character, especially due to state borders being less than sealed tight, as well as due to the varied nature of such conflict types. The main cause of this state of affairs stems from the impact exerted on the outbreak and proliferation of resource-related conflicts by a steadily increasing worldwide demand for natural resources. An important role in the emergence of conflict situations is played by the fact that most of the resources which are on offer can be found in both politically and economically unstable countries. Water is a basic natural resource, an integral element of all social and ecological activities, used, among others, for the production of energy, food, maintaining human health or industrial development. In the twenty-first century, water systems and water supply systems are becoming increasingly vulnerable to attacks during hostilities, as well as prone to causing armed conflicts with the rising population figures. The fact that global climate change brings about an increasing demand for water, sparking off conflicts in some regions of the world, is no less important.
    Źródło:
    Rozprawy Społeczne; 2018, 12, 2; 32-37
    2081-6081
    Pojawia się w:
    Rozprawy Społeczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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