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Tytuł:
Homicide with a single stab wound
Autorzy:
Stojer-Polańska, Joanna
Konopka, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1879421.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
stab wound
homicide
penal law
Opis:
Taking life due to dealing single stab wound is very characteristic kind of crime. In most cases the stabbing takes place during an argument, both victim and the killer are drunk, and the thing happens at home of either of them. The purpose of this article was to examine if the classification of a criminal act, which was initially classified as a “murder”, would maintain as such act within the court decision. In most cases of such type, the killer is accused of homicide, however in half of them, it gets changed to dealing damage or hitting with a deadly result later.
Źródło:
Security Dimensions; 2013, 10(10); 136-145
2353-7000
Pojawia się w:
Security Dimensions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kształtowanie się pojęcia zabójstwa w polskim i rosyjskim prawie karnym. Wybrane aspekty
Determination of the legal notion of homicide in both Polish and Russian criminal law. Selected aspects
Autorzy:
Okulski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38911191.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II. Towarzystwo Naukowe KUL
Tematy:
zabójstwo
prawne pojęcie zabójstwa
typy zabójstwa
polskie prawo karne
rosyjskie prawo karne
homicide
legal notion of homicide
types of homicide
Polish criminal law
Russian criminal law
Opis:
The key to the statutory characteristics of homicide in both Polish and Russian criminal law lies in the establishing of the semantic domain of this specific legal notion, which, docketed in Polish and Russian legal order, is a thought model reproducing illegal acts committed intentionally resulting in homicide. However, the explicit legal notion of this crime came into only in the 20th century ultimately excluding the possibility of either ‘registering’ accidental manslaughter or suicide, penalized for centuries, into its scope. Although a ransom, a drastic social therapy in the form of a bloody retaliation or ius talionis constitute now only a historical evolution marks of the right to punish for the crime of murder, the essence of penalty as a reprisal for the crime committed has been intact. The description of homicide only in strict legal terms yielding to normative force and dogmatic conversion can not be completed. The way to its right comprehension lies in rejecting the dominant in Polish and Russian criminal law notion of variegating of the scope of the legal protection of life of individuals for human development stage.  
Źródło:
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL; 2008, 4, 1; 117-138
1896-6365
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Wydziału Nauk Prawnych i Ekonomicznych KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Chloroform – źródło strachu, czy narzędzie niebezpieczne i substancja narkotyczna
Chloroform - a bogey or a dangerous tool and narcotic
Autorzy:
Prabucki, Rafał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/478533.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Europejskie Stowarzyszenie Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Tematy:
Inhalant
chloroform
homicide
cyberculture
sexual assault
Opis:
This study attempts to assess the social and legal risks associated with the use of chloroform for purposes outside the medical industry and beyond. For this purpose, there have been complied the facts of the inhaled intoxicating substances from various fields of life and various kinds of criminal cases in this piece of work. It also includes some of the issues that pose problems to investigators and forensic specialists. The author also tries to draw attention to the rarely addressed questions of the role of the Internet and emerging on the Web cyberculture in the promotion and dissemination of data on chloroform thus creating visions incompatible with the notion of truth of usuage of the substance. Finally, the problem of the availability of chloroform has been taken up and the role of the Internet in this case.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland; 2013, 1; 100-108
2299-8055
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Samobójstwo rozszerzone i poagresyjne – próba uporządkowania pojęć
Extended and post-aggression suicide – attempt of systemisation of terminology
Autorzy:
Stukan, Jarosław
Staszak, Alfred
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2067414.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Centralne Laboratorium Kryminalistyczne Policji
Tematy:
samobójstwo
samobójstwo rozszerzone
samobójstwo poagresyjne
zabójstwo
zabójstwo-samobójstwo
dzieciobójstwo
suicide
extended suicide
post-aggression suicide
homicide
homicide-suicide
filicide
Opis:
Wydaje się, że mimo upływu czasu fala zabójstw zakończonych samobójstwem sprawcy nie maleje i do tej pory jest to problem niedostatecznie wyjaśniony i poznany. Z punktu widzenia organów ścigania każdy taki przypadek przed dokonaniem oceny prawnokarnej musi być poddany kryminalistycznemu badaniu miejsca zdarzenia prowadzonemu przez biegłych różnych specjalności. W literaturze polskiej zdarzenia tego typu opisywane są jako samobójstwo rozszerzone lub poagresyjne. Artykuł podejmuje próbę uporządkowania terminologii w tym zakresie, wskazując na podstawowe różnice między tymi pojęciami, które nie są synonimami. Samobójstwo poagresyjne jest terminem szerszym, opisowym i neutralnym, gdyż wskazuje na nieokreślony akt agresji poprzedzający targnięcie się na życie. Natomiast samobójstwo rozszerzone, choć sugeruje, iż jednocześnie mogło dojść do samobójstwa kilku osób, faktycznie opisuje czyn sprawcy (zabójcy) uwarunkowany jego stanem psychicznym, który ten rzutuje na swoich bliskich. Przypisuje im on własne cierpienie, a dokonując zabójstwa, niejako ich od niego uwalnia. Z tego powodu ofiarami samobójstwa rozszerzonego są dzieci, rzadziej współmałżonek, a generalnie osoby, wobec których zabójca-samobójca żywi pozytywne uczucia. Motywem jego działania jest chęć uchronienia bliskich przed cierpieniem, nieszczęściem czy trudną sytuacją życiową, którą on sam przeżywa. Wyraźne odróżnienie samobójstwa rozszerzonego od samobójstwa poagresyjnego ma doniosłe znaczenie praktyczne, gdyż determinuje, co podkreślają autorzy, tok prowadzonych postępowań, podejmowanych decyzji procesowych, a także zakres badań kryminalistycznych zlecanych biegłym różnych specjalności.
It seems that despite the passage of time the wave of homicides followed by suicides of perpetrators has not decreased and the problem remains not fully explained or explored. From the point of view of the law enforcement every such case requires a forensic scene of crime examination by experts of various specialties before assessing it in the context of criminal law. In Polish professional literature such cases are described as “extended” or “post-aggression” suicides. The hereby article is an attempt to systemise terminology used in this area by pointing out fundamental differences between two notions, which are not synonyms. A “postaggression suicide” is a wider, descriptive and neutral term because it indicates an undetermined act of aggression preceding an attempt to take one’s life. On the other hand, an “extended suicide” despite the suggestion that several persons might have committed suicide at the same time, in fact defines an act by the perpetrator (killer) conditioned by his/her psychological state projected on the other persons. The perpetrator attributes own sufferings to the victims and by killing them, in a sense, frees them. Therefore, children and, less frequently, spouses and, in general, persons the perpetrator has positive feelings for fall victims of an extended suicide. The motive of the killing is protecting of close persons from suffering, misfortune or difficult life situation, which the perpetrator is experiencing. A clear distinction between an extended suicide and postaggression suicide is of great practical significance because it determines, as emphasised by the Authors, the course of investigative proceedings, decisions at pre-court stage, as well as the extent of forensic examinations requested from forensic specialists.
Źródło:
Problemy Kryminalistyki; 2018, 301; 35-43
0552-2153
Pojawia się w:
Problemy Kryminalistyki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Concealing the Crime of Homicide by the Perpetrator
Autorzy:
Kagan, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/618243.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
homicide
masking
forensics science
feigning
zabójstwo
maskowanie
kryminalistyka
pozoracja
Opis:
This article deals with the issue of masking the homicide by its perpetrator. The considerations made hereby are an attempt to bring the problem of the behavior of the homicide culprit at the crime scene, as well as outside of it, which are aimed at avoiding criminal liability for the committed crime. Unlimited human imagination leads to a multitude of ways in which criminals can behave in order to try to hinder or prevent their detection by law enforcement agencies. In addition, it should be noted that on the basis of the Polish Penal Code, the perpetrators who mask their offences do not bear criminal liability.
W artykule omówiono zagadnienie maskowania przestępstwa zabójstwa przez jego sprawcę. Przeprowadzone rozważania stanowią próbę przybliżenia problematyki dotyczącej sposobów postępowania sprawców zabójstw, zarówno na miejscu popełnienia przestępstwa, jak i poza nim, mających na celu uniknięcie odpowiedzialności karnej za popełnioną zbrodnię. Nieograniczona wyobraźnia ludzka przekłada się na mnogość sposobów zachowania przestępców, mających na celu utrudnienie lub uniemożliwienie ich wykrycia przez organy ścigania. Ponadto należy zauważyć, że na gruncie obowiązującego Kodeksu karnego sprawcy, którzy maskują popełnione przez siebie przestępstwo, dopuszczają się tzw. samopoplecznictwa, za które nie ponoszą odpowiedzialności karnej.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2018, 27, 4
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Different Dynamics of Femicide in a Small Nordic Welfare Society
Autorzy:
Freysteinsdóttir, Freydís Jóna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2107769.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-07-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Femicide
Intimate Partner Homicide
Ecological Theory
Gender Equality
Opis:
In this study, all cases of femicide in Iceland over a thirty-year period were explored. A total of sixteen women and girls were killed during the years 1986-2015. Femicide was defined in this study as the murder of a woman by a partner, former partner, or because of passion. According to this definition, eleven femicide cases occurred during this time period. The data analyzed were court verdicts and news reports of the incidents. Qualitative methods were used for analysis. Interestingly, there was a different dynamic related to femicide cases, which included 1) sex femicide, 2) former partners and 3) current partners. Alcohol consumption and the willingness of the victim to end sex appear to be a dangerous mixture, judging from the results of the sexually-related femicide cases. Alcohol consumption was a factor in all current partner femicide cases in addition to low SES status; empathy was lacking, and patriarchal views were prominent in some of them. In former partner femicide cases, jealousy and possessiveness were major themes, but not alcohol consumption. It is important to study such dynamics and contextual factors in greater detail in larger studies.
Źródło:
Qualitative Sociology Review; 2017, 13, 3; 14-29
1733-8077
Pojawia się w:
Qualitative Sociology Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Crime Scene as a Source of Information in the Process of Profiling the Unknown Perpetrator of Homicide
Autorzy:
Kagan, Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913065.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
profiling
criminal profiling
perpetrator
homicide
profilowanie
profilowanie kryminalne
sprawca
zabójstwo
Opis:
This study is about the crime scene as a valuable source of information about modus operandi, motives and characteristics of the perpetrator of the homicide crime. Based on Polish and foreign literature, the author made attempts to present various concepts of the perception of the crime scene in the criminal profiling process, as well as to indicate the key elements of the behavior of the perpetrator of the homicide resulting from the manner of proceeding, which can be interpreted from the crime scene. The study also presents the basic assumptions regarding the construction of criminal profiles of unknown perpetrators of homicides, with particular emphasis on the dichotomous concept of division into organised and disorganised perpetrators and the possibility of making other conclusions as to the psychophysical characteristics of the perpetrators of homicides. Thus, it is a form of universal presentation of the problem and may be of interest, in particular, to law practitioners.
Niniejsze opracowanie traktuje o miejscu zdarzenia jako cennym źródle informacji na temat sposobu działania, motywów oraz cech charakterystycznych sprawcy przestępstwa zabójstwa. Celem jest przedstawienie różnych koncepcji postrzegania miejsca zdarzenia w rozumieniu kryminalistycznym oraz wskazanie kluczowych dla procesu profilowania kryminalnego elementów zachowania sprawcy zabójstwa, dających się wyinterpretować z miejsca zdarzenia i umożliwiających wnioskowanie o cechach go wyróżniających. Powyższe zostało dokonane w oparciu o literaturę polską i zagraniczną. W artykule przedstawiono również podstawowe założenia dotyczące konstruowania profili kryminalnych nieznanych sprawców zabójstw, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem dychotomicznej koncepcji podziału na sprawców zorganizowanych i zdezorganizowanych oraz możliwości dokonywania innych wnioskowań co do cech psychofizycznych sprawców zabójstw. Tym samym artykuł stanowi formę uniwersalnego przedstawienia problemu i może być przedmiotem zainteresowania w szczególności praktyków prawa.
Źródło:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia; 2020, 29, 5; 81-102
1731-6375
Pojawia się w:
Studia Iuridica Lublinensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Qualitative Study of Intimate Partner Femicide and Orphans in Cyprus
Autorzy:
Kapardis, Andreas
Baldry, Anna Costanza
Konstantinou, Maria
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2107596.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-07-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Domestic Violence
Intimate Partner Femicide
Homicide
Orphans
Cyprus
Victims
Gender
Opis:
The paper first contextualizes femicide in the broader context of domestic violence, and homicide in the Republic of Cyprus. It then goes on to report a qualitative study of eighteen intimate partner femicide (IPF) orphans during the period 2001-2014. Findings concerning IPF, offender, and victim characteristics but also pertaining to a broad range of themes that emerged in the face-to-face interviews with the orphans are also reported and discussed. In support of theoretical notions of power and control and gender inequality, the study reported also documents of a prior history of serious conflict, physical, verbal, and psychological abuse of the IPF victim by a jealous, possessive, controlling, and oppressive violent male partner or ex-partner. Evidence is provided of the tragic inability of the authorities to heed numerous warning signs and threats-to-kill by the offender and so avert such murders. Finally, attention turns to the policy and research implications of the findings with emphasis on lethal domestic violence prevention and better support of the orphans involved.
Źródło:
Qualitative Sociology Review; 2017, 13, 3; 80-100
1733-8077
Pojawia się w:
Qualitative Sociology Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kto jest ofiarą? czyli o fenomenie samobójstw poagresyjnych
Who is the victim? Post-aggression suicide phenomenon
Autorzy:
Głuch, Katarzyna
Gawliński, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/478585.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Europejskie Stowarzyszenie Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Tematy:
Suicide
homicide
dyadic death
post-aggression suicide
extended suicide
victim.
Opis:
"Dyadic death" called an expanded and post-aggresive suicide is the suicide made after the murder. Its essence boils down to the fact that the suicide is closely related to motivation and causation of the pre-made murder or assassination. It should be noted that the offender before the event decides to broaden the circle of people for whom death seems to him/her a necessity. The closest relations usually are selected in terms of emotional, i.e. family members or unrelated people with whom the offender linkes a bond. There are many reasons for this phenomenon, but the most common ones are severe mental disturbance, inability to rectify the requirements of life or life disappointment. In this article, the issue of "Dyadic death" was discussed in a comprehensive manner, showing all its aspects, both theoretical and practical. There were presented: characteristic elements of extended suicide, the most common motives of committing, the qualification of legal and criminal action, the examples of "Dyadic death" that took place in Poland and the number of expanded suicides committed in this country.
Źródło:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland; 2013, 1; 84-99
2299-8055
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Prawniczy Europejskiego Stowarzyszenia Studentów Prawa ELSA Poland
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryminalistyczna analiza przyczyn śmierci Marilyn Monroe
The criminalistic analysis of the causes of Marilyn Monroe’s death
Autorzy:
Jarecka, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/686094.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Marilyn Monroe
zabójstwo
samobójstwo
dowód
sekcja zwłok
homicide
suicide
evidence
autopsy
Opis:
In the article, the author has analysed the mistakes and omissions in the investigation of Marilyn Monroe’s death. How did she die? Was she murdered or was it a suicide? The paper is also the analysis of the psychological profile of the actress. The author has tried to recreate the circumstances of the actress’s last life moments. The answers to the above questions are not the main purpose of the work. It is rather an attempt to induce an analysis by its recipient.
Autorka przeanalizowała błędy i zaniedbania popełnione w śledztwie dotyczącym śmierci Marilyn Monroe. W jaki sposób zmarła artystka? Czy było to zabójstwo czy samobójstwo? Badaczka odtworzyła okoliczności jej ostatnich chwil życia. Referat stanowi również analizę profilu psychologicznego aktorki. Praca nie zawiera gotowych odpowiedzi na postawione wyżej pytania, a raczej ma na celu skłonić odbiorcę do analizy.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica; 2018, 83; 91-101
0208-6069
2450-2782
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Iuridica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Od przypadku do przypadku – czyli o casus na gruncie rzymskiego prawa karnego oraz pism retorycznych Cycerona-
Case by case – about a casus in Roman criminal lawand Cicero’s rhetoric writings
Autorzy:
Kubiak, Przemysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/697381.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
accident
unintentional guilt
unintentional homicide
exculpating circumstances
Roman rhetoric
Cicero
Opis:
The opinion that Roman jurists were giants in the field of private law and dwarfs in criminal law is nowadays a little bit out of date. However, upon a closer analysis of the use of the term ‘accident’ (casus), such a statement seems to be justified. Casus for Roman jurists was not only, as in the sphere of private law, a pure random fact, but also a culpable human act. It is not hard to guess that their writings and opinions were inconsistent in that field and sometimes suggested quite surprising legal classifications of deeds committed in such a way. In order to understand this paradox it might be helpful to take a closer look at historical regulations of crimes committed unintentionally, including above all homicide, but also rhetorical sources, especially works of Cicero. His writings were a canon for learning rhetoric in later times, as well as inspiration for next generations of Roman jurists. His remarks and specific character of the metaphorical phrase si telum manu fugit quam iecit, constituting a kind of definitional topos of crimes committed unintentionally, can lift the veil of secrecy and enable penetration of Roman jurists’ philosophy of life and their intellectual formation.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2016, 14, 2; 57-78
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Is Homicide a Turning Point in the Life of Perpetrators? A Narrative Analysis of the Life Stories of Marginalized and Middle-Class Male Homicide Offenders in Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina
Autorzy:
Di Marco, Martín Hernán
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32222589.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Homicide
Violence
Perpetrators
Narratives
Life Story
Turning-Points
Masculinity
Argentina
Opis:
This paper aims to analyze the relevance given to violent deaths and imprisonment by male homicide perpetrators in their biographical reconstructions. Drawing on narrative criminology, this study examines the offenders’ emic terms, rationalities, and stories. The analysis is based on seventy-three purposefully selected narrative-biographical interviews and field observations in prisons and homes of former convicts (2016-2020) in Metropolitan Buenos Aires, Argentina. The corpus was analyzed following an inductive thematic coding strategy using ATLAS.ti. Three central narratives about homicide and incarceration emerged: “opportunity,” “rock bottom,” and “disruptive.” For most, homicide was described as a biographical opportunity to rethink their lives, pursue new pathways, and “stabilize” a previously uncontrolled lifestyle. However, homicides perpetrated by respondents with higher socioeconomic status were disruptive events. Participants used stoic rationality—the positive appraisal of painful experiences—to structure their sense-making and stories of violence. This rationality permeated perpetrators’ presentations of themselves, their turning points and lived experiences, and the violence performed and suffered. This paper grapples with the widespread assumption that homicide is a radical change in the lives of offenders and questions the universal meaning of violent death. Performing violence is not only neutralized but is also seen as an expected and inaugural event in life stories, dependent on the worldviews of the social actors.
Źródło:
Qualitative Sociology Review; 2022, 18, 4; 110-131
1733-8077
Pojawia się w:
Qualitative Sociology Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zabójstwa w Polsce w latach 1951–1971 oraz sprawcy zabójstw w świetle akt sądowych (streszczenie wyników badań)
Homicide in Poland in the Years 1951-1971 and the Offenders in the Light of Court Records (Summary of the Investigation)
Autorzy:
Janowska, Halina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699244.pdf
Data publikacji:
1974
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
zabójstwa
Polska
sprawcy zabójstw
akta sądowe
homicide
Polska
offenders
court records
Opis:
Summary of the Investigation   This study is devoted to an analysis of homicide in Poiand during the 20 years 1951-1971 as compared with the pre-war period. This part of investigation is based on data taken from the police and prosecutor’s office statistics from before the war and for the years 1951-1971. The analysis deals also with the court records’ data on 308 offenders convicted for homicide throughout the country in the year 1961. The offenders represented almost all the persons convicted during that year for crimes covered by Arts. 225, paras 1 and 2 of the Penal Code of 1932. As many as 75 per cent of them were convicted for committed and 25 per cent for attempted homicides. The incidence of homicide was during the pre-war period more than five times that during the 25 years after the war. The social reasons for this phenomenon undoubtedly involve the important socio-economic and cultural transformations which have taken place in the country since the war. The diminished frequency of acts of homicide was brought about by changes in the social structure, an increase in the range of values made universally accessible, a rising level of culture and education, and changes in certain behavioural patterns. As between pre-war times and the last few years, a significant dynamic aspect in the territorial distribution of homicide has been noticeable; fundamentally, this is a change in the trend of dependence between the rate of homicide and the level of industrialization and urbanization. In the years 1935-1937, this dependence was negative, the greatest rate of homicide being recorded in the economically backward regions of eastern and southern Poland. In the years 1956-1962, this dependence persisted but at the same time the highest coefficient of homicide was noted in areas with an extremely high level of industrialization. In the years 1963-1965 there was an interdependence between the homicide rate and the low level of industrialization and urbanization; the highest coefficient of these crimes appears at that time in voivodeships marked by a high ‒ or an extremely low ‒ level of industrialization and urbanization. In recent years, 1969-1971, the dependence between the homicide rate and the low level of industrialization and urbanization further decreased, but the dependence of the high coefficient of homicide on the high level of industrialization became still more obvious. The highest homicide rate before the war in markedly agricultural areas of what was then called Poland “B” is to be linked with, above all, the influence exerted by such factors as: low level of economic development of these regions, low level of culture and education, the local type of social bonds, favouring ‒ in the then existing conditions ‒ lynch law, the spread of models called “subculture of aggression”. The fact that after the war (with a coefficient of homicide less than one-fifth of the former) a relatively higher coefficient of homicide remained unchanged in the eastern voivodeships is to be connected, above all, with residues of the pre-war situation which were of a cultural nature and whose influence ‒ because of the urbanization of rural culture ‒ was expected to diminish. This hypothesis finds confirmation in the results of the analysis of statistitical data for the years 1956-1971 related to the dynamic changes in the territorial distribution of homicide. Analyzing the reasons for a greater homicide rate in the western voivodeships, and even of tendencies indicating increase in the homicide coefficient in these areas, primarily taken into account should be the enormous intensification of social migration processes and the rapid rate of industrialization and urbanization of these regions. As regards the first of these factors, it should be borne in mind that the coefficient of homicide in the various voivodeships is greater in voivodeships with a higher percentage of people frorn those areas of Poland which before the war were known for a high coefficient of the crime of homicide. In conditions inevitably giving rise to social frustrations, there is an increased probability of homicide by people with certain psycho-social features. It should be emphasized that the offenders examined were in the majority of cases individuals marked by serious personality disorders and not having had even primary school education or any professional qualifications. Not without significance seems to be the fact that the overwhelming majority of such came from environments where aggressive behavioural patterns had been widespread. The indirect influence of social factors on the frequency of homicide seems to be insignificant in the case of people who commit such a crime in states of mind definable as psychotic, giving rise to irresponsibility. This assumption found confirmation in data from some other countries indicating that during a period when there is an increase in homicide, no increasing number of homicides by mentally ill people is to be observed. There seems, however, no doubt as to the influence of factors of a social nature on homicide by people who are not mentally sick but suffer from psychic anomalies. Among offenders examined by court psychiatrists (70.4% of the total in the court record material studied) 69.8 had psychic anomalies of various kinds; this fact is to be connected with their difficulties in social adjustment as well as with violent, extremely aggressive reactions to frustrating situations. Analyzing by comparison with the years before the war, the structure of motives for homicide, on the basis of court records, it was found that in the categories of motives differentiated in pre-war works by P. Horoszowski, the following changes have taken place as regards the number of convictions for homicides with given motives. The annual number of convictions for homicide with economic motives decreased five times (by approximately 300 cases); homicides for erotic motives less than two and a half times (by approximately 100); in defence of honour and person ‒ five times (by over 500); and infanticide ‒ also five times (by about 70). Examining the structure of motives for homicide ‒ i.e., the proportional share of convictions appropriate to the various categories ‒ it was found that the number of convicted offenders decreased by 7% as regards economic motives and defence of honour and person, and increased by about 14% in the category of homicides with erotic motives, while the percentage of convictions for child murder remained in the general structure of motives unchanged. Although the results of research on court records of one year are in principle insufficient as a basis for generalization in regard to a longer period of time, nevertheless we feel justified in generalizing the basis of statistical data supplied by the police. Such data enables the statement that there is a similarity between the average annual number of cases of homicide in the various categories of motives for the years 1962-1964 and 1968-1970. Since, moreover, the all-over number of cases of homicide for those years also reveals similarities, it may be concluded that the structure of motives for homicide in those periods was relatively stable. Changes in the structure of motives for homicide since the war period may, as compared with the pre-war period be attributed primarily to the changes in the structure of classes and strata in Poland and to changes in the hierarchy of socially accepted values. The typology of motives for homicide followed F. Horoszowski’s typology, which served as a basis for analysis of court records before the war but had to be extended for the purpose of this work. An effort has been made to find out whether offenders prompted by different motives differ essentially in respect to socio-demographic and psycho-social features. It was found that offenders, whether prompted by economic or erotic motives, or acting in defence of their personal dignity, etc., did not differ essentially as regards the features indicated above. But such differences can be observed when in the grouping of cases account is taken of, in addition to the motive for a crime, the objective situation on the background of which such motive took shape. Typotogy of the material examined, developed as indicated, led to the establishing of the following groups: (1) homicide in defence of personal dignity, arising out of a serious, developing conflict between the offender and the victim (26 cases); (2) homicide in defence of personal dignity, arising from a momentary, trivial conflict caused by the insobriety of the offender (40 cases); (3) homicide in defence of personal dignity during a brawl arising out of a trivial, passing conflict, caused by the insobriety of the offender (21 cases); (4) homicide for erotic reasons, arising out of the victim’s failure to satisfy the slayer’s emotional expectations (excluded are marital conflicts, caused by the slayer-husband’s alcoholism) ‒ 32 cases; (5) homicide with erotic motives connected with marital conflict, arising out of the slayer-husband’s alcoholism (32 cases); (6) homicide with erotic motives, to eliminate someone who constituted an obstacle to the offender’s realization of a plan to marry (18 cases); (7) homicide with economic motives arising out of claims to property (36 cases); (8) homicide with economic motives with intent to rob (29 cases); (9) homicide in self-defence or in defence of intimates (27 cases); (10) homicide to eliminate a witness to another crime committed by the offender (6 cases); (11) child-murder, as a rule of illegitimate infants, for various motives (23 cases), (a) by women (17 cases), (b) by men (6 cases); (12) homicide with pathological motives, arising out of a pathological reaction to intoxication (12 cases); (13) murder with pathological motives, arising out of a pathological way of achieving sexual satisfaction (6 cases). Note that the homicide category with the largest number of cases is that in defence of personal dignity (over 28%), including homicide for trivial reasons, a momentary confiict, arising out of the slayer’s being intoxicated (in police statistics such homicides figure as “hooligan”' killings; in literature ‒ often as “homicide arising from alcoholic motive”). Of the total of slayers examined, 90% were men. Of those ‒ 51% were under 30 years of age, and of female slayers ‒ 47%. 41% of male and 61% of the female offenders were single. From among male offenders 60% of them lived in the countryside, and from among female ones ‒ 63%. As many as 58% of offenders of both sexes had failed to complete primary school education (56% of men and 72% of women). Only 7% of the male and 9% of the female offenders were white collar workers. Analysis of the symptoms of social degradation among homicidals, showed that in only half of the cases was there evidence of intensification of such symptoms, which appearing together, indicated previous social deviance of the individual. Thus among the examined men 43% had already been tried for previous criminal offences before they were convicted of homicide; 22% of the total had been convicted once, 11% ‒ twice, and only 10% three times or more (among women there was not a single case of having 3 prior convictions). As to the structure of previous offences, it was found that there was a predominance (54.5%) of offences involving theft; 23% were offences combined with physical aggression, but of these only 17 out of a total of 75 could be considered serious (four involving manslaughter, 1 a brawl ending fatally, 5 serious bodily injuries, and 7 robberies). 58% of the total of homicidals systematically drank alcohol to excess (large quantities at least several times a week) and 68% of offenders were under the influence of alcohol at the moment of the crime. Alcohol is undoubtedly a very significant factor in the etiology of homicide; it plays an essential criminogenic role, especially as regards the very frequent cases in which an intoxicated offender simultaneously had serious disorders of personality. Data concerning recurrence of aggressive behaviour by offenders prior to the homicide were found in the court records of 65% of the cases; 60% of these received adverse references from their places of residence or of work. Only 20% did not work during the period preceding the homicide. The data given above show that not all homicidals reveal features indicating previous social maladjustment. In this connection, an examination was made of the correlation between certain psycho-social features o the criminals and the motives which prompted them to homicide. A statistical analysis, on the basis of which groups of the most strongly correlated variables were formed enabled further typology of groups of homicides differentiated according to motives. The principle of this typology was the connection between certain groups of homicides and the syndromes of psychosocial features, considered negative or “positive” from the point of view of social evaluation. Groups most strongly correlated with syndromes of negative features thus included individuals who had committed such crimes as: homicide with intent to rob; homicide in defence of own dignity arising out of a trifling, momentary conflict caused by the insoberity of the offender, homicide for erotic motives arising out of conflict caused by the offenderhusband’s alcoholism, homicide arising out of the offender’s pathological reaction caused by alcohol. It was found that the groups of offenders most markedly correlated with the “positive” syndrome of psycho-social features from the point of view of social evaluation were: homicide occurring in defence of personal dignity; arising out of a seriously gnowing conflict between slayer and victim; homicide with erotic motives aimed at the elimination of someone regarded as an obstacle to the realization of an offender’s plans to marry; homicide with economic motives arising out of claims to property; homicide in self-defence; child-murder committed by women. Of interest is the fact that in the light of court records a considerable majority of slayers (approximately 80%), men as well as women, committed homicide under the influence of strong negative emotional states, prolonged and belonging to affective experiences of the type frequently qualified in criminology and psychopathological literature as “states of continuous affect”. Only in about 10% of homicides did the records not reveal any intensified emotional stress on the part of the slayers – neither in the form of prolonged emotional stress nor in the form of marked exasperation arising directly before the homicide and caused by the victim’s aggressive, provocative behaviour. A mere 17% of the cases examined could be considered homicide “with malice aforethought”; this also includes homicide committed under considerable affect. The courts considered onry14.5% of the total of offenders to have committed their crimes “under the influence of strong emotion”, and applied para. 2, Art. 225 of the penal code (of 1932). Note that in the years 1961-1965 the courts invoked para. 2, Art. 225 of the penal code in connection with – annual average – only 14.7% of the total of individuals convicted of homicide, and in the years 1966-1971 in connection with a bare 10.3%. But during the pre-war years 1934-1937, of all cases of homicide, an average of 49% were considered by the court as having been committed under the influence of strong emotion. Data from the records examined as regards homicide victims are very scant and incomplete. Thus this work took into account only information related to the connections between the offender and victim and such features as: sex, age and state of sobriety at the time the offence was committed and also data contained in opinions given about the victims. It is of some interest that such features of the victims differed, depending on whether the offender was a man or woman. Close relatives constituted as much as 53% of the total of victims of female offenders and only 9% – of the males. On the other hand, there was marked similarity as regards the percentage of husband or wife as victims, of the partner, lover or fiancé (fiancée). In the case of men this percentage amounted to 24%, of women – 21%. The percentage of more distant relatives as homicide victims was 10.4% for men and only 3% for women. The percentage of victims unknown to slayers was fon men – 13% and for women 12%. Entirely different as between the sexes of offenders was the percentage of their victims who were closer or more distant friends: for men – 43%, and for women only 12%. 60.4% of the victims of offenders (men and women) were men, 37% – women and 2.6% – children of both sexes. Consideration of the age of homicide victims showed that the average age of victims was slightly higher than the average age of offenders, being on an average around 35 years (children excluded). Approximately 45% of the victims were given unfavourable references and in 45.5% of the cases the victims were in a state of insobriety at the time the crime was committed. The undoubtedly important role played by the victim in provoking of some of the homicides could not be examined in this work, due to the lack in appropriate records of more detailed characteristic traits of the victims and the lack of analysis of the circumstances preceding the murder.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1974, VI; 179-187
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cudzoziemcy jako sprawcy poważnych przestępstw w Polsce – raport z badań
Foreigners as the perpetrators of serious crimes in Poland – research report
Autorzy:
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565581.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:
cudzoziemcy
migracja
przestępczość
zabójstwo
pobicie
rozbój
foreigners
migration
crime
homicide
battery
robbery
Opis:
Artykuł przedstawia fragment raportu z najnowszej analizy statystyk przestępczości cudzoziemców (obejmującej lata 2000-2012). Podstawą raportu są statystyki Komendy Głównej Policji oraz Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości. Przestępczość cudzoziemców w Polsce charakteryzuje duża dynamika. Po 1989 r. przestępczość cudzoziemców w Polsce rosła aż do roku 1997, a od 1998 następuje widoczny spadek. Do roku 2006 spadek ten jest dość gwałtowny, a później następuje stabilizacja. Analiza statystyk cudzoziemców podejrzanych o popełnienie przestępstwa i skazanych za te czyny pokazuje, że obecnie w Polsce zagrożenie przestępczością obcokrajowców jest znikome. W latach 2004-2012 udział cudzoziemców w ogóle przestępczości wynosi nieco ponad 1%. Odsetek skazań za najpoważniejsze przestępstwa pozostaje jeszcze niższy.
The article presents the fragment of the report on the latest analysis of the statistics of foreigner crime (2000-2012). The basis of the report are the statistics of the Police Headquarters and the Ministry of Justice. Foreigner crime in Poland is characterized by high dynamics. After 1989 criminality of foreigners in Poland increases until 1997, and since 1998 seriously declines. By 2006 this decline is quite rapid but later one can observe a stabilization. Analysis of the statistics of suspects and sentenced foreigners show that currently in Poland a threat of foreigner crime is insignificant. In the years 2004-2012, percentage of foreigners in the general number of suspects is just over 1%. The proportion of convictions for the most serious crimes remains even lower.
Źródło:
Rozprawy Społeczne; 2016, 10, 1; 44-56
2081-6081
Pojawia się w:
Rozprawy Społeczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kara śmierci w trybie doraźnym (sprawa IVK dor. 24/83 w Sądzie Wojewódzkim w Warszawie)
Capital Punishment in Summary Proceeding
Autorzy:
Rzepliński, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698596.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kara śmierci
kara pozbawienia wolności
zabójstwo
procesy sądowe
capital punishment
imprisonment
homicide
lawsuits
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 905-943
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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