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    Tytuł:
    On the examination of reasons why border dwellers tend to goods smuggling and its impacts on the non-accomplishment of economic development
    Autorzy:
    Mamazizi, Solayman
    Rostami, Yaghob
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1189952.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Przedsiębiorstwo Wydawnictw Naukowych Darwin / Scientific Publishing House DARWIN
    Tematy:
    Goods smuggling
    Economic development
    Bane Market
    Opis:
    Iran has over 6000 kilometers joint (land) border with countries of Afghanistan, Pakistan Turkmenistan, Turkey, Armenia, Republic of Azarbaijan and Iraq. Iran also has a 2700 kilometer maritime border in the Caspian Sea, Persian Gulf and Oman Sea and has the longest border with Iraq and shortest border with Armenia. Border dwellers turn to smuggling due to some reasons. This research addresses reasons why border dwellers tend to goods smuggling and its impacts on the non-accomplishment of economic development. This research is descriptive in nature and its methodology is export facto; because the researcher seeks to find possible ways in which border dwellers tend to goods smuggling. The statistical population of this research consists of male residents in the city of Bane in 2014 who amounted to 30000. The sample volume was selected 384 people based on the Morgan formula who were selected via random sampling. The research tool was a researcher made questionnaire where appropriate questions and options were used given the research's hypotheses and objectives. The questionnaire's validity was confirmed by professors and the mean questionnaire's reliability was estimated 0/75 by using Cronbach's alpha. The results of the current research finding which are in line with the researches investigated in this field suggest that factors related with familial subsistence and factors related with the ecobomic system have all affected tendency to goods smuggling.
    Źródło:
    World Scientific News; 2016, 52; 93-105
    2392-2192
    Pojawia się w:
    World Scientific News
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kryminologiczne aspekty przestępczości granicznej
    Criminological Aspects of Border Crime
    Autorzy:
    Laskowska, Katarzyna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699171.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2002
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    kryminologia
    przestępczość graniczna
    nielegalne przekroczenie granicy
    przemyt towarów
    criminology
    border crime
    illegal border crossing
    smuggling of goods
    Opis:
          In this study the author indicates the main problems that appeared in Poland as a result of the opening of borders after the transition to a new economic and political system launched in 1989. The list is headed by offenses committed by foreign nationals, smuggling activities, illegal crossing of frontiers, and  population movements, especially from very low-income countries.       Border crime is defined here as both illegal border crossing, customs and currency offenses, forgery of documents and crime againts institutions. Border crime can be examined in a large numer of aspects as offenses which ere a threat to fundamental public policy interests. The crux of the matter lies in the motives and aims of the perpetrator.       When we refer to border crime we have in mind the kind of offenses that are associated with cross-border movement of persons and objects involved in an illegal activity The commission of offenses falling into this category is not confined solely to border regions. The area of operations of criminals of this kind may be the whole of a country. Border crime is crime of a special kind. Its effects and in particular its further consequences are not always visible. Nor in all such cases is there an injured party, though it should be noted that serious harm may be suffered by people smuggled across borders and that injury is caused to victims of smuggling-related car theft.       It is worth drawing attention to the etiology of this kind of crime. Among the internal influences contributing to its growth should be included the closure or collapse of workplaces, state farms and industrial enterprises, especially along Poland’s eastern border, and the consequent rise in unemployment. In recent years there has been a notable decline in the public’s standard of living, which has prompted some of them to seek alternative or additional sources of income.With increasing frequency people set their sights on swift multiplication of wealth and see in smuggling, for instance, a relatively simple and low-risk way of making money. It is worth noting  a judicial tendency towards unduly lenient treatment of perperators of border crime and to hand down light sentences (most glaringly, for organizacion of illegal border crossing). Another development has been a steep rise in the incidence of pathological phenomena among officials, such as forgery or falsification of documents, bribery or entry into the structures of criminal groups.        Much more dangerous are the external factors driving border crime, such as steadily worsening economic decline in parts o fthe Middle East, Asia and the former Soviet Union and  rising unemployment and inflation in the countries concerned. Other causes are wars, national, ethnic and religious conflicts and the inadequacy of the technical protection of frontiers. Not without significance is the continuing demand in the East for cars of Western make and the possibility of legalizing their acquisition if they have been stolen. There has also been an intensification of corrupt practices among public officials with an influence on the state of national security and inviolability of frontiers (especially among the border guard forces in Belarus and Ukraine). Also conducive to the growth of crime is the further organization and specialization of criminal groups pursuing activities on both sides of the frontier.        The author also offers a detailed picture of selected types of border crime. Her study centers on the legal and criminological aspects of the crime of illegal entry. She indicates the methods of committing this crime employed by its perpetrators at both border crossings and along smuggling routes. She depicts the mechanisms involved in the smuggling of persons with particular emphasis on the role played in such trafficking by organized criminal groups.        Another criminal activity worth attention is smuggling, chiefly of liquor, cigarettes, cars, drugs, animals, guns, etc. This crime is a threat to the economic interests of the state which incurs  significant losses of revenue in this respect.  The author brings out the complex, underground modus operandi of the criminals involved and stresses the prominence in this illicit activity of organized criminal groups.        The data illustrating border crime points to the continued persistence of threats from illegal immigration into Poland, including in many cases in organized forms, and its  transformation from a transit to a destination country. Because of the unabating demand in the former Soviet republics for Western cars rhe organizers of smuggling rings will probably develop more sophisticated methods of falsifying the documents of cars (mostly luxury models) stolen in West-European countries. As at present there will be continued smuggling, both by individuals and in organized forms (of considerable value per consignment), of liquor into Poland and of cigarettes bound for Poland and Germany. Intensification of attempts to corrupt the personnel (including senior officers) of watchtowers and border crossings.        The most important role in prevention and  suppression of border crime is played by Border Guard personnel. More and more often they are equipped with modern equipment for X-raying baggage and carry out passport checks by means of readers connected to a computer database.  Border Guard personel also engage in operations outside the border zone and conduct searches of dwellings and premises belonging to the organizers of illegal cross-border traffic. Not infrequently they face an increased element of risk. Criminals often possess firearms, gas and other dangerous implements. Hence the importance of specialist  training, physical fitness, unarmed combat skills and the ability to handle weapons.        An important erement in fighting border crime is cooperation with other public institutions. Preventive action and operational, surveillance and investigative measures aimed at improving the state of security and public order and detection and expulsion of foreign nationals who have entered Poland  illegally are carried out in the border zone in collaboration with the police.                    Because of the nature or its responsibilities and the international connections of criminal groups the Border Guard maintains day-to-day liaison with its counterparts in  other countries. Among the most important areas of cooperation between the border authorities of European Union members, Central and East European countries, the United States and Canada are interchange of information about tasks, structures, jurisdictions, powers and problems relating to cross-border traffic and border crime and interaction in operational and investigative activities. There is a particularly successful record  of cooperarion with the German authorities (specifically the BGS).        It is worth stressing that amendmends to the Border Guard Act adopted in 2001 provide for its equipment with additional powers for combating corruption, including operational oversight, „sting” operations, the offering or acceptance of bribes, and imposes on Border Guard personnel and employees the requirement to file declarations of assets. The powers in question could be a significant boost to the prevention and suppression of border crime.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2002, XXVI; 161-180
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Państwo polskie w walce z przestępczością transgraniczną
    The polish state in the fight against cross-border crime
    Autorzy:
    Cywoniuk, Gabriela
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049820.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-07-30
    Wydawca:
    Niepaństwowa Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    przestępczość transgraniczna
    Straż Graniczna
    przemyt towarów
    przemyt ludzi
    fałszerstwo dokumentów
    nielegalna migracja
    statystyka
    border crime
    Border Guard
    smuggling of goods
    human smuggling
    forgery of documents
    illegal migration
    statistics
    Opis:
    Problemem, z którym ciągle spotykają się służby graniczne są przestępstwa transgraniczne. Otwarte granice w Unii Europejskiej oraz możliwość wyboru środka transportu wzmaga nieustające zainteresowanie łatwym zarobkiem. Zwalczanie przestępczości transgranicznej jest prowadzone od stuleci. Na terenie Polski przestępstwa transgraniczne są dokonywane najczęściej przez cudzoziemców, w tym przez obywateli państw trzecich. Badania statystyczne pokazały, że poziom przestępczości transgranicznej w latach 2016-2020 obniżył się. Wydaje się, że wpływ na zmniejszenie się tej przestępczości w 2020 roku miała pandemia COVID-19 i zakazy wprowadzone przez państwa, co w znacznym stopniu zahamowało ruch graniczny.
    Cross-border crimes are a problem that border authorities are constantly confronted with. Open borders in the European Union and the possibility to choose the means of transport increase the continuing interest in easy money. Fighting cross-border crime has been going on for centuries. In Poland, cross-border crimes are most often committed by foreigners, including third-country nationals. Statistical studies showed that the level of cross-border crime decreased in the years 2016-2020. It seems that the decline in this crime in 2020 was influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic and bans imposed by states, which significantly inhibited cross-border traffic.
    Źródło:
    Zagadnienia społeczne; 2021, 1, 15; 199-234
    2353-7426
    Pojawia się w:
    Zagadnienia społeczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przestępczość transgraniczna w latach 2015–2017 zagrożeniem dla bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa w świetle danych statystycznych Bieszczadzkiego Oddziału Straży Granicznej w Przemyślu
    Transboundary crime in 2015–2017 as a threat to the state internal security in the light of the Bieszczady Border Guard Department in Przemysl, statistical data
    Autorzy:
    Kozłowski, Piotr
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2079497.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Techniczno-Ekonomiczna im. ks. Bronisława Markiewicza w Jarosławiu
    Tematy:
    border traffic
    transit
    goods exchange
    border crime
    cross-border crime
    Border Guard
    smuggling of goods
    combating crime
    border services
    Schengen Agreement
    ruch graniczny
    tranzyt
    wymiana towarowa
    przestępczość graniczna
    przestępczość transgraniczna
    Straż Graniczna
    przemyt towarów
    zwalczanie przestępczości
    służby graniczne
    Układ z Schengen
    Opis:
    Powyższy artykuł omawia kwestię przestępczości transgranicznej. Artykuł składa się z dwóch integralnych części. W pierwszej Autor prezentuje podstawowe pojęcia z zakresu przestępczości transgranicznej oraz rolę i zadania Straży Granicznej w zwalczaniu przestępczości granicznej. W drugiej części, na podstawie danych statystycznych Bieszczadzkiego Oddziału Straży Granicznej w zakresie zwalczania przestępczości granicznej. Autor pokazuje wkład formacji granicznej w podniesienie stanu bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa. Powyższy artykuł stanowi zaczątek do dyskusji nad rolą formacji granicznych w zwalczaniu przestępczości zorganizowanej.
    The above article deals with the issue of cross-border crime. The article consists of two integral parts. In the first one, the author presents the basic concepts of cross-border crime as well as the role and tasks of the Border Guard in combating border crime. In the second part, based on the statistical data of the Bieszczady Border Guard Unit in the field of combating border crime, the author shows the contribution of the border formation in improving the state of internal security of the state. The above article is the beginning of a discussion on the role of border formations in combating organized crime.
    Źródło:
    Współczesne Problemy Zarządzania; 2020, 8, 1(16); 83-95
    2720-1627
    2720-2569
    Pojawia się w:
    Współczesne Problemy Zarządzania
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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