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Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
Tytuł:
Zmiana polityki karania w nowelizacji kodeksu karnego z 7 lipca 2022 roku. Uwagi krytyczne
Autorzy:
Pawelec, Kazimierz J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/13949700.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-02-20
Wydawca:
Akademia Sztuki Wojennej
Tematy:
principles of punishment
specific and general prevention
minor and juvenile
perpetrators
Opis:
Law making is akin to solving criminal puzzles. To paraphrase A. Loeb, the legislator must follow the evidence. The evidence includes empirical data, scientific research and especially the achievements of researchers. Following the above requires humility, which frees one from biases that can affect one’s observations and conclusions. Creating norms of penal law consists most of all of a systemic approach, so that this system is consistent and, most importantly, only at the end of proceedings punishes with an individual approach the offender whose guilt has been proven with all the guarantees afforded to the parties in the proceedings of a fair trial. Analysing the changes in the enacted amendment, the author focused on minor and juvenile offenders who also committed crimes, i.e. traffic accidents and, less frequently, traffic disasters or causing the immediate danger thereof. They were often an effect of extremely risky behaviour, aggression and even road rage. Should these perpetrators be punished for the consequences of these acts with all the tightened severity, as enacted by Parliament? A critical assessment of the change in punishment philosophy deserves consideration.
Źródło:
Cybersecurity and Law; 2023, 9, 1; 287-297
2658-1493
Pojawia się w:
Cybersecurity and Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kilka słów o karze – ujęcie ogólne
A few words about punishment – general view
Autorzy:
Krzeczek, Monika
Molis, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/476435.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
Punishment
Criminal Code
General Prevention
Special Prevention
prevention
kara
Kodeks karny
prewencja ogólna
prewencja szczególna
profilaktyka
Opis:
Punishment, its purpose and essence is a research issue around which many controversies have arisen. Previous studies indicate that almost everything has been said about the punishment. However, it is important to point out that the future of punishment and penalization, and issues that continue to raise topics for discussion, are important areas. Penalty plays an important role in the social sphere and highlights important issues such as substance, prevention and punishment.
Kara, jej cel i istota to zagadnienie badawcze, wokół którego narosło wiele kontrowersji. Dotychczasowe badania wskazują, że o karze powiedziano już prawie wszystko. Jednak należy zaznaczyć, że ważnym obszarem jest przyszłość kary i karania oraz zagadnienia, które nadal stają się tematem do dyskusji. Kara odgrywa ważną rolę w obszarach społecznych i należy podkreślać ważne zagadnienia, jakimi są istota, profilaktyka oraz celowość kary.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały; 2017, 1(20); 133-140
1689-8052
2451-0807
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozytywna prewencja ogólna w nauce niemieckiej (wybrane koncepcje)
Positive General Prevention (Chosen Theories)
Autorzy:
Szamota-Saeki, Barbara
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699300.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
pozytywna prewencja
Niemcy
prawo karne
polityka karna
kara
positive general prevention
Germany
criminal law
penal policy
punishment
Opis:
 The idea of socio-educating function of punishment is not recent. It appeared in XVIIIth century. Its renewal of XXth century is explained by the disappointment of the deterrent and re-socialising effectiveness of criminal punishment. It is also a reaction towards the abolitionary postulates’ questioning the sense of existence of the criminal punishment. There are many versions of this theory. It is widely popular in Germany where it is calted ‘positive general prevention’ or the ‘integrating prevention’.         The term ‘positive general prevention’ was constructed in Germany in opposition to the traditional term ‘general prevention’ understood solely as a general deterrence. It is meant to stress the turn away from the so understood ‘general prevention’ and a promoting of the positive function of criminal punishment. This ‘positive’ or ‘integrating’ function of punishment is, in most simple terms, based on strengthening the morality, supporting the desired attitudes and ways of behaving, strengthening the trust in law, in shaping the law awareness, and also encouraging norms recognition. The purpose of the punishment is preserving and strengthening the normative integration of society. It is realised not by creating fear but by using persuasion, by teaching about necessity and usefulness of the criminal law norms and by obeying them for the social order. It is also important to bring about a custom of law obedience.         The popularity of the positive general prevention is explained differently in the German studies. Most often, it is pointed out that, on the one hand, a return towards the absolutist theories is commonly rejected there, and on the other hand, that there is a popular disappointment with the efficiency of prevention and re-socialisation. The positive general prevention an opportunity for keeping a preventive character of theory of punishment with a simultaneous introduction of a retributive element in form of guilt rule. It thus creates a combination of rationality of prevention theories with a guaranteed character of the absolutist theories. It also has an advantage over the mixed theories of punishment as it is directed at a single goal.         Despite of a significant differentiation of the positive general prevention theories, it is relatively easy to define some of its characteristics: the addressee of an execution of the criminal law and punishment is society and not an individual person, where it is mostly about the influence on those members of society who do obey the law. the positive general prevention aims at long term, indirect activity and not at an immediate, short term effect on society. the persuasive nature of the criminal law is stressed, its ability to persuade, as well as the symbolic, expressive meaning of punishment as means of communicating. The content of that message in German conception is, in general, that criminal law norm is still valid. It exceptionally evokes to the moral condemnation of a deed as a subject of that message. the representatives of the theory of positive general prevention educe the purpose of the punishment from the entire penal law system. Penal law and the penalty itself come in those ideas on the very same grounds. Therefore it is not a theory of punishment but a theory of the penal law. these theories agree that the positive, integrating effect can be brought about only by a just punishment. a very typical feature of the German ideas is using the term of guilt in reference to functionality. It makes them vulnerable to a reproach that, in fact, they are veiled absolutist theories.        I analyse five ideas of the positive general prevention in this article. It was my aim to select those ideas which could indicate its diversity. Mayer's theory contributed to the rebirth of the socio-educational theory of punishment function in German studies. It belongs to the movement of the expressive punishment theories. According to Mayer penalty has an educational aspect for the society by strengthening or creating morality of the community.        Integrating prevention, as understood by H. Muller-Dietz, is an activity of punishment which is based on creating and strengthening the ways that law is perceived by the citizens. The integrating function is realised by the regulatory and court systems of justice.       The most popular in Germany is the theory of G. Jakobs. It clearly refers to the theory of systems by Niklas Luhmann. Jakobs stresses that punishment expresses a protest against breaking a norm paid by the offender. It shows that the norm broken with a deed is still valid and that it is determinant as an orientation example for social interactions.       A very strong feature of W. Hasserman’s idea is the emphasis of how the penal law system influences the entirety of social control processes. Streng refers to the psychoanalysis and psychology of the punishing society, in order to explain the general preventative activity of punishment. He mentions three unconscious, emotional sources of punishment.       In the conclusion I discuss the significance of the presented theories for the studies of criminal law and the practices of administration of criminal justice.  
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2004, XXVII; 43-66
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kara łączna w nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z 7 lipca 2022 r.
The Aggregate Penalty under the 7th July 2022 Amendment of the Penal Code
Autorzy:
Gałązka, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/32466429.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Tematy:
criminal law
aggregate penalty
directives on the imposition of aggregate penalty
general prevention
individual prevention
prawo karne
kara łączna
dyrektywy wymiaru kary łącznej
prewencja generalna
prewencja indywidualna
Opis:
Przedmiotem artykułu są zmiany wprowadzone w przepisach dotyczących kary łącznej na mocy nowelizacji Kodeksu karnego z 7 lipca 2022 r., w szczególności zaś nowa treść art. 85a określającego dyrektywy wymiaru kary łącznej. Ustawodawca przestawił kolejność tych dyrektyw, wymieniając jako pierwszą dyrektywę prewencji generalnej, a dyrektywę prewencji indywidualnej jako drugą. Zmiana ta może być odczytana jako nadanie priorytetu przy wymiarze kary łącznej dyrektywie prewencji generalnej. Z redakcji art. 85a k.k. wynika, że przy takiej interpretacji katalog dyrektyw wymiaru kary łącznej miałby charakter wyczerpujący. Pozaustawowe kryteria wymiaru kary łącznej wypracowane przez orzecznictwo mogłyby być wówczas uwzględnione wyłącznie w ramach dyrektywy generalno- lub indywidualno-prewencyjnej. Wydaje się jednak, że tak daleko idące wnioski nie są dostatecznie uzasadnione.
The article discusses the amendments introduced to the provisions on the aggregate penalty, by the revision of the Penal Code of 7 July 2022, in particular, the new content of the Article 85a specifying the directives on the imposition of aggregate penalty. The legislator rearranged the order of these directives, listing the general prevention directive as the first and the individual prevention directive as the second. This amendment can be interpreted as granting priority to the general prevention directive. The wording of the Article 85a of the Penal Code would preclude that, with such interpretation, the catalogue of aggregate penalty directives should be considered exhaustive. Non-statutory criteria on the imposition of aggregate penalty developed by the judicature could then be taken into account only within the framework of the directive of general or individual prevention. It appears, however, that such far-reaching conclusions are not sufficiently justified.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego; 2024, 19, 21 (1); 61-83
2719-3128
2719-7336
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Напрями підвищення ефективності системи заходів загальносоціального запобігання терористичним актам в Україні
Directions of Improving the Efficiency of the System of Measures of General Social Prevention of Terrorist Acts in the Ukraine
Autorzy:
Стукаліна, Ольга
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2163417.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
терористичний акт
заходи загальносоціального запобігання
держава
велике місто
регіон
суб’єкти запобігання терористичним
актам
антитерористичні заходи
запобігання тероризму
міська програма
terrorist act
measures of general social prevention
state
large city
region
subjects of prevention of terrorist acts
anti-terrorist measures
prevention of terrorism
city program
Opis:
The article is devoted to improving the effectiveness of the system of measures of general social prevention of terrorist acts at the national, regional and local levels. It was emphasized that the prevention of terrorist acts at the national, regional and local levels is a key area that allows the most humane, with the least harm to the state and society, to address the problem of combating this phenomenon. The content of «general social prevention of terrorist acts» is revealed. It is proposed to understand «general social prevention of terrorist acts» as a system of measures that promotes the anti-criminogenic potential of the state, society and all institutions, and most importantly – the formation of a positive criminological situation, improving security of life and reducing existing terrorist threats. It is concluded that the system of measures of general social prevention of terrorist acts at the national, regional and local levels should be built to taking into account all financial and resource opportunities and specifics of specific administrative-territorial units, as well as: should be targeted, planned and systemic. settlement; should affect almost all spheres of society; should be aimed at neutralizing criminogenic factors in the of the environment that affect the emergence and implementation of terrorist acts, through the consolidated efforts of all, without exception, the subjects of preventive activities; Competent entities must take into account the territorial and spatial specifics of a particular settlement (its natural resources, historical features of the economy, proximity to the border, level of economic development, ethnic composition of the population, etc.); Competent entities should take into account the architectural design and planning of individual urban planning facilities, which will help to establish effective control over the state of public safety and public order, as well as prevent terrorist attacks; should cover a range of: socio-economic, political, ideological, organizational and managerial, psychological and educational, legal, informational and socio-cultural activities. It is proved that the activity of local self-government bodies, which promote the implementation of targeted and comprehensive programs to improve the security of the entire population and reduce the level of existing threats, including terrorist, is of particular importance in the development and implementation of social measures to prevent terrorist acts at the local and regional levels.
Стаття присвячена підвищенню ефективності системи заходів загальносоціального запобігання терористичним актам на загальнодержавному, регіональному та місцевому рівнях. Наголошено, що запобігання терористичним актам є ключовим напрямом, що дає можливість найбільш гуманно, з найменшою шкодою для держави й суспільства, вирішувати завдання протидії цьому явищу. Розкрито зміст «загальносоціального запобігання терористичним актам». Запропоновано під «загальносоціальним запобіганням терористичним актам» розуміти систему заходів, яка сприяє реалізації антикриміногенного потенціалу держави й суспільства, а найголовніше – формуванню позитивної кримінологічної обстановки, підвищенню рівня безпеки населення та зниженню ступеня існуючих терористичних загроз. Зроблено висновок, що система заходів загальносоціального запобігання терористичним актам на загальнодержавному, регіональному та місцевому рівнях повинна будуватися із урахуванням усіх фінансово-ресурсних можливостей та специфіки конкретних адміністративно-територіальних одиниць, а також: має носити цільовий, плановий та системний характер з урахуванням існуючого потенціалу певного населеного пункту; повинна зачіпати практично усі сфери життєдіяльності суспільства; має спрямовуватися на нейтралізацію криміногенних факторів у міському середовищі, що впливають на виникнення та реалізацію терористичних актів, за допомогою використання консолідованих зусиль усіх без винятку суб’єктів запобіжної діяльності; компетентним суб’єктами має враховуватися територіально-просторова специфіка окремого населеного пункту (його природні ресурси, історичні особливості господарства, наближеність до кордону, рівень економічного розвитку, етнічний склад населення тощо); компетентними суб’єктами має враховуватися архітектурне проектування й планування окремих об’єктів містобудування, що сприятиме створенню ефективного контролю за станом громадської безпеки й публічного порядку, а також унеможливлювати вчинення терактів; має охоплювати цілий комплекс: соціально-економічних, політичних, ідеологічних, організаційно-управлінських, психолого-виховних, правових, інформаційних та соціально-культурних заходів. Доведено, що особливого значення при розробці й реалізації загальносоціальних заходів запобігання терористичним актам на місцевому та регіональному рівнях набуває діяльність органів місцевого самоврядування, які сприяють втіленню цільових і комплексних програм щодо підвищення безпеки усього населення, а також зниження рівня існуючих загроз, у тому числі терористичного характеру.
Źródło:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2022, 4(36); 259-280
1643-6911
Pojawia się w:
Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Factors influencing the mental health status of support nurses and their workload during the COVID-19 epidemic
Autorzy:
Dai, Zhen-Juan
Xu, Shen-Ting
Xue, Fang-Ying
Zhou, Jian-Ying
Chen, Jian-Qin
Wang, Xue-Min
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/23369109.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-15
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
COVID-19
mental health
epidemic prevention and control
general mental health questionnaire
NASA-TLX
support nurse
Opis:
Objectives The authors used the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and general health questionnaire to analyze the factors influencing the mental health status and the workload of support nurses during the COVID-19 epidemic. Material and Methods The authors conducted a cross-sectional survey of 349 support nurses in April–October 2022. Using QuestionStar, a powerful online survey tool, the authors administered surveys to the participants, collected data on the mental health status and workload of support nurses, and analyzed the influencing factors based on the collected data. Results A total of 316 questionnaires were successfully collected, with an effective rate of 98.75%. The proportion of support nurses with mental health problems was 25% and the value of the NASA-TLX questionnaire was: M±SD 68.91±7.28 pts. Multi-factor analysis revealed that the number of children, family support, and nursing support location were the influencing factors of mental health status, while the multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of symptoms, nursing support location, support work type, and total 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) score were the influencing factors of the workload of support nurses. Conclusions Compared to their counterparts in the plains, nurses working in isolated plateau regions who were caring for children and lacked family support, were more likely to have mental health issues. There was a positive correlation between the changes in GHQ-12 and NASA-TLX scores of the study participants. Compared to their counterparts in the plains and the tropical regions, nurses working in plateau regions had a heavier workload. As part of the follow-up measures to prevent and treat patients impacted by the COVID-19 epidemic, it is important to improve the mental health evaluation, consultation, and treatment of the support nurses to guarantee the high quality of the first-line support work.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2023, 36, 6; 761-772
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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