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Tytuł:
Effectiveness of forest fire security systems in Poland
Autorzy:
Grajewski, S. M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/101173.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Stowarzyszenie Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich PAN
Tematy:
forest fire
forest fire risk
forest fire protection
forest fire security
State Forests National Forest Holding
Opis:
It has been estimated that over 80% of forest areas in Poland is threatened with fire. Due to the number of fires and burned area, Poland is counted to the group of European countries where fires break out the most frequently. On average, each year and mostly because of human activity, almost 8.5 thousand fires break out resulting in over 7 thousand ha of burned forest area. Many scientists forecast that the climate warming, decline in precipitation amount and prolonging rainless periods will enhance fire risk in forests, which will translate itself not only into an increase in the number of fires, but also will favour their intensive spreading. The aim of presented paper is estimating the operational efficiency of the fire protection system in Polish forests and the effectiveness of fire extinguishing actions in forests, but also recognition of the effect of the forest area management type on fire statistics. Following data series were investigated: of the number of fires, the burned forest area and average fire area for the years 1990-2016 for the forests under the management of the State Forests National Forest Holding (State Forests NFH) and other managements. Determined trends were analysed by means of Mann-Kendall non-parametric test. A mean area of forest fire was assumed as the main measure of forest fire protection system effectiveness. The area was compared with the other European countries, Canada and the USA. Despite a lack of a tendency for decreasing number of fires in Poland, which is noted in Europe, taking into account a low value and a statistically significant downward trend for average fire area, forest protection and the effectiveness of extinguishing actions in Polish forests should be regarded as very good. The exception are forests remaining beyond the management of the State Forests NFH, where the upward trend for the number of forest fires is alarming.
Źródło:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich; 2017, IV/2; 1563-1576
1732-5587
Pojawia się w:
Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ACTIVITIES OF A FIRE BRIGADE DURING HUGE FOREST FIRE BEFORE DEPLOYMENT OF THE OVERLAND FIREFIGHTING MODULE
Autorzy:
Jaroslav, Kapusniak,
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/890947.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-08-21
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
forest fire
extinguishing of forest fire
activities during forest fire
non-accessible terrain
aviation firefighting equipment
Opis:
Occurrence of forest fires having increasing intensity and extent thereof due to climatic changes is more often in recent years. The article summarizes tasks and recommendations for firefighting brigade relating to a forest fire that jeopardizes to grow into a huge extent in a non-accessible terrain and to performing an intervention exceeding possibilities of a fire brigade from the District Headquarters of the Fire and Rescue Corps (hereinafter only “FRC”), including applying aviation fitrefighting equipment.
Źródło:
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje; 2014, 15; 125-134
2299-4033
Pojawia się w:
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Spatial Variability of Forest Fires in the Polish Voivodeships in the Period of 2009-2018
Autorzy:
Podawca, Konrad
Pawłat-Zawrzykraj, Agata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1839196.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
forest fire
fire statistics
fire risk
Opis:
The article deals with the issue of forest fire risk and regional differentiation of this phenomenon in Poland. A set of indicators characterizing forest fires in voivodeships (equivalent of provinces) was developed, including: area indicators, variability indicators, 10-year indicators, normalized indicators and a synthetic indicator. The study is based on the data for the years 2009-2018 provided by the Local Data Bank. Assessment of the severity of forest fires phenomena in the analysed period was presented. The results of the assessment were compared to theoretically designated fire risk categories. Areas where the actual number of fires, average area and the burned area were adequate to the forecasted degree of fire risk were indicated. Additionally, the obtained results allowed to identify the voivodeships where the characteristics of forest fires for the analysed period differed from the forest fire risk degree found in the literature. This indicates the complex nature of the phenomenon resulting from, inter alia, large variability of factors that determine the occurrence of forest fires. An example of such a situation is the Lubuskie Voivodeship which is assigned to the medium fire risk category, while the actual intensity was found to be low. Another example is the Podkarpackie Voivodeship with a medium and low fire risk, where over the past 10 years the intensity of the phenomenon was high.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2021, 22, 3; 266-274
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Potential forest fire risk evaluation in Poland
Autorzy:
Szczygieł, Ryszard
Kwiatkowski, Mirosław
Kołakowski, Bartłomiej
Piwnicki, Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2041675.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
forest fire risk categorization
stand flammability classes
potential forest fire risk
forest fuel models
Opis:
The term forest fire risk means the existence of such conditions that would make possible the occurrence of a fire in the forest environment. The base for the effectiveness of a forest fire protection system is the evaluation of the forest fire risk followed by adequate organization of the system. This article presents methods for determination of the forest susceptibility to fire known as potential forest fire risk. The below presented methods were developed by Forest Research Institute as the results of the projects commissioned by the General Directorate of State Forests. The forest fire risk category and stand flammability classes are the methods included here. The forest fire risk category was elaborated already in 1975 for the first time. Until today, after the last modification in 2008, it is the fundamental document for the polish forest fire protection system. The purpose of this modification was to increase the determination accuracy of the fire risk category of all polish forest, regardless of its ownership type and at the different administrative level. The categorization method, however, doesn’t reflect the fire risk in micro scale. The attempt to solve that problem was made in 2018 while developing the methodology of stand flammability classes. It was assumed that ground cover fuel models will be developed for the most flammable forest habitat types including ground cover types, dominant species, age class and geographical localisation.
Źródło:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2020, 62, 1; 39-45
0071-6677
Pojawia się w:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Komputerowa symulacja rozwoju pożaru kompleksu leśnego w pobliżu Nowogrodu Cz. II. Wyniki symulacji
Computer simulation of fire development of the forest complex near Nowogród Part. II. The simulation results
Autorzy:
Maciak, T.
Marzewski, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/404057.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Symulacji Komputerowej
Tematy:
symulacja rozwoju pożaru lasu
modele pożaru lasu
forest fire simulation
forest fire models
Opis:
W pierwszej części pracy przedstawiono sposób pozyskiwania danych wejściowych do oprogramowania FARSITE. W drugiej, bieżącej części pracy zaprezentowano wyniki symulacji. Z przeprowadzonych obliczeń wynika, że na analizowanym obszarze leśnym głównie może występować pożar powierzchniowy. Obejmuje on największy obszar spalonego lasu. Zaprezentowano również miejsca, w których może dochodzić do zapłonu koron drzew. Jest to jednak tylko pożar pasywny, który nie może utrzymać się bez udziału ognia powierzchniowego. Przeprowadzone obliczenia wykazały, że w przyjętych warunkach zagrożenie pożarem aktywnym jest praktycznie niemożliwe.
In the first part of the paper a method of obtaining input data into FARSITE software was presented. In the second, the current part of the paper, the results of simulations were presented. A conducted calculation shown that the analyzed area of forest can be found mainly fire surface. It covers the largest area of forest burned. Also presented in places where ignition may occur crown. This is just a passive fire that cannot survive without the flame surface. The calculations showed that adopted an active fire hazard conditions is virtually impossible.
Źródło:
Symulacja w Badaniach i Rozwoju; 2014, 5, 2; 95-109
2081-6154
Pojawia się w:
Symulacja w Badaniach i Rozwoju
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Modelowania pożaru lasu. Część I. Metody i algorytmy modelowania pożaru lasu
Forest fire modeling. Part I. Methods and algorithms for forest fire modeling
Autorzy:
Czerpak, T.
Maciak, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/373371.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej im. Józefa Tuliszkowskiego
Tematy:
modele pożaru lasu
symulacja rozwoju pożaru lasu
forest fire modeling
forest fire simulation
Opis:
W pracy opisano modele matematyczne, które są stosowane do symulacji rozwoju pożaru lasu w oprogramowaniu FARSITE. Zaprezentowano modele pożaru powierzchni roślinności. Zwrócono uwagę na model pożaru koron drzew, zjawisko roznoszenia płonących fragmentów roślinności oraz modele paliwowe. Omówiono również zastosowanie zasady propagacji fali Huygensa do symulacji wzrostu frontu pożaru.
Mathematical models which are used to simulate development forest fire in software FARSITE were described in the work. Surface fire spread models were presented. Attention was paid to model crown fire, the phenomenon of spreading the burning fragments of vegetation and fuel models. Were also discussed the use of Huygens' principle for simulating surface front fire growth.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza; 2011, 3; 83-94
1895-8443
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Komputerowa symulacja rozwoju pożaru kompleksu leśnego w pobliżu Nowogrodu Cz. I. Dobór danych wejściowych
Computer simulation of fire development of the forest complex near Nowogród Part I. Selection of the input data
Autorzy:
Maciak, T.
Marzewski, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/404306.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Symulacji Komputerowej
Tematy:
symulacja rozwoju pożaru lasu
modele pożaru lasu
forest fire simulation
forest fire model
Opis:
W pierwszej części pracy przedstawiono sposób pozyskiwania danych wejściowych do oprogramowania FARSITE. Z RDLP otrzymano numeryczny model terenu. Mapę nachyleń i ekspozycji oraz mapę pokrycia terenu koronami drzew uzyskano w sposób pośredni. Do opisu paliw powierzchni posłużyły modele opisane przez Scotta i Burgana. Przyjęta mapa wysokości drzew, wysokości oraz gęstości koron drzew dotyczyła sosny zwyczajnej. Opis pogody i wiatru został przyjęty na podstawie średnich warunków pogodowych charakterystycznych dla początku lipca w Polsce.
In the first part of the paper a method of obtaining input data into FARSITE software was presented. From RDLP obtained digital terrain model. Map of slopes, exposures and map land cover crowns of trees obtained in an indirect way. To describe the surface fuels were used models described by Scott and Burgan. Adopted map tree height and density of the tree canopy of pinus sylvestris concerned. Description of weather and wind has been adopted on the basis of average weather conditions characteristic for the beginning of July in Poland.
Źródło:
Symulacja w Badaniach i Rozwoju; 2013, 4, 3; 153-169
2081-6154
Pojawia się w:
Symulacja w Badaniach i Rozwoju
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Specific Activity of Radionuclides in Soils Disturbed by Forest Fires
Autorzy:
Popovych, Vasyl
Henyk, Yaroslav
Gapalo, Andriy
Bosak, Pavlo
Popovych, Nataliya
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2105292.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
forest fire
fire danger
radionuclides
soil pollution
Opis:
Fires in natural ecosystems have a detrimental effect on all biota components. In the global scale, many scientific studies of prominent scientists are devoted to this topic. It should be noted that scientists have always been interested in the influence of thermal destruction of soil genetic horizons on the specific activity of radionuclides. Most of these studies began after the Chernobyl (1986) and Fukushima (2011) radiation disasters. The conducted research is focused on the specific activity of radionuclides due to the thermal effects of fires in natural ecosystems. It has been established that the edaphotopes affected by fires are naturally restored causing the restoration of soil formation processes. The specific activity of radionuclides decreases with the duration of the ground fire. Comparing the obtained data with the regulatory documentation, it was found that they do not exceed the minimum significant activity of radionuclides in the workplace. However, the increased activity of radionuclides in soils has a detrimental effect on the ecological condition and flora and fauna development. During the fire season in natural ecosystems and forests, careless handling of fire should be avoided and preventive measures should be taken to inform the public about the harmful effects of wildfire.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2022, 23, 6; 265--270
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamic forest fire risk evaluation in Poland
Autorzy:
Szczygieł, Ryszard
Kwiatkowski, Mirosław
Kołakowski, Bartłomiej
Piwnicki, Józef
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2041632.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
forest fire risk degree
dynamic forest risk
pine litter moisture content
method of forecasting forest fire risk
Opis:
The weather conditions determine the dynamic forest fire risk. In Poland, the dynamic forest fire risk is calculated using a method elaborated at the Forest Research Institute. The forest fire risk degree (4-level scale) is calculated every day at 9:00 am and at 1:00 pm during the fire season (1.03 till 30.09) for 60 prognostic zones selected on the basis of stand and climatic conditions. 97% of all annual forest fires occur during the fire season. Surface fires are a significant part of the fires (90%) and occur in forest stands where pine is the dominant species. The purpose of the research was to prepare a new method of forecasting forest fire risk, which would enable a more precise method of evaluation of the risk of an outbreak of fire in relation to the existing and forecast meteorological conditions in forests. The results obtained during testing of this method indicate a high accuracy in forecasting fire risk and a satisfactory precision of formulae for calculating moisture content of pine litter. The assumptions of the new method included: – possibility of determining the actual risk of fire for the given area, being the average for all measurement points located on the terrain equally those in which the moisture content measurement of litter has not been performed, – possibility of forecasting the risk of forest fire for the afternoon in the morning hours of the given day, – possibility of forecasting fire risk for the following day, – forecasting moisture content of litter for the afternoon and of the given day and for the following day, – drawing up a method enabling limitation of operational costs of fire prevention system.
Źródło:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2020, 62, 2; 139-144
0071-6677
Pojawia się w:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kryteria oceny ryzyka zagrożenia pożarowego lasu
Autorzy:
Szczygieł, R.
Ubysz, B.
Piwnicki, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/372760.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej im. Józefa Tuliszkowskiego
Tematy:
pożar lasu
warunki powstawania
zagrożenie pożarowe lasu
conditions for the formation
forest fire
forest fire hazard
Opis:
W pracy przedstawiono analizę meteorologicznych warunków występowania pożarów lasu, będących obok wilgotności materiału palnego podstawowymi kryteriami oceny zagrożenia pożarowego obszarów leśnych. Badania przeprowadzono na podstawie danych o 2911 pożarach z lat 2000-2006 z terenu Regionalnej Dyrekcji Lasów Państwowych w Zielonej Górze. Ich wyniki posłużą do opracowania metody oceny ryzyka zagrożenia pożarowego.
The paper depicts an analysis of meteorological conditions of forest fire occurrence, which are, along with the combustible material humidity, the basic criteria of assessment of forest areas fire danger. Research was conducted on the basis of data on 2,911 fires from the years 2000-2006 from the area of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Zielona Góra. Its findings will be used for development of a fire danger assessment method.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza; 2009, 3; 83-112
1895-8443
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Applying the mathematical model of forest fire in the software created for supporting the decisions in extinguishing actions
Zastosowanie modelu matematycznego pożaru lasu w oprogramowaniu wspomagania decyzji w akcjach gaśniczych
Autorzy:
Szajewska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/373359.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej im. Józefa Tuliszkowskiego
Tematy:
pożar lasu
symulacja
forest fire
simulation
Opis:
The paper presents the assumptions for the computer simulation of a forest fire in according with digital topographic map of forest and short-term weather forecast. To conduct the simulation, a software has been created. The software includes deterministic mathematical model of a forest fire. Input data have been extracted from the short-term weather forecast and the digital forest maps. The application range covers both planning of a controlled fire, e.g. in cases when the fires are intentionally started by the forest services to get rid of accumulated forest material, as well as to plan extinguishing actions and to plan appropriate disposal of resources during the extinguishing of a forest fire. Creation of the described simulation environment arises from the need of optimum planning of the extinguishing actions in local fire service centers. The initial risk assessment in the stage of planning the extinguishing action, will allow efficient management of equipment by the local units. It also prevents from repeating wrong decisions made in the early stages. This need imposes limiting the use of equipment platforms to medium class PC.s. The outcomes of the paper provides accessibility of a tool supporting the decision making process and assessing the damages in the high risk conditions of a forest fire. Furthermore, conducting a simulation allows to estimate the need for fire fighting equipment in the case of total and border extinguishing of a fire, for different weather conditions, considering fire density.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza; 2011, 4; 81-85
1895-8443
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Computer simulation of forest fire on the basis of digital maps and weather forecast
Autorzy:
Szajewska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/137030.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
Tematy:
computer simulation
fire modeling system
forest fire
digital maps of forest
Opis:
The article presents the integration of digital topographic map of forests and short-term weather forecast al lowing to conduct a computer simulation of forest fire. To execute a simulation, a software was produced. The software includes deterministic mathematical model of forest fire, programmed on the basis of developed assumptions. Creation of mentioned environment simulation was based on a need for the optimum planning of extinguishing actions in local fire service centres.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej; 2011, 42; 7-14
0239-5223
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Priority Based Routing for Forest Fire Monitoring in Wireless Sensor Network
Autorzy:
Koga, T.
Toyoda, K.
Sasase, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/307886.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Instytut Łączności - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Tematy:
event detection
forest fire
priority
routing
wind
Opis:
Recently, forest fire monitoring system in wireless sensor networks has received much attention. The conventional scheme receives fire alert data quickly to inform about fire forest event. However, since two or more nodes may detect a fire, high priority fire detection data frequently collide. In this paper, a new forest fire monitoring system is proposed in order to reduce high priority fire detection data dropped rate, by specifying a high priority received data immediately after fire detection and just before the destruction by fire. Furthermore, the node only transmits high priority data to a node, which has a low possibility of destruction by fire for low end-to-end delay of high priority fire detection data. The simulation results show that proposed scheme can reduce high priority data dropped ratio and the end-to-end delay, and have less effect of wind direction compared with the conventional scheme.
Źródło:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology; 2014, 3; 90-97
1509-4553
1899-8852
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monitoring of Ground Forest Fire Impact on Heavy Metals Content in Edafic Horizons
Autorzy:
Popovych, Vasyl
Gapalo, Andriy
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1838418.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Inżynierii Ekologicznej
Tematy:
fire
natural ecosystem
forest fire
heavy metals
pollution monitoring
Opis:
Fires in natural ecosystems cause catastrophic consequences on a global scale. These fires are caused by landscape-transforming factors, which include dust and gas pollution of the atmosphere, destruction of forests and living organisms, pollution of ecosystems with dangerous toxic compounds and heavy metals. The aim of the presented research is to investigate the influence of ground forest fires on the concentration of mobile forms of heavy metals in different soil horizons. Sampling of soils of pyrogenic origin was carried out from 4 plots according to operating standards on the territory of Rava-Rusky forestry near the village of Lavrykiv, Zhovkva district, Lviv region (Ukraine). Soil sampling for investigation of migration of heavy metals was carried out taking into account the number of years spent after burning of meadow vegetation and forest litter. The most contaminated with heavy metals is site #2 (completely burned out 2 years before the experiment). There is a significant accumulation of cadmium in edaphic horizons (0.31 – 0.66 mg/kg), the value is close to the maximum allowable concentrations for soils (0.7 mg/kg). Also in this area the highest content of mobile forms of nickel (1.52 – 2.80 mg/kg) was detected, while the maximum allowable concentrations for soils is 4 mg/kg. The lowest content of heavy metals is in the site #1, which was exposed to fire long before the start of monitoring – 3.5 years. Here the values of mobile forms of heavy metals are close to the background. Vegetation in burnt areas at the first year of post-pyrogenic development is characterized by spontaneous single species. In 2–3 years it is characterized by a group arrangement. Complete natural overgrowth of the burnt area (natural vegetative reclamation) occurs 4–5 years after combustion. Monitoring the impact of ground forest fires on the concentration of heavy metals in edaphic horizons is important in terms of environmental renaturalization and the development of preventive measures for forest fires and fires in natural ecosystems.
Źródło:
Journal of Ecological Engineering; 2021, 22, 5; 96-103
2299-8993
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Ecological Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wielkoobszarowe pożary lasów w Polsce
Large-area Forest Fires in Poland
Autorzy:
Szczygieł, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/373644.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej im. Józefa Tuliszkowskiego
Tematy:
pożar lasu
pożary katastrofalne
profilaktyka
przyczyny
zagrożenie pożarowe lasu
catastrophic fires
causes
forest fire
forest fire risk
prevention
Opis:
Pożary lasów są jedną z głównych przyczyn szkód ekologicznych. Szczególnie pożary katastrofalne, których powierzchnia przekracza 500 ha powodują silne zaburzenia w środowisku naturalnym, powodując długotrwałe i szkodliwe zmiany, przyczyniając się także do powstawania efektu cieplarnianego. Średnio w roku, na świecie powstaje kilkaset tysięcy pożarów lasu, w wyniku których niszczone są zasoby leśne na powierzchni 10 mln ha. Polska na tle państw europejskich odznacza się średnim ryzykiem zagrożenia pożarowego, ale cechą charakterystyczną jest dla niej duża liczba powstających pożarów lasu na stosunkowo małej powierzchni. Zdarzają się jednak lata (rok 1992), kiedy Polskę nękały pożary katastrofalne i służby ratownicze stawały przed trudnymi zadaniami opanowania żywiołu. W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę zagrożenia lasów Polski i występowania pożarów w latach 1990-2009, z omówieniem problematyki wielkoobszarowych pożarów, przyczyn ich powstawania oraz zasad przeciwdziałania im.
Forest fires are one of the main causes of ecological damage. Especially catastrophic fires, the area of which exceeds 500ha cause strong disturbances in the natural environment, resulting in long-term and detrimental changes and contributing to the greenhouse effect. On average, several thousand forest fires occur annually all over the world, as a result of which forest resources are destroyed in the area of 10 million ha. Among European countries, Poland is characterised by medium forest fire risk, but also by a high number of forest fires in a relatively small area. However, there are years (1992), when Poland is plagued by catastrophic fires and emergency services have to face the difficult task of suppressing the fire. The article describes fire danger characteristics concerning Polish forests and occurrence of fires in the years 1990-2009, discussing the issue of large-area fires, their causes and principles of fire prevention.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza; 2012, 1; 67-78
1895-8443
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 63

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