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Tytuł:
Early Dynastic Bead Workshops at the Central Kom of Tell el-Farkha
Autorzy:
Chłodnicki, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484203.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Tematy:
Early Dynastic Egypt
bead workshop
microdrills
Opis:
In 2002, specialized workshops with micro-perforators (microdrills) were found at Tell el-Farkha. The material was well described as seven separate units. Further analysis shows that originally they formed only two separate workshops. Each workshop occupies a similar space. Although we did not find any finished products or raw material in direct association with the implements, it seems that as on the other sites they were used for bead production.
Źródło:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences); 2017, 30; 211-219
2084-6762
2449-9579
Pojawia się w:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tell el-Farkha: archaeological fieldwork 2018–2019
Autorzy:
Chłodnicki, Marek
Ciałowicz, Krzysztof M
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1634062.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-19
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Lower Egyptian culture
Naqada culture
Proto-dynastic
Early Dynastic
Opis:
The Tell el-Farkha site, which has been excavated since 1998, is formed of three tells. All three were excavated in the course of the two seasons, reopening already established trenches. Breweries discovered earlier on the Western Kom were explored, two completely, two in the early stages of exploration. Thick poorly preserved mud-brick walls were unearthed northeast of one of the breweries. Remains of a multi-roomed structure continued to be cleared in the northern trench on the Central Kom. D-shaped red bricks in this area suggest the presence of a brewery in the vicinity. A Naqada IIB and IIC settlement was recognized in the southern trench: storage pits, postholes, and furrows from a big house built of wood. A part of a settlement dated to the Tell el-Farkha Phases 3 and 4 (Naqada IID2–mid IIIB) was explored on the Eastern Kom. Of greatest interest is a structure composed of rectangular rooms around an open space, probably a courtyard. Three graves were discovered including one dated to the Naqada IIIB with the first pottery coffin discovered at Tell el-Farkha.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2020, 29(2); 59-82
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tell el-Farkha: archaeological fieldwork 2016–2017
Autorzy:
Chłodnicki, Marek
Ciałowicz, Krzysztof M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1682742.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-05-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Lower Egyptian culture
Naqada culture
Protodynastic
Early Dynastic
Opis:
The paper discusses archaeological investigations carried out on all three tells making up the site of Tell el-Farkha, expanding on the findings from earlier seasons. Phasing of the brewery discovered four years ago on the Western Kom gave a time range for the use of the installation from the first Southern Egyptian occupation (Naqada IID) to the Naqada IIIA1/2–IIIB phase, when a catastrophic fire destroyed the entire settlement. The big Naqada warehouse on the Central Kom was also phased (beginning in Naqada IIIA1) and further parts of an underlying building attributed to the Lower Egyptian culture were explored, including a wooden fence around the structure. The 11 graves explored on the Eastern Kom were dated to the Tell el-Farkha Phase 6 (Naqada IIIC2–IIID). They cut into a building (temple?) from an earlier phase.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2018, 27(1); 123-148
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Gebelein Archaeological Project in 2019: Northern necropolis and the temple complex
Autorzy:
Ejsmond, Wojciech
Rochecouste, Olivier Pierre
Kuronuma, Taichi
Witkowski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033254.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Gebelein
Early Dynastic Period
Old Kingdom
pottery
flint
Opis:
Continued archaeological surveys at two sites in the Gebelein area, the Northern Necropolis and the temple complex, have contributed new data for a better understanding of the ancient remains. Geophysical anomalies detected in 2015 in the western part of the Northern necropolis should now be interpreted most probably as tombs with mud-brick walls. Mounds of earth in the central part of the necropolis yielded numerous artifacts dating from between the Naqada I and the early Old Kingdom periods; they are likely to have been dumped from a nearby settlement site, probably the ancient town of Sumenu. Work in the temple complex was aimed at protecting the structure made of inscribed mud-bricks dating from the Twenty-first Dynasty.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2021, 30(2); 13-28
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tell el-Farkha: archaeological fieldwork 2014–2015
Autorzy:
Chłodnicki, Marek
Ciałowicz, Krzysztof M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1707817.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Lower Egyptian culture
Naqada culture
Protodynastic
Early Dynastic
Opis:
The archaeological site of Tell el-Farkha is composed of three mounds excavated continuously by the Polish team since 1998. In the 2014 and 2015 seasons, covered in this report, investigations were carried out in already opened trenches in three sectors. On the Western Kom, another brewery was explored to add to the already existing set of investigated installations of this kind. It demonstrated three phases of use, the topmost separated from the middle one by a thick layer of burnt soil and ashes. The deposit attests to a conflagration that consumed the entire settlement. The study of a huge Naqadian building was continued on the Central Kom. Two occupation phases were distinguished: an older one at the beginning of the Naqada IIIA1 period and a younger one attributed to Naqada IIIA1–IIIA2. Remains of Lower Egyptian structures were unearthed below the foundations of this building. A big clay stamp-seal with hieroglyphs from the mid First Dynasty period was found associated with this feature. On the Eastern Kom, a big mud-brick edifice of unknown function was investigated. A further 17 graves, mostly from the second half of the First and the beginning of the Second Dynasty, were discovered as well.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2016, 25; 227-253
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tell el-Farkha. Excavations, 2012–2013
Autorzy:
Chłodnicki, Marek
Ciałowicz, Krzysztof M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1727747.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Nile Delta
Tell el-Farkha
Protodynastic
Early Dynastic
Naqada
Opis:
Excavations at Tell el-Farkha in 2012 and 2013 were conducted on all three koms making up the site. The upper layers excavated on the Western Kom during the first campaign were connected with the beginning of phase 4 at Tell el-Farkha and the lower layers with phase 3. A few poorly preserved rooms were unearthed, mainly in the southern part of the trench. Also part of a brewery dated to Naqada IIIA1 was explored. A rectangular building with thick walls discovered on the Central Kom was most probably the remains of a big Naqadian store. Results of geophysical research from 2000 were verified; excavations uncovered a round edifice, 7 m in diameter, surrounded by a wall almost 2 m thick. In a test trench on the Eastern Kom, a rectangular room (2.50 m by 6 m) with two regular entrances from north and south was unearthed. In the main trench, work concentrated on the area north and south of the monumental mastaba uncovered a few seasons earlier.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2015, 24(1); 173-197
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Nile Delta during the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom periods. Preliminary remarks on the evolution of settlement landscape
Autorzy:
Małecka-Drozd, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1632530.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-19
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Nile Delta
Early Dynastic
Old Kingdom
settlements
settlement landscape
Opis:
The 3rd millennium BC appears to be a key period of development of the historical settlement landscape in ancient Egypt. After the unification of the country, the process of disappearance of the predynastic socio-political structures and settlement patterns associated with them significantly accelerated. Old chiefdoms, along with their centres and elites, declined and vanished. On the other hand, new settlements emerging in various parts of the country were often strictly related to the central authorities and formation of the new territorial administration. Not negligible were climatic changes, which influenced the shifting of the ecumene. Although these changes were evolutionary in their nature, some important stages may be recognized. According to data obtained during surveys and excavations, there are a number of sites that were considerably impoverished and/or abandoned before and at the beginning of the Old Kingdom. On the other hand, during the Third and Fourth Dynasties some important Egyptian settlements have emerged in the sources and begun their prosperity. Architectural remains as well as written sources indicate the growing interest of the state in the hierarchy of landscape elements and territorial structure of the country.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2020, 29(2); 15-58
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
More remarks on settlement patterns in the Nile Delta in the 3rd millennium BC
Autorzy:
Małecka-Drozd, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033263.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Nile Delta
Early Dynastic
Old Kingdom
settlements
settlement landscape
Opis:
Research on settlement patterns in the Nile Delta in the 3rd millennium BC is still in its infancy. The work to date has been limited mainly to microregions and is related to the surveys conducted intensively since the 1980s, especially in the northeastern Delta and the area of Tell el-Fara’in/Buto. Recent inventorying and mapping work by the Egypt Exploration Society Delta Survey, which included also the results of new fieldwork, has created a map presenting the distribution of the Early Dynastic and Old Kingdom settlements in the Delta. Assuming that the recognized distribution of sites reflects to some extent the ancient settlement network, it gives grounds for considering the underlying reasons behind its formation. This paper highlights factors that could be of key significance for understanding this phenomenon, identifying areas that were pivotal to the process and those clearly marginal in their role. In effect, planning ground surveys and excavation research should gain in effectiveness.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2021, 30(2); 29-79
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pottery from an Early Old Kingdom Terrace Quarry in West Saqqara (Egypt)
Autorzy:
Rzeuska, Teodozja I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484077.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Tematy:
pottery
Saqqara
Memphite necropolis
Early Dynastic Egypt
Old Kingdom Egypt
Opis:
The joint Polish-Egyptian archaeological mission (Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology in Cairo) working in Saqqara, west of the funerary complex of Netjerykhet discovered an Early Old Kingdom quarries system. The pottery presented in this article is the first such large assemblage dated to the Early Dynastic and early Old Kingdom periods (Third to Fourth Dynasty) found in the area investigated by the mission. Importantly, it provides valuable evidence of events which had occurred before the emergence of the Lower Necropolis in the late Old Kingdom.
Źródło:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences); 2014, 27; 323-355
2084-6762
2449-9579
Pojawia się w:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The necropolis at Tell el-Farkha reconsidered
Autorzy:
Dębowska-Ludwin, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442428.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
Tematy:
Tell el-Farkha necropolis
Proto/Early Dynastic Periods
Naqada culture
Opis:
Works on the necropolis at Tell el-Farkha have reached the 9th season and resulted in locating over 100 burials. In this situation, almost every succeeding campaign was bringing such a number of new data that preliminary statements were continuously being changed almost year by year. Numerous analyses of pottery, stone vessels, architectural details and stratigraphy, finally, seem to lead to some more profound conclusions. According to them, all graves at Tell el-Farkha have been divided into 3 main chronological groups. Group 1 is the oldest one. It is dated back from Naqada IIIB phase to the middle of Dynasty 1. People buried in the graves of this group represented wealthy society, and they also experimented, trying to reach a perfect grave form. The process is the best explanation of the presence of so many “strange” structures and differences in position of the deceased, but on the other hand, also numerous elements of typically early dynastic burial custom (e.g. niche façades or subsidiary burials) seem to emerge in that time. Tombs belonging to the group 2 come from the middle of Dynasty 1 to late Dynasty 1 or even to early Dynasty 2. Main social features they express are stressing of wealth inequality and presence of clearly definite and quite strictly obeyed rules of burial ritual. However the graves of the younger group are clearly a continuation of the older custom and so the origin of both societies must have been similar, the changes in orientation of tombs as well as examples of younger burials cutting into older ones suggest that both groups were divided by short break in occupation of cemetery. The final phase (group 3) of the cemetery at Tell el-Farkha was surely separated from the previous ones by a much longer period of time. The tombs representing phase in question are distributed only in the highest part of the tell, and may be dated on the basis of stratigraphic observations to the beginning of the Old Kingdom. They characterise of very simple burial custom (all the bodies were found resting in simple pits) and are hardly equipped with any objects.
Źródło:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2010, 2; 5-20
0137-3285
Pojawia się w:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Excavations at the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha 2007–2008
Autorzy:
Ciałowicz, Krzysztof M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442525.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
Tematy:
Tell el-Farkha
seasons 2007-2008
Proto/Early Dynastic Periods
cult centre
Opis:
During the field campaigns at the Western Kom in Tell el-Farkha carried in 2007-2008, studies on remains of the admninistrative-cultic centre, discovered in 2001 and 2006 were continued. Some new rooms northward and southward to the shrine were uncovered. The first ones seem to be erected in a hurry and for temporary use. Excavations within the shrine provided the most important results. New votive objects were discovered, scattered within the whole area of shrine as well as intentionally hidden beneath their floor and walls. Especially worth mentioning are well preserved specimen of so called hes-jar, fragment of pottery figurine (sitting boy?), collection of ivory figurines and finally geywacke spoon with a crocodile-shaped handle. Another findings (seal decorated with representations of gazelle and falcon-Horus, ostrich egg, gazelle horn), as well as comparison of them with similar artifacts discovered in other parts of the tell, allow us to hypothesize that this animals might symbolize the name of cult centre and the whole town at Tell el-Farkha or be linked to the divine forces worshiped in both discovered shrines.
Źródło:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2010, 2; 203-228
0137-3285
Pojawia się w:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Remarks on the Iconographic Motif of the Birdman in Mesopotamian Glyptic Art of the Third Millennium BC
Autorzy:
Majchrzak, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484153.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Tematy:
birdman
glyptic
seal
seal impression
Akkadian period
Early Dynastic period
Enki
Shamash
Opis:
The iconographic motif of the birdman emerged in Mesopotamian glyptic art in the Early Dynastic period and disappeared at the end of the Akkadian period. Its meaning remains ambiguous, particularly due to the fact that the figure is represented in scenes of varying character and it cannot be identified with any character known from myths. Sometimes, the creature may be recognised as a deity based on a horned crown, yet this is not always the case. Among the deities attested in the scenes with birdman, one can easily identify Shamash and Enki. The examined material contains 62 published seals or seal impressions with the birdman motif, both from the Early Dynastic and the Akkadian period. The latest monographic studies of this subject were published in the 1950s. Interpretations presented by the authors of said works, though often quoted in the research on the motif, seem to lack proper argumentation and, to an large extent, are outdated due to a considerable progress of the research on Sumero-Akkadian iconography and an increase, although modest, in study material, among other things. In light of the above, it is worth analysing this motif one more time.
Źródło:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences); 2018, 31; 219-234
2084-6762
2449-9579
Pojawia się w:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Excavations at the Western Kom at Tell el-Farkha 2009–2010
Autorzy:
Ciałowicz, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442461.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
Tematy:
Tell el-Farkha
Naqada culture
Lower Egyptian culture
Proto/Early Dynastic Periods
Opis:
Fieldworks at the Western Kom were carried out within the older trench that had been opened in 2006–2007 and further excavated in 2008. The important excavation results are related to architectural remains. Beneath the chapel with votive deposits next structures with storage vessels inside were discovered. Absence of architectural remains in the south-eastern part of the tell proved that in the Naqada III A-B the Western Kom was inhabited in a much smaller area that it was later. The upper layers excavated during these campaigns are connected to phase 4 at Tell el-Farkha (i.e. Naqada IIIA) and the lower layers to phase 3 (Naqada IID2/IIIA). Discovered stone and flint tools points than the stone vessels workshop was strictly connected to the cultic shrine. Analysis of animal remains and pottery confirm the exceptional role of these area in the Proto- and beginning of the Early Dynastic periods and we have gained a very strong evidence, that the Western Kom was the most significant area of the site in Tell el-Farkha and was related to the local elite. The imitations of Palestinian vessels and numerous pottery fragments of Near Eastern origin point to well developed trade with the Near East. Another proof for such activities are small objects of various shapes, which were probably used as tokens. They were discovered at all three tells in Tell el-Farkha.
Źródło:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2011, 3; 157-178
0137-3285
Pojawia się w:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New Discoveries at Tell el-Farkha and the Beginnings of the Egyptian State
Autorzy:
Ciałowicz, Krzysztof M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484119.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Tematy:
Lower Egyptian culture
Naqada culture
Protodynastic Egypt
Early Dynastic Egypt
Tell el-Farkha
Opis:
Tell el-Farkha was an important centre already in Predynastic times, when a great Lower Egyptian culture complex was erected on the Central Kom. Items found inside confirmed both the significant role played by the local elite and its relationship with the Levant and Upper Egypt. The first large Naqadian building was erected outside the town centre. This building and the whole settlement were destroyed (Naqada IIIA1) by the next group of Naqadians, probably connected with another political centre. They were the constructors of the oldest Egyptian mastaba. During the reign of Iry-Hor (middle of Naqada IIIB), the third group of Naqadians appeared at the site. The period between Naqada IIIA and middle of IIIB phase seems to have been a period of competition between the most influential Naqadian proto-kingdoms. In the middle of the First Dynasty, Tell el-Farkha changed its role: from the capital of a part of the Eastern Delta to a provincial town of only economic significance.
Źródło:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences); 2017, 30; 231-250
2084-6762
2449-9579
Pojawia się w:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tell el-Murra (Northeastern Nile Delta Survey). Seasons 2012–2013
Autorzy:
Jucha, Mariusz A.
Bąk-Pryc, Grzegorz
Małecka-Drozd, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1729163.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Tell el-Murra
Egypt
Nile Delta
Predynastic
Early Dynastic
Old Kingdom
cemetery
settlement
Opis:
Excavations of the site of Tell el-Murra in the northeastern part of the Nile Delta in 2012 and 2013, following up on surveys in 2008 and in 2010–2011, uncovered settlement structures from the Old Kingdom in the northeastern part of the site (trench T5). Excavations in the adjacent cemetery (trench S3) cleared more graves, which were dated to the Early Dynastic period based on pottery and stone vessel evidence.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2015, 24(1); 199-214
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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