Informacja

Drogi użytkowniku, aplikacja do prawidłowego działania wymaga obsługi JavaScript. Proszę włącz obsługę JavaScript w Twojej przeglądarce.

Wyszukujesz frazę "ERGONOMICS" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
A Comparative Ergonomics Postural Assessment of Potters and Sculptors in the Unorganized Sector in West Bengal, India
Autorzy:
Sahu, S.
Moitra, S.
Maity, S.
Pandit, A. K.
Roy, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89972.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
ergonomics
posture
musculoskeletal disorders
low back pain
REBA
RULA
ergonomia
pozycja przy pracy
choroby narządów ruchu
nerwoból okolicy grzbietowej
Opis:
Potters and sculptors perform their work in very awkward postures. The purpose of this study was to analyse these postures. The modified Nordic questionnaire was used to analyse musculoskeletal discomfort. Rapid entire body assessment (REBA) and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA) were used to evaluate the subjects' postures. There were no significant differences between times of discomfort and the group of subjects. However, there were significant differences in discomfort in different body parts. The analysis indicated that various body postures were harmful to the subjects and that there were profound deviations from natural curvature of various body parts due to awkward body postures. Ergonomics intervention was required to improve the quality of life.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2013, 19, 3; 455-462
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Computerized Tool for Education and Training on Ergonomic Risk Evaluation
Autorzy:
Lasota, A. M.
Baron-Polańczyk, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2064994.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
STE GROUP
Tematy:
ergonomics
QEC
risk
training
education
Opis:
In the light of the challenges of the Industry 4.0 the weight of safety and health, and ergonomics are rising. Nowadays one of the common problem in industry are work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs). Therefore, an ergonomic risk evaluation is crucial as well the knowledge and education in this area. This paper presents a computerized tool for ergonomic education on ergonomic risk evaluation at the workplace. The tool based on quick exposure check pen and paper technique and Excel spreadsheet environment. It is easy to use and assists students in the evaluation of real as well of simulated workplaces. The proposed tool includes a few integrated parts: background description, students - observer’s and worker’s evaluation and results with visual interpretation. The preliminary evaluation of the Excel tool was carried out by students. It showed that it is useful and easy in use. And the students' opinions on the computerized tool for ergonomic risk evaluation are very encouraging and promise what was presented in this study.
Źródło:
Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering; 2018, 1, 1; 759--765
2545-2827
Pojawia się w:
Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Job Safety Program for Construction Workers Designed to Reduce the Potential for Occupational Injury Using Tool Box Training Sessions and Computer-Assisted Biofeedback Stress Management Techniques
Autorzy:
Johnson, K. A.
Ruppe, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
job
safety
ergonomics
biofeedback
stress
computer-assisted
training
ergonomia
stres
komputer
bezpieczeństwo pracy
szkolenie metodami audiowizualnymi
szkolenie zawodowe
budownictwo
satysfakcja z pracy
Opis:
This project was conducted with a multicultural construction company in Hawaii, USA. The job duties performed included drywall and carpentry work. The following objectives were selected for this project: (a) fire prevention training and inspection of first aid equipment; (b) blood-borne pathogen training and risk evaluation; (c) ergonomic and risk evaluation intervention program; (d) electrical safety training and inspection program; (e) slips, trips, and falls safety training; (f) stress assessment and Personal Profile System; (g) safety and health program survey; (h) improving employee relations and morale by emphasizing spirituality; and (i) computer-assisted biofeedback stress management training. Results of the project indicated that observed safety hazards, reported injuries, and levels of perceived stress were reduced for the majority of the population.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2002, 8, 3; 321-329
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Model to Analyze Ergonomics Working Conditions
Autorzy:
Ghahramani, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/91107.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
ergonomics
work environment design
systems engineering
developing nations
ergonomia
środowisko pracy
inżynieria systemów
kraje rozwijające się
Opis:
An ergonomics and safety model to assess and evaluate the most critical industrial improvement areas in a developing nation. This study was initiated and supported by a Fortune 500 Corporation interested in improving its global operations in developing nations. This initiative was also fully supported by an emerging nation that was concerned with its ergonomics and safety problems. The model was tested and validated in the emerging nation and the results were used to further enhance the model so that it can be implemented and adapted to other similar work environments. The model provides a practical methodology that analyzes and evaluates an emerging nation’s current work environments, suggests practical solutions, and recommends effective remedies.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2000, 6, 2; 223-236
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A NEW CONCEPT OF PRODUCT DESIGN BY INVOLVING EMOTIONAL FACTORS USING EEG: A CASE STUDY OF COMPUTER MOUSE DESIGN
Autorzy:
Sugiono, Sugiono
Putra, Andi S
P, Renaldi
Fanani, Angga A
Cahyawati, Amanda N
Oktavianty, Oke
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2137989.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-02-01
Wydawca:
Fundacja Edukacji Medycznej, Promocji Zdrowia, Sztuki i Kultury Ars Medica
Tematy:
mouse design
customer emotion
ergonomics
EEG Emotiv
Opis:
Product design has long been developed based on reliability and usability, but has neglected the objective measurement in terms of pleasurable experience. This paper presents a new concept of product design, with application in computer mouse design, which not only considers the performance of its functional factor but also emotional factor. A survey involving 153 respondents showed that 75.16% of respondents consider ergonomic / comfort factor as the most important factor, followed by precision factor with 58.17%, and noise factor with 15.03%. Furthermore, a survey of pairewise comparisons were conducted to assess the level of importance of the emotional factor. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to process weigh- tage, resulting in stress = 0.27, focus = 0.279, engagement = 0.29, and interest = 0.265. Finally, the emotional level of 5 different mouse units was assessed through experiments using the EEG Emotiv 16 Channels system 10-20. There are three stages in assessing the mouse which were carried out using the 5 samples, namely the level of interest, the stage of using (ergonomics, focus) t, and the stage of user experience (engagement). From the average measurement of the EEG value, it was found that interest = 57.8 (scale 0-100) on a mouse that has an elegant shape, striking color, and with wifi connectivity, focus & stress because the size fits the shape of the hand and the level of cursor precision, while engagement follows the other three emotional factors. It can be concluded that brain signal exploration through Emotiv’s EEG is able to quantify the emotional factor in product selection through the phase of attraction, use and experience. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Źródło:
Acta Neuropsychologica; 2021, 19(1); 63-80
1730-7503
2084-4298
Pojawia się w:
Acta Neuropsychologica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Video-Based Observation Method to Assess Musculoskeletal Load in Kitchen Work
Autorzy:
Pehkonen, I.
Ketola, R.
Ranta, R.
Takala, E. P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90868.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
ergonomics
exposure
posture
force
repeatability
validity
Opis:
This paper describes a new video-based observation method aimed to assess musculoskeletal load in kitchen work, aspects of its repeatability and validity, and problems confronted by the observers. Two pairs of researchers observed individually 117 video clips recorded in kitchens. Interobserver repeatability was assessed by computing the proportion of agreement and weighted kappa values (κw). Validity was analyzed by studying the distribution of the assessments over the rating scales and the ratings before and after the interventions, which were compared with expert assessments made from the same intervention targets. The proportion of agreement ranged from 57 to 88%. Interobserver repeatability based on weighted kappa values was mainly good to moderate. The method detected the changes in physical load due to the interventions. Direction of the changes corresponded with the expert assessments. Further development of the method is needed to assess the load on the hands and wrists.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2009, 15, 1; 75-88
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Whole Body Postural Loading Simulation and Assessment Model for Workplace Analysis and Design
Autorzy:
Rebelo, F.
Da Silva, K. C.
Karwowski, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90481.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
simulation models
spinal loading
ergonomics
manual materials handling
work design
safety
Opis:
This study reports on the development and validation of a new computer model for simulating human postures at work, and assessing the reaction forces and bending moments in 43 human articulation joints. The proposed model estimates the intradiscal pressure in the vertebral column in response to external loading forces encountered during human interactions with work objects or processes. The model was implemented in a selfcontained interactive software package. The simulation results compare favorably with the reported experimental data, and provide reasonable confidence in the quality of the model. Its characteristics and its applications in evaluating physical task performance are also discussed.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2012, 18, 4; 509-519
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Acceptability testing and development of a novel wood lathe balanced rest
Autorzy:
Onrejas, Ernyl S.
Etcuban, Jonathan O.
Arcadio, Redjie D.
Ponce, Marde T.
Ancheta, Rosein
Demeterio, Rino Anthony
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/94168.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Politechnika Poznańska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej
Tematy:
wood lathe
design
ergonomics
Opis:
The utility model discussed in this study discloses a wood lathe balancing rest that is advantageous in terms of design, ergonomics, and functions. The study aimed to fabricate a safety device for the wood lathe machine to prevent kickback and slow down vibration from the workpiece attached to the lathe machine to avoid the vibration of the workpiece and to avoid an accident to the operator and to avoid damage of the materials. The utility model is planned not exclusively to spare time yet also for the wellbeing of the laborers amid activity. It is designed to hold the workpiece when turning and control the vibration, it can be mounted on the bed of the lathe near the center of the turning planetary.
Źródło:
Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials; 2019, 39; 59-65
2450-9469
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Mechanical Technology and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Accessibility Analysis of Scientific Libraries Web Resources
Autorzy:
Pasichnyk, V.
Shestakevych, T.
Kunanets, N.
Rzheuskyi, A.
Andrunyk, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/411343.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Oddział w Lublinie PAN
Tematy:
educational and social inclusion
IT support
IT resources ergonomics
WCAG 2.0
social websites characteristics
Opis:
A complex system of social and educational inclusion needs competent analysis to make it possible proper management and comprehensive improvement. To analyze one of the actual facets of such a system, namely, its ICT support, it is necessary to take into account the various needs of socially vulnerable people. A set of guidance to web accessibility is a convenient instrument, that provides various approaches in designing goods and technologies. Among other, such guidance helps to design websites with no access barriers, which is extremely important for people with special needs. To analyze the websites and different online resources, which might be of interest to a person with special needs during the social and educational inclusion, a list of characteristics was developed. It must be taken into account the classification and the structure of information materials, website`s structure, design, etc. The unification of the ICT for people, involved in educational and social inclusion, will improve informational and technological support of such process.
Źródło:
ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes; 2019, 8, 2; 9-16
2084-5715
Pojawia się w:
ECONTECHMOD : An International Quarterly Journal on Economics of Technology and Modelling Processes
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Adaptation of managerial style to the personality of engineers, in order to increase performance in the workplace
Adaptacja stylu menedżerskiego do osobowości inżynierów, w celu zwiększenia wydajności w miejscu pracy
Autorzy:
Bratu, M. L.
Cioca, L. I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/405085.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska
Tematy:
managerial style
ergonomics
well-being
productivity
styl zarządzania
ergonomia
dobre samopoczucie
produktywność
Opis:
In the competitive business environment, the managerial style that makes up the psychosocial environment in the organization can be the key to increasing employee outcomes. Analyzing the psychological and behavioral profile of engineers provides practical solutions to address a particular managerial style that fits into this socio-professional category. Adapting management to the needs of employees brings a new organizational paradigm, namely the learning organization, as opposed to trying to limit relations to Procust’s Bed. A managerial style tailored to the personal needs of employees can increase their well-being and, implicitly, increase productivity. The research concludes that managerial behavior tailored to the personality of the engineers is based on assertive communication, oriented both to tasks and relationships. It is desirable for the manager to show a practical, organizational and goal-oriented spirit.
W konkurencyjnym środowisku biznesowym, styl menedżerski, który tworzy środowisko psychospołeczne w organizacji, może być kluczem do zwiększenia wyników pracowników. Analiza profilu psychologicznego i behawioralnego inżynierów dostarcza praktycznych rozwiązań dotyczących konkretnego stylu zarządzania, który pasuje do tej kategorii społeczno-zawodowej. Dostosowanie zarządzania do potrzeb pracowników wprowadza nowy paradygmat organizacyjny, a mianowicie organizację uczącą się. Styl menedżerski dostosowany do osobistych potrzeb pracowników może zwiększyć ich dobre samopoczucie i, w domyśle, zwiększyć produktywność. Autorzy badania konkludują, że zachowanie menedżerskie dostosowane do osobowości inżynierów opiera się na asertywnej komunikacji, zorientowanej zarówno na zadania, jak i na relacje. Pożądane jest, aby menedżer pokazał ducha praktycznego, organizacyjnego i zorientowanego na cel.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Management Studies; 2018, 17, 1; 67-77
2081-7452
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Management Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Analysis of Work Environments and Operations in Hot and Humid Areas
Autorzy:
Ghahramani, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90252.pdf
Data publikacji:
1999
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
occupational safety
ergonomics
workplaces design
bezpieczeństwo pracy
ergonomia
środowisko pracy
Opis:
Crews on tankers traveling and hauling cargo on the lower reaches of the Mississippi River during the hot and humid (H&H) summer season face various occupational safety and ergonomics problems. Evaluation of medical data reveals that a large number of the crewmembers experience job related injuries, diseases, disorders, and exhaustion as a result of adverse environmental conditions (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health [NIOSH], 1993). The accidents and injuries that occurred were characterized and then analysis was used to recommend constructive remedies and solutions. The results were also used to design and develop better work environments on the tankers and in the general industry. In H&H conditions, the body’s chemical reactions constantly change in order to maintain the best possible reaction to changing environments. This chemical reaction increases blood flow to the skin through sweating. Body metabolism stabilizes body temperature through muscular work and convection, evaporation and radiation remove heat.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1999, 5, 4; 591-596
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Ergonomics Study of a Semiconductors Factory in an IDC for Improvement in Occupational Health and Safety
Autorzy:
Bin, W. S.
Richardson, S.
Yeow, P. H. P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
ergonomics methods
ergonomic interventions
occupational health and safety (OHS)
semiconductor industry
industrially developing countries (IDCs)
Opis:
The study aimed to conduct an ergonomic intervention on a conventional line (CL) in a semiconductor factory in Malaysia, an industrially developing country (IDC), to improve workers’ occupational health and safety (OHS). Low-cost and simple (LCS) ergonomics methods were used (suitable for IDCs), e.g., subjective assessment, direct observation, use of archival data and assessment of noise. It was found that workers were facing noise irritation, neck and back pains and headache in the various processes in the CL. LCS ergonomic interventions to rectify the problems included installing noise insulating covers, providing earplugs, installing elevated platforms, slanting visual display terminals and installing extra exhaust fans. The interventions cost less than 3 000 USD but they significantly improved workers’ OHS, which directly correlated with an improvement in working conditions and job satisfaction. The findings are useful in solving OHS problems in electronics industries in IDCs as they share similar manufacturing processes, problems and limitations.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2010, 16, 3; 345-356
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Examination of Shoulder Postures and Moments of Force Among Different Skill Levels in the Wool Harvesting Industry
Autorzy:
Gregory, D. E.
Pal, P.
Carman, A.
Milosavljevic, S.
Callaghan, J. P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90088.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
performance
ergonomics
sheep shearing
biomechanics
shoulder
skill
posture
Opis:
The wool harvesting industry employs workers of varying skill levels that differ in both quality and number of harvested fleeces. As it was unknown how skill affected parameters such as joint posture and loading, the current study comparatively examined 140 wool harvesting workers representing 4 skill levels during wool harvesting competitions. Three-dimensional upper limb postures and peak and cumulative shoulder moments were calculated for each worker. Results indicated that elite wool harvesters, in general, used different shoulder postures to perform the harvesting tasks and were thus exposed to different shoulder moments as compared to the lower skill levels. It is plausible that these adopted postures allow the higher class workers to perform their job with higher quality and greater speed as compared to the lower ranked workers. Postural-based training may help improve technique in lower ranked workers and enable these workers to achieve higher ranked status.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2009, 15, 4; 409-418
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An Investigation of Ergonomics Analysis Tools Used in Industry in the Identification of Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders
Autorzy:
Pascual, S. A.
Naqvi, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90644.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
Tematy:
ergonomics analysis tools
surveys, certified ergonomists
joint health and safety committees
Opis:
Web-based surveys were sent to Canadian certified ergonomists, Joint Health and Safety Committees (JHSCs) and health and safety certification trainers to understand better which ergonomics analysis tools were used in industry and help JHSCs obtain the necessary training required to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs). The results showed that most of the certified ergonomists used the Snook/Mital tables, the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) equation and rapid upper limb assessment (RULA)/rapid entire body assessment (REBA). The most frequently used methods by JHSCs to identify ergonomics risk were injury reports and worker complaints. The surveys for the health and safety certification trainers revealed that most curricula did not include ergonomics analysis tools. There appears to be a gap between what is recommended by certified ergonomists for JHSC, what is taught in training and what is used by JHSCs for ergonomics risk analysis. A better understanding, modifications in training curricula and education of JHSCs are needed to help reduce WMSDs.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2008, 14, 2; 237-245
1080-3548
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza drgań ogólnych i miejscowych na stanowisku pracy operatora specjalistycznej maszyny drogowej
Analysis of general and local vibration at the workplace: the operator of a specialist road machine
Autorzy:
Kiełbasa, Paweł
Dróżdż, Tomasz
Wojtas, Dominika
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/310316.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Naukowo-Wydawniczy "SPATIUM"
Tematy:
ergonomia
drgania mechaniczne
eksploatacja pojazdów
poziom ekspozycji
ergonomics
mechanical vibrations
vehicles exploitation
exposure level
Opis:
W artykule podjęto próbę oceny ergonomicznej środowiska drganiowego wybranych środków technicznych wykorzystywanych w różnych procesach technologicznych. Zakres badań obejmował pomiar drgań ogólnych na płaszczyźnie nośnej siedziska oraz drgań miejscowych występujących na kole kierowniczym wybranych środków technicznych. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w walcu drogowym wibracyjnym. Pomiary zostały wykonane w 10 powtórzeniach dla każdego środka technicznego. Na podstawie uzyskanych pomiarów określono wartość: średnią, skuteczną, szczytową oraz wartość ważoną przyspieszenia drgań. Otrzymane wyniki zostały skonfrontowane z obowiązującymi normatywami. Odnotowano, że dzienna ekspozycja na drgania o działaniu ogólnym w przypadku pracy walca drogowego w kierunku poziomym wyniosła 1,11m⋅s-2 i przekroczyła wartości dopuszczalne dla mężczyzn i kobiet w wieku produkcyjnym. W przypadku pozostałych badanych pojazdów nie odnotowano przekroczenia wartości dopuszczalnej drgań mechanicznych w żadnym z analizowanych kierunków, zatem nie stanowiły one zagrożenia dla pracownika.
The article discusses an attempt to evaluate the ergonomic vibration environment of selected technical sources used in various technological processes. The scope of the tests included measurement of general vibrations in the plane of the seat carrier and local vibrations occurring on the steering wheel of selected technical sources. The tests were carried out in two trucks and in a vibratory road roller. The measurements were carried out in 10 repetitions for each technical measure. On the basis of the obtained measurements, the mean value of vibration acceleration, effective vibration acceleration and peak vibration acceleration as well as the weighted vibration acceleration value were determined. The obtained results were confronted with the applicable standards. It was noted that the daily vibration exposure of general action in the case of road roll works in the horizontal direction was 1,11 m⋅s-2 and exceeded the limit values for men and women in the working age. In the case of other vehicles tested, there was no exceedance of the permissible mechanical vibration value in any of the analyzed directions and do not pose a threat to the employee.
Źródło:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe; 2019, 20, 1-2; 281-286
1509-5878
2450-7725
Pojawia się w:
Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

Ta witryna wykorzystuje pliki cookies do przechowywania informacji na Twoim komputerze. Pliki cookies stosujemy w celu świadczenia usług na najwyższym poziomie, w tym w sposób dostosowany do indywidualnych potrzeb. Korzystanie z witryny bez zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies oznacza, że będą one zamieszczane w Twoim komputerze. W każdym momencie możesz dokonać zmiany ustawień dotyczących cookies