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Tytuł:
Effects of Adjunct Model of Instruction on EAP Learners’ Reading Comprehension Skill
Autorzy:
Karimi, Mahzad
Ghorbanchian, Elahe
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22446659.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-07-29
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
Tematy:
Adjunct Model
EAP Classes
Online Course
Reading Comprehension
Opis:
With the quick transition to online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is vital to take the recent development in language teaching methodology into consideration, especially the pedagogical utility of new models of English for Academic purposes (EAP). Accordingly, the main objective of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of the adjunct model in improving the overall reading comprehension skills of Iranian architecture students in online EAP courses. To this end, from the population of students studying architecture at the Isfahan University of Art, three intact classes, each with 35 sophomore students were selected. While the first class was taught by a language teacher (the Language-driven Group) and the second class received instruction from a content teacher (the Content-driven Group), the third class was taught by applying the adjunct model involving both content and language teachers. At the end of the semester, a reading comprehension test was administrated to all students. The analysis of the data through running a one-way ANOVA and post hoc analysis revealed that the students in the adjunct class outperformed their peers in the other two classes on the reading comprehension test.
Źródło:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition; 2022, 8, 2; 1-19
2450-5455
2451-2125
Pojawia się w:
Theory and Practice of Second Language Acquisition
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Trade Flows Between the European Union and the Eastern Partnership Countries: Dynamics and Prospects
Торговые потоки между Европейским Союзом и странами Восточного партнерства: динамика и перспективы
Autorzy:
Grodzicki, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2176724.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-12-31
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Eastern Partnership (EaP)
European Union (EU)
exports
imports
trade
Восточное партнерство (ВП)
Европейский Союз (ЕС)
экспорт
импорт
торговля
Opis:
The Eastern Partnership is a part of the European Neighbourhood Policy focusing on the EU’s Eastern neighbours. Its main objective is to deepen the political and economic integration of the EU with six countries in Eastern Europe and the South Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. The aim of this paper is to assess the development of EU trade relations with Eastern Partnership Countries from 2002 to 2021 and to indicate its prospects. The results show that the EU is in a group of main trading partners of the Eastern Partnership countries. The EU noticed both: a trade surplus with Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine and Armenia (except in 2005); and a trade deficit with Azerbaijan. The volumes of imports and exports had increased over the years which also led to better economic integration with the EU. However, the future EU-Eastern Partnership trade characteristics and dynamics remain unknown due to the Russian invasion on Ukraine that caused troubles in trade flows in Ukraine and economic sanctions on Russia and Belarus.
Восточное партнерство является частью Европейской политики соседства, ориентированной на восточных соседей ЕС. Его основной целью является углубление политической и экономической интеграции ЕС с шестью странами Восточной Европы и Южного Кавказа: Арменией, Азербайджаном, Беларусью, Грузией, Молдовой и Украиной. Целью данной статьи является оценка развития торговых отношений ЕС со странами Восточного партнерства с 2002 по 2021 год и обозначение его перспектив. Результаты показывают, что ЕС входит в группу основных торговых партнеров стран Восточного партнерства. ЕС заметил и то, и другое: положительное сальдо торгового баланса с Беларусью, Грузией, Молдовой, Украиной и Арменией (кроме 2005 г.); и торговый дефицит с Азербайджаном. Объемы импорта и экспорта с годами увеличились, что также привело к лучшей экономической интеграции с ЕС. Однако будущие торговые характеристики и динамика ЕС-Восточного партнерства остаются неизвестными из-за российского вторжения в Украину, которое вызвало проблемы с торговыми потоками в Украине, и экономических санкций против России и Беларуси.
Źródło:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2022, 4(35); 145-160
2084-3291
Pojawia się w:
Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Enhancing EAP learners’ academic vocabulary learning: an investigation of WhatsApp-based reporting and receiving activities
Autorzy:
Arifani, Yudhi
Jumadi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2087159.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
WhatsApp-based reporting
receiving activities
academic vocabulary
EAP learner
Opis:
Previous studies have indicated inconsistencies in utilizing the mobile application known as WhatsApp in academic vocabulary learning. This study attempts to overcome those inconsistencies by addressing three research aims, namely a) to examine any significant difference of employing vocabulary learning between using WhatsApp-based reporting and receiving on the one hand, and traditional-based reporting and receiving strategies on the other; (b) to determine the best predictor of vocabulary learning, and (c) to draw learners’ attitudes among the four types of strategies. A mixed randomized experimental type of research with pre-test and post-test design as well as survey design has been consecutively applied for these purposes. The results of the study reveal that English Academic Purposes (EAP) learners who expand their academic vocabulary using WhatsApp-based reporting activities achieve better having been exposed to these three different treatments. Learners’ endeavours to find out the mixed Indonesian-English vocabulary definitions by themselves, followed by reporting these to their teacher using WhatsApp turn out to be the best vocabulary learning predictor. Learners’ attitudes observed in this cohort also show positive responses. Since the aspect of familiarity with academic vocabulary learning is not incorporated into this study, future researchers may find filling up this lacuna worth pursuing
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2021, 21, 4; 51-75
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A call for reconciling EAP and CALL
Autorzy:
Dashtestani, Reza
Krajka, Jarosław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2096314.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
CALL
EAP
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2020, 20, 5; 1-5
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
EAP AND ACADEMIC DISCOURSE: MEDIATING ELABORATED CODE IN A CLIL TYPE TEACHER EDUCATION
Autorzy:
Lankiewicz, Hadrian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036858.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-02-17
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Collegium Novum. Polskie Towarzystwo Neofilologiczne
Tematy:
EAP
ESP
academic language
CLIL
ecological approach
languaging
teacher education
język akademicki
podejście ekologiczne
edukacja nauczycieli
język specjalistyczny
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to relate the concept of ESP to the idea of Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) to work out a platform for the conceptualization of academic language as a context-reduced means of communication (Bernstein, 1971; 1999). Subsequently, the concept of talk-types (Moate, 2011) will be presented as a way of counteracting language de-contextualization and engendering restructuring of knowledge and the language itself. Theoretical considerations will be supported with the presentation of research on classroom interaction. It is aimed at highlighting how expert language is mediated in content learning with types of classroom talk and how the process of languaging (Swain, 2006a) facilitates both “taming” (Lankiewicz, 2013b) of the elaborated code and acquisition of expert knowledge.
Źródło:
Neofilolog; 2013, 41/2; 169-185
1429-2173
Pojawia się w:
Neofilolog
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Educational technologies in textbooks: the case of Iranian EAP context
Autorzy:
Nushi, Musa
Momeni, Ali
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2096329.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
English for Academic Purposes (EAP)
educational technologies
authors
textbooks
Opis:
Technological developments have been changing the English for Academic Purposes (EAP) instruction. Although there is a wide literature on (the effects of) application of various educational technologies in EAP courses, there is scarcely any literature on the inclusion of such technologies in EAP textbooks. This study addresses that gap and investigates whether and how educational technologies have been introduced or applied in the EAP textbooks used in Iranian universities. Moreover, it tries to elicit the reasons why the authors of those textbooks included or excluded such technologies. To achieve the first objective, 94 EAP textbooks from four disciplines, namely Arts, Engineering, Humanities, and Medicine, were selected and analyzed to find out whether and how these textbooks treat educational technologies. To fulfil the second objective, a semi-structured interview was conducted with 18 of the EAP textbook writers to discover their justifications regarding the inclusion or exclusion of educational technologies in the books. The results indicated that the textbooks were largely devoid of educational technologies, with the authors citing a number of reasons for not including such technologies in the books, the most important of which was their own lack of educational technology know-how. Since EAP courses are usually implemented in universities, this study suggests that introduction and incorporation of affordances provided by educational technologies in EAP textbooks can contribute to university teachers’ efficacy and students’ academic development.
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2020, 20, 5; 65-86
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Enhancing EAPeap learners’ vocabulary acquisition: an investigation of individual SMS-based reporting activities
Autorzy:
Arifani, Yudhi
Hidayat, Nur
Mulyadi, Dodi
Wardhono, Agus
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2096327.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
individual learning
texting report
EAP learners
academic vocabulary
Opis:
This study aims to show the effect of individual SMS-based academic vocabulary reporting activities on EAP learners’ general academic vocabulary learning and attitudes. An experimental design was employed for this purpose. A total of 60 EAP students were randomly assigned to three different cohorts, consisting of 20 students each. The three different cohorts received 120 academic words and reported their meaning and definition in Indonesian (AVRI), in English (AVRE), and in both Indonesian and English (AVRIE). Then, a general academic vocabulary test (GAVT) was administered to assess their academic vocabulary acquisition. The findings indicate that learning English academic vocabulary applying mixed languages revealed higher vocabulary scores gains than the other two groups because the double representations of the meanings strengthen their comprehension and acquisition. Learners also show positive attitudes toward the implementation of SMS-based reporting activities as they can select their vocabulary more freely to suit their learning needs.
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2020, 20, 5; 125-146
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Online English for academic purposes instruction in the context of Iran: exploring the instructor element
Autorzy:
Dashtestani, Reza
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2096319.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
attitudes
challenges
digital literacy
EAP
EAP instructors
online instruction
Opis:
Online learning has become a highly effective tool for many language learning institutions and educational environments. However, very limited attention has been directed towards the teacher element in online learning environments in ESP/EAP instruction. To fill this gap, this study investigated the attitudes of 91 Iranian EAP instructors towards the implementation of online EAP instruction. A mixed-methods design was employed in this study, with both semi-structured interviews and questionnaires used to examine the participants’ perspectives. The findings of the study revealed that the majority of the participants hold positive attitudes towards the implementation of online EAP instruction while they are fully aware of the challenges and obstacles to the implementation of online EAP instruction in the Iranian context. Several limitations, including the lack of online EAP teacher training, the lack of facilities for online learning implementation, low digital literacy levels of instructors and students, and the lack of online instruction infrastructures were identified and reported. The participants also pointed out several practical measures and suggestions in order to pave the way for incorporating online EAP instruction which can be considered by EAP policy-makers and course designers. The study can have practical and theoretical implications for the renewal of EAP instruction in Iran and in other countries.
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2020, 20, 5; 23-37
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Confronting MA students’ and seminar teachers’ diverse agendas concerning academic literacy development through an EAP writing course
Autorzy:
Trepczyńska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/605626.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
EAP, academic writing courses, academic literacy, MA level writing needs, student and teacher expectations
Opis:
Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.
Academic courses aim to develop kinds of literacy that are significantly different from what students know from other contexts. Mastering ways of constructing knowledge in scholarly disciplines in a foreign language poses a considerable challenge, not only for the uninitiated. The challenge is none the less small for English for Academic Purposes (EAP) writing instructors as the currently observed diversity of student populations in master’s programs compels them to revise some of their long-standing assumptions and practices. The article reports on a study aiming to compare MA seminar teachers’ and beginner MA students’ perceptions of writing needs and an EAP course expectations and suggests how the responses can be used constructively in writing pedagogy.
Le numéro contient uniquement les résumés en anglais.
Źródło:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature; 2019, 43, 3
0137-4699
Pojawia się w:
Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Crossing borders . . . shifting sands: An investigation of Chinese students’ study experiences in the UK and China
Autorzy:
Kaur, Kashmir
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/780705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
student mobility
Chinese students
English for academic purposes (EAP)
English as a medium of instruction (EMI)
Opis:
In the current landscape of higher education in the UK, international students play a key role. It is an environment in which they not only cross borders physically but also transition through various identities as they develop their professional and linguistic confidence and skills to fully access and contribute to their programme of study and beyond. The aim of this paper is to outline the results of an empirical investigation into Chinese students’ perceptions of their study experiences in the context of student mobility and English-medium instruction in higher education. It reports on a study of two groups of Chinese students – one group studying in an English-speaking environment, the other in their home country where instruction is delivered through the medium of English. Semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted at each site which focused on the transition of “crossing borders” for educational purposes. The data was analysed using thematic analysis (Clarke & Braun, 2016). The main finding was that both groups experienced remarkably similar learning issues, despite being located in very different learning environments and crossing different types of borders.
Źródło:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching; 2019, 9, 3; 451-472
2083-5205
2084-1965
Pojawia się w:
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
GENRE-BASED APPROACHES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES (EAP)
Autorzy:
Aleksandrzak, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442983.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu. Collegium Novum. Polskie Towarzystwo Neofilologiczne
Tematy:
English for academic purposes (EAP), genre, critical thinking, academic skills, discussion, debate
język angielski akademicki, gatunek, myślenie krytyczne, umiejętność uczenia się, dyskusja, debata
Opis:
In recent years English for academic purposes (EAP) has become one of the mainstream fields of practice, study and research within lan-guage education, mainly due to the position of English as the interna-tional language of higher education and scientific research. The paper briefly examines the main assumptions of the approach in the context of its links to ESP (English for specific purposes), systemic functional linguistics and new literacy studies. However, the main focus of the present discussion is on genre-based pedagogy as the leading frame-work and an important point of reference for EAP education. To illus-trate this perspective within the field, the notion of genre and its in-terpretations in foreign language teaching are discussed. Finally, two closely related academic genres – discussion and debate – are ex-plored with the aim of indicating their potential benefits, areas of dif-ficulty and challenges for students and teachers in the EAP classroom.
Źródło:
Neofilolog; 2018, 51/2; 137-151
1429-2173
Pojawia się w:
Neofilolog
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Russias Turn to the East: A Postcolonial Perspective
Autorzy:
Khudoley, Konstantin K.
Lanko, Dmitry A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2092113.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Nauk Politycznych i Studiów Międzynarodowych
Tematy:
International relations
Foreign policy
Partnership approach
Partner relationships
Eastern Partnership (EaP)
Stosunki międzynarodowe
Polityka zagraniczna
Partnerskie podejście
Relacje partnerskie
Partnerstwo Wschodnie
Opis:
If assessed within the framework of a postcolonial approach to international relations, the debate about the current "turn to the East" in Russia's foreign policy can be reduced to the question of whether Russia, a rising power itself, is seeking cooperation with rising Asian powers that is grounded in mutual recognition as equal strategic partners or whether Russia is seeking easy tactical domination over its Asian partners in order to improve its international performance vis-à-vis Western powers. This article references attempts of the former kind as a "turn to the East", and those of the latter kind as 'condescension to the Orient'. We look for factors that can influence foreign policy learning among the Russian elite towards recognising Russia's "Eastern" partners as equally important as its potential Western partners. We pay special attention to changes in the attitudes of part of the Soviet elite in the 1980s, recent changes in the composition of the Russian elite, relations among member states of the Eurasian Economic Union, Russia's relations with Asian powers like Japan, China and India, and finally Russia's approach to the situation on the Korean Peninsula. Having examined all those aspects, we conclude that there are factors that can result in a lasting "turn to the East" in Russian foreign policy rather than tactical "condescension to the Orient", which is predicted to have dramatic consequences for Russia itself.(original abstract)
Źródło:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations; 2018, 54, 2; 31-50
0209-0961
Pojawia się w:
Stosunki Międzynarodowe - International Relations
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The European Neighborhood Policy: a perspective of the partner countries
Autorzy:
Zajaczkowski, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/14454364.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-12-22
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bankowa we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
European Union (EU)
European Neighborhood Policy (ENP)
Union for the Mediterranean (UfM)
Eastern Partnership (EaP)
Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA)
European integration
Opis:
Aim: The aim of the paper is an analysis and assessment of the partner-countries’ various positions and interests with regard to the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP). The focus was put on expectations and reservations related to ENP in the partner countries.   Design/ research method: The analysis is based on the subject literature related to the ENP. The paper comprises three parts. The first one depicts general geopolitical overview of the ENP. Second part concentrates on partner countries different approaches towards the initiative and the third section is an attempt to examine the neighboring countries’ conflicting visions towards the ENP.   Conclusions: The widespread criticism of the outcomes of the ENP is a result of grave geopolitical turbulences, i.e.: the Mediterranean partners have experienced the Arab Spring uprisings and the Eastern neighbors have again found themselves in the orbit of particular interests of Russia. The partner countries’ visions and expectations towards the ENP are very diverse. Some of them seek to achieve economic benefits without closer political relations with the EU, others strive to achieve membership in the EU which is perceived as an inherent element of the process of successful reforms and systemic transformation.   Value of the article: The paper addresses the problem of declining the ENP. The reason is twofold: contradictory interests of the partner countries and second, floppy engagement of the UE’s institutions in forging of the ENP policy.   Limitations of the research: The analysis is limited to general political tendencies and line of actions addressed by the ENP partner countries. It resulted both from changes in the ENP agenda as well as international relations and internal turbulences in the regions.
Źródło:
Central European Review of Economics and Management; 2018, 2, 4; 55-70
2543-9472
Pojawia się w:
Central European Review of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PROMOTING LEARNER AUTONOMY THROUGH SCHOOLOGY M-LEARNING PLATFORM IN AN EAP CLASS AT AN INDONESIAN UNIVERSITY
Autorzy:
Priyatno, Ardi
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/955868.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej w Lublinie. IATEFL Poland Computer Special Interest Group
Tematy:
autonomy in language learning
Schoology
mobile learning
EAP
Opis:
The advent of mobile learning platforms and Web 2.0 technologies is believed to provide an autonomous learning space that minimizes the power structure between the teacher and students in Indonesian EFL classes, accommodating the students to display their capacity to navigate their own learning. Schoology m-learning platform, a social networking learning management system, is one of potential platforms facilitating the exercise of autonomy in English language learning. This paper aims to report how Schoology m-learning platform facilitated the exercise of learner autonomy in an EAP class at an Indonesian higher education. The qualitative case study involved twenty one-students enrolled in an EAP course that adopted a blended learning method. The findings suggested that Schoology m-learning platform helped the students to exercise autonomy in EAP learning. The students exercised their control over learning management, cognitive process, and selection of learning materials. The exercise of autonomy is due to the affordance of Schoology. First, Schoology’s social networking interface facilitated interaction and communication among the students. Second, its mobile application enabled the students to learn English at their pace, time, and place. Third, the media-rich materials encouraged the students to further explore other materials online.
Źródło:
Teaching English with Technology; 2017, 17, 2; 55-76
1642-1027
Pojawia się w:
Teaching English with Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
VISA LIBERALISATION: WHAT DOES THIS MEAN IN REALITY FOR MOLDOVA AND GEORGIA?
Autorzy:
Chapichadze, Khatuna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/483821.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Biznesu i Przedsiębiorczości w Ostrowcu Świętokrzyskim
Tematy:
visa liberalisation
Schengen zone
EU
Moldova
Georgia
Eastern Partnership (EaP) countries
Transnistria
Abkhazia
Samachablo (s. c. South Ossetia)
Opis:
Within the framework of the “Visa Liberalisation Dialogues” conducted by the EU with three Eastern Partnership countries, namely Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia, two of them, initially Moldova and now already Georgia have been successful so far in terms of gaining visa free travel to the Schengen zone countries, however still under special circumstances. In particular, the regime is functional for those who hold a biometric passport and at the same time, it works only for the short-stay visits, i.e., for a period of stay of 90 days in any 180-day period. The article analyses not only the effects of the “Visa Liberalisation” on the example of Moldova, as well as foresees the general dynamics in the case of Georgia, but there has been also addressed the main question on how much the visa liberalisation means only the specific type of cooperation of these countries with the EU with no mandatory membership or can eventually lead to that, in the light of the current dynamics of the European community development.
Źródło:
Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem; 2017, 1(8) Moldova on the geopolitical map of Europe; 147-152
2353-6306
Pojawia się w:
Ante Portas – Studia nad Bezpieczeństwem
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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