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Tytuł:
The influence of economic crisis on the international position of the euro
Autorzy:
Zawiślińska, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/629885.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
monetary integration, currency, euro, international currency position
Opis:
The international position of a currency is directly determined by the scale and manner of fulfilment of classic currency functions in the international context. Creation of the Economic and Monetary Union and the introduction of a new currency (euro) – even though the decision was strictly political – was well-received by entities of contemporary international economy, including its main participants and the players on the international currency market. The reason for such a reception was the potential of the economies in the euro area, and also structural conditions and expectations for creation of an international currency that was to be a real alternative to the US dollar. The possibility of diversification in the investment and reserve spheres as well as in reference, intervention, transfer and invoicing spheres was considered as a step in the right direction to limiting the domination of the US dollar on the market. Notwithstanding the increasing problems in euro area in the fiscal sphere and the real economy, particularly with the job market, one may agree that the latest economic crisis did not change the bipolar character of the international monetary system still based on the US dollar and the euro. However, it needs to be stressed that the euro remains rather a regional than a global currency.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2014, 3; 51-70
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Legal Aspects on the Currency Policy, Currency Regime, Currency Market and Virtual Currency
Autorzy:
Pirvu, Adriana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/476836.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Krakowska Akademia im. Andrzeja Frycza Modrzewskiego
Tematy:
currency
monetary policy
virtual currency
central bank
credit institution
Opis:
The concept of “currency” designates the cash that is used in international transaction, other than the one used for national transactions. Foreign currency is, practically, the national “coin” of another state or the “coin” used by a monetary union of some states. While the monetary policy of a state represents a set of measures meant to ensure the internal stableness of a national currency, the currency policy is a set of measures being taken to ensure and maintain the stableness of the national currency at a foreign level. The virtual currency is, according to ESMA (European Security and Market Authority), “the virtual representation of the value, which is not issued by a central bank, credit institution or institution of electronic currency, and which can be used as an alternative to the legal currency in certain circumstances”.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały; 2019, 1(24); 69-76
1689-8052
2451-0807
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze: rozprawy i materiały
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kredyt w przedsiębiorstwie
Credit in the company
Autorzy:
Korzeniewska, Bożena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/447138.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Mazowiecka Uczelnia Publiczna w Płocku
Tematy:
bank loan
the foreign currency loan
currency risk
companies passivity
Opis:
The aim of the study is to identify the role of the bank loan in the company and the factors which determine the company to stop making efforts to take a loan for the investments and development of the company. Bank loans are definetely attractive source of capital for companies. Foreign currency loans also carry the risk of currency, which requires a large active risk management. The companies passivity in taking the loans has many causes, which make up one of the factors limiting the development possibilities of the entire economy.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne; 2015, 2(22); 165-171
1644-888X
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe PWSZ w Płocku. Nauki Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New York regulatory response to virtual currency risks
Nowojorska odpowiedź regulacyjna na ryzyka związane z wirtualnymi walutami
Autorzy:
Tomczak, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1965297.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022-01-14
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski
Tematy:
virtual currency
crypto-currency
crypto-assets
waluty wirtualne
kryptowaluty
kryptoaktywa
Opis:
This paper indicates the main risks connected with virtual currencies and shows what was the New York regulatory response to them. Because some time has passed since the adoption of the appropriate laws, the effect of the regulation could be also assessed. Based on described research, a thesis is put forward that even an onerous regulation of virtual currency in certain jurisdiction shall not kill this financial innovation there. Therefore, states should regulate crypto-assets to attract the industry which currently have a huge potential to growth.
W ramach niniejszego artykułu zostały wskazane główne ryzyka związane z walutami wirtualnymi oraz przedstawiono jaka była nowojorska regulacyjna odpowiedź na nie. Ponieważ od przyjęcia odpowiednich regulacji minęło już trochę czasu, ich skutki mogą być również ocenione. Na podstawie opisanych badań postawiona jest teza, że nawet uciążliwa regulacja waluty wirtualnej w pewnych porządkach prawnych nie powinna doprowadzić do zabicia tej innowacji finansowej. Dlatego porządki prawne powinny regulować kryptoaktywa, aby przyciągnąć branżę, która obecnie ma ogromny potencjał wzrostu.
Źródło:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne; 2021, 19, 4; 55-71
2658-1922
Pojawia się w:
Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Cross-Currency Interest Rate Swap Application in the Long-Term Currency Risk Management
Autorzy:
Wybieralski, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/957587.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
currency risk management
cross-currency interest rate swap
long-term hedging
Opis:
Effective currency risk management using various derivatives is particularly important under increased market volatility. The risk is relatively higher for longer than shorter time frames. This study highlights the implementation of selected instruments for long-term hedging. It presents the application of cross-currency interest rate swap as a currency risk hedging tool used by Polish exporters, mainly manufacturers generating their revenues mostly abroad (in euro area), exposed to negative exchange rate fluctuations. The paper covers issues related to the pricing, market risk estimation and collateral required in the OTC market, as well as undertakes a sensitivity analysis in search for exchange rates at which margin call occurs. There is a comparative analysis and back test simulation conducted using market data from exchange and money markets. The study emphasized that the analyzed instrument meets the expectations in terms of hedging the company cash flows, as well as may generate additional benefits due to the still existing interest rate differential.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2020, 54, 2; 113-124
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Factors influencing the choice of the invoicing currency in international trade: Panel data analysis for 55 countries
Autorzy:
Twarowska-Mól, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/22443104.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
invoicing currency of trade
dominant currency paradigm
dollar
export
inflation
exchange rate
Opis:
Research background: Most transactions in world trade are invoiced in several international currencies. The changes in the distribution of the great economic powers and the strengthening of the position of developing countries make it necessary to consider the factors determining the choice of trade invoicing currency and to assess the prospects of the dollar as an invoicing currency and the possibility of strengthening the position of developing countries' currencies in this function. Purpose of the article: The aim of the paper is to assess the factors influencing the choice of invoicing currency for international trade in 2000?2019. Methods: The analysis of factors influencing the choice of international trade invoicing currency is based on panel data modelling. The study is conducted for a group of 55 countries. It is assumed that the following variables may influence the currency position in the trade invoicing function: the share of the issuer's country in the bilateral trade, inflation and exchange rate. Findings & value added: The analysis showed that despite the decreasing share of the United States in world trade, the U.S. dollar remains the most important export invoicing currency. The main factors influencing the dollar's dominance are the U.S. share of countries' exports, inflation in developing countries, and the exchange rate in advanced economies. The great significance of trade share as a determinant of the position of the trade invoicing currency is an important indication of the strengthening position of developing country currencies, particularly the Chinese yuan. The obtained results confirm, with the use of more complete data, the validity of the dominant currency paradigm and enrich the still underdeveloped analysis in the area of international macroeconomics using panel data analysis.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2023, 18, 1; 153-183
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obligacje w walucie obcej. Struktura i funkcjonowanie instrumentu
Autorzy:
Mamcarz, Henryk
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/609705.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
foreign currency bonds, dual currency bonds, dual-mixed currency bonds, index currency option notes
obligacje w walucie obcej, obligacje dwuwalutowe, mieszane obligacje dwuwalutowe, obligacje indeksowane z opcją walutową
Opis:
In the debt securities markets there are bonds that differ in their structure from straight bonds. They are an answer to changing economic conditions, the underlying cause of which are changes in interest rates and exchange rates. In the other case these are foreign currency bonds. These bonds, despite their unquestionable advantages in capital acquisition and investment, are characterized by high investment risk because, in comparison with straight bonds, there is an additional risk of changes in exchange rates. In order to cover such risk, investors have a number of instruments at their disposal; however, its reduction, with the retained advantages of classical foreign currency bonds, can also be achieved through another kind of bonds – dual currency bonds, including currency option ones. Pricing of these bonds is complicated because differences in yield curves in the countries of specific currencies as well as exchange rates should be taken into account. The importance of the bonds in question during particular periods of economic development will certainly be a function of exchange rate variability.
Artykuł nie zawiera abstraktu w języku polskim.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2015, 49, 2
0459-9586
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Attitudes and perceptions of common European currency among residents of northern Lubelskie province
Stosunek i percepcja wspólnej waluty europejskiej przez mieszkańców północnej Lubelszczyzny
Autorzy:
Florkowski, W.J.
Juszczuk, G.
Golawska, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/867340.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
probit model
rural resident
attitude
perception
common European currency
currency
resident
Lublin district
Opis:
This study identifies respondent characteristics influencing the opinion of Polish residents regarding the euro. Using data collected from 200 residents of Łuków and Biała Podlaska districts in Lubelskie Province, a decision model was specified where the choice of opinion about the euro was determined by demographic and socio-economic characteristics, household size, and location. Results show that the largest change in probability of choosing the opinion that the euro would strengthen in the future resulted from an increase in income and number of children in a household, but the probability would decrease, although by a small amount, if a respondent resided in a rural area or was fully employed.
Celem badań była identyfikacja cech respondentów, które wpływają na wybór opinii, że pozycja euro będzie ulegała wzmocnieniu w przeciwieństwie do rozpadu strefy. Wykorzystując zebrane dane ankietowe spośród 200 mieszkańców powiatu łukowskiego i bialsko-podlaskiego w województwie lubelskim, skonstruowano model decyzji wyboru jednej z ww. opcji dotyczących euro w odpowiedzi na zmiany w cechach demograficznych i socjo-ekonomicznych badanych osób i ich rodzin. Wyniki wskazują, że głównymi czynnikami podnoszących prawdopodobieństwo wyboru opinii o wzmacnianiu się pozycji euro były zmiany dochodów rodziny, a następnie liczby dzieci i obecność dzieci w rodzinie. Mniejsze prawdopodobieństwo wyboru takiej opinii dotyczyło respondentów z terenów wiejskich oraz zatrudnionych na pełny etat.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2015, 17, 6
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Can discounts expand local and digital currency awareness of individuals depending on their characteristics?
Autorzy:
Ključnikov, Aleksandr
Civelek, Mehmet
Vozňáková, Iveta
Krajčík, Vladimír
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19233511.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
awareness
local currency
digital currency
discount rate
age and job positions of individuals
Opis:
Research background: Because of enabling a greater amount of money circulation and addressing the needs of individuals in specific regions, local and digital currencies have become more important for local economic and sustainable development, especially in last decade. However, their awareness by potential users have become one of major constraints to their extensive usage. In this regard, discount have been used to increase the awareness of individuals.  Purpose of the article: As discount is used as an effective promotional tool. This study pays regard to this indicator and aims to investigate whether the  discount rate is positively associated with local and digital currency awareness of potential users. Moreover, this research also includes job positions and age of the respondents into the analyses due to potential existence of differences in the awareness of people regarding their characteristics. Methods: The research employs a questionnaire survey and acquires data from 407 workers of a local business in Cieszyn Silesia region of the Czech Republic. The researchers run Binary Logistic Regression analyses in IBM SPSS Software to examine the relationship between these specified variables. Findings & Value added: The research substantiates the fact that potential users who demand more discount rates are more likely to be aware of local and digital currencies. Moreover, potential users who work in lower job positions and demand more discounts are more acquainted with these currencies. Although the existence of a relationship between age and local currency awareness is not proved, older people who demand discounts with higher percentages are more informed about digital currencies than younger individuals. Higher elasticity in discount demand, mutual interactions and relations, such as social media and internet usage of potential users, might be the reasons of these results. This study makes significant contributions to the literature by confirming the significance of individuals' ages and occupational statuses in the awareness of local and digital currencies and the positive relationship between their discount propensity and awareness.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2020, 11, 2; 239-266
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wojny walutowe
Autorzy:
Jelonek, Przemysław
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/629901.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Handlowa w Warszawie
Tematy:
currency wars, causes, course, effects
Opis:
The paper refers to two important aspects of currency wars: their structure and possible changes resulting from the post -crisis adaptation on one hand, and the possibilities of preventing currency wars on the other. The article argues that using currency rate as an instrument of economic policy may increase as economic growth recovery becomes increasingl difficult. The results of the currency war escalation include protectionism in trade and funds transfer
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace; 2014, 3; 127-143
2082-0976
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego Studia i Prace
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bitcoin – efemeryda czy solidna przyszłość?
Bitcoin – Ephemera of a Solid Future?
Autorzy:
Dobosz, Artur
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/440031.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Finansów i Biznesu Vistula
Tematy:
bitcoin
pseudowaluta
waluta wirtualna
sieć P2P
klucz zabezpieczający
pseudo-currency
crypto-currency
virtual currency
P2P network
security key
Opis:
Artykuł jest próbą przybliżenia istoty i funkcjonowania pseudowaluty bitcoin (BTC). Zawiera on również próbę odpowiedzi na pytanie, czy ta nowa jednostka rozrachunkowa może stać się walutą ponadnarodową. Artykuł prezentuje powstanie bitcoina oraz koncepcję leżącą u podstaw jego tworzenia. W trakcie prezentacji procesu jego powstawania i późniejszego bytu przeprowadzono analizę wad i zalet tej jednostki. Bitcoin jako „waluta” całkowicie wirtualna, nie podlegająca żadnej instytucji państwowej ani bankowi centralnemu, wymaga od swoich użytkowników znacznie większego zaufania aniżeli tradycyjne waluty państwowe. Również sposób przechowywania bitcoinów jest daleki od tradycyjnego. W artykule zawarto ponadto analizę innych pseudowalut, przeprowadzoną w odniesieniu do głównych cech bitcoina. W analizie tej znalazły się takie pseudowaluty, jak: litecoin, anoncoin i primecoin. Pokazano różnice i podobieństwa do bitcoina jako jednostki najbardziej popularnej. Te pseudowaluty, powstałe na początku XXI wieku mogą już niebawem stać się poważnym konkurentem dla prawdziwego pieniądza, zwłaszcza dla ludzi poszukujących poufności i szybkości przy dokonywaniu transakcji, dla której jedynym wymaganiem jest dostęp do sieci Internet.
The article is an attempt to bring closer the essence and functioning of the pseudo-currency called bitcoin (BTC). It also contains an attempt to answer the question whether this new unit of account can become a supranational currency. The article presents the emergence of bitcoin and the concept underlying its creation. In the course of presentation of the process of its emergence and the later existence, there was carried out an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of this unit. Bitcoin as a fully virtual ‘currency’, not being subject to any state institution or to the central bank, requires from its users a considerably greater confidence that the traditional state currencies. Also the way, in which bitcoins are kept, is far from the traditional one. In his article, the author also included a review of other pseudo-currencies, carried out in relation to the main features of the bitcoin. In the review, there were mentioned such crypto-currencies as litecoin, anoncoinand primecoin. He showed the differences and similarities to the bitcoin as the most popular unit. Those crypto-currencies, emerged at the beginning of the 21st century, may quite soon become a serious competitor to the real money, particularly in case of the people looking for confidence and speed when carrying our transaction for which the only requirement is access to the Internet.
Źródło:
Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula; 2014, 3(41); 20-30
2084-4689
Pojawia się w:
Kwartalnik Naukowy Uczelni Vistula
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kurs walutowy i jego wpływ na rynek samochodów osobowych w Polsce
USD and euro exchange rate and its influence on the motor vehicle market in Poland
Autorzy:
Klimkowska, Regina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/415852.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009-09
Wydawca:
Małopolska Wyższa Szkoła Ekonomiczna w Tarnowie
Tematy:
rynek samochodowy
kurs walutowy
dewaluacja
rewaluacja
car market
exchange rate
currency devaluation
currency revaluation
Opis:
Niniejszy referat przedstawia wpływ kursu walutowego na sprzedaż samochodów osobowych w Polsce w latach 2002-2007. W pierwszej części przedstawiono pojęcia, których znajomość jest niezbędna: kurs walutowy i jego funkcje oraz omówiono czynniki ekonomiczne, które w sposób bezpośredni i pośredni wpływają na poziom kursu walutowego. Z polityką kursu walutowego wiążą się pojęcia dewaluacji, rewaluacji, deprecjacji, aprecjacji. Zmiany kursu dolara i euro oddziaływały na sprzedaż nowych samochodów osobowych w latach 2002-2007; wpływały także na strukturę importowanych aut używanych m.in. z USA. Kolejna część referatu przybliża politykę cenową, jaką prowadziły wielkie koncerny motoryzacyjne w Polsce m.in. na podstawie raportów KE. Wykorzystano także Katalogi Samochodowe, dodatki Market do tygodnika „Auto-Świat” z lat 2003-2008.
This article deals with a foreign exchange policy and its influenced on the Polish car market in the years 2002-2007. The first part of the article is focused on explaining and defining main problems and ideas such as - foreign exchange, foreign exchange policy, also economic factors have been discussed here, which directly and indirectly influence the level of exchange rate. Foreign exchange policy is related to the following ideas: devaluation, revaluation, appreciation, depreciation. Changes in prices of Euro and American dollar also affected Polish new car market between 2000 and 2007, it also influenced the structure of imported used cars from the USA among others. The next part of the article introduces the price policy of car concerns on the Polish new car market based among others on the European Committee Reports. Also Car Catalogues, Statistical Year Books, car magazines and everyday press of 2003-2008 have been used for this article.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie; 2009, 2(13) t. 1; 233-248
1506-2635
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Małopolskiej Wyższej Szkoły Ekonomicznej w Tarnowie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Euro as an International Currency in the Official Sector
Autorzy:
Puszer, Blandyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/522228.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Euro
Waluta międzynarodowa
Rezerwy walutowe
Interwencje walutowe
International currency
Foreign exchange reserves
Currency interventions
Opis:
International currency is a currency that is used outside the country as unit of account, medium of exchange, and means of accumulation. International currency performs the functions of money in an international dimension. The international role of the euro refers to the use of the euro in global markets and by residents of countries outside the euro area. Non-euro area residents may use the euro, for instance, in payment transactions or financial market transactions with euro area residents or with other non-residents. In particular, the euro is used by the official sector of several non-euro area countries as a reserve currency, as an anchor currency or as an intervention. This article reviews official use refers mainly to the euro's role in third countries' monetary and exchange rate policies, in the form of an anchor or reference currency, a reserve currency or an intervention currency(original abstract)
Źródło:
Journal of Economics and Management; 2014, 16; 77-96
1732-1948
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Economics and Management
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Substytucja walutowa we współczesnym międzynarodowym systemie walutowym
Currency substitution in the contemporary international monetary system
Autorzy:
Skopiec, Dominik A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/590818.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Dolaryzacja
Rezerwy walutowe
Substytucja walutowa
Waluta międzynarodowa
Currency substitution
Dollarization
Foreign exchange reserves
International currency
Opis:
Substytucja walutowa stanowi jedną z cech charakteryzujących współczesny międzynarodowy system walutowy. W artykule przedstawiono charakter i zakres tego zjawiska, a także jego przyczyny oraz skutki. Wśród przyczyn wskazano przede wszystkim na wysoki i nieprzewidywalny poziom inflacji, niską wiarygodność władz monetarnych, brak stabilności gospodarczej oraz silne powiązania gospodarcze z krajem emitującym daną walutę obcą. Wśród korzyści substytucji walutowej szczególną uwagę zwrócono na spadek kosztów transakcyjnych, stabilizację poziomu cen oraz zmniejszenie ryzyka kryzysu walutowego. Wśród kosztów substytucji walutowej wskazano natomiast na brak niezależnej polityki kursowej, brak niezależnej polityki pieniężnej, utratę wpływów z tytułu tzw. renty senioralnej oraz brak krajowego pożyczkodawcy ostatniej instancji.
Currency substitution remains a significant feature of the contemporary international monetary system. In the article author analyses the nature and scope as well as the causes and implication of both official and unofficial currency substitution. The most significant causes of the currency substitution are high and unpredicted inflation, low credibility of monetary authorities and lack of political and economic stability. Among the advantages of currency substitution the author points to reduction of transaction costs related to exchange of currencies, stabilization of inflation, enhanced macroeconomic stability as well as lower risk of currency crisis. The most significant costs of currency substitution are the lack of independent foreign exchange policy, lack of independent monetary policy, the loss of revenue resulting from seigniorage and the loss of the lender of last resort.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2018, 352; 223-232
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
HOUSEHOLD DEBT IN POLAND IN THE YEARS 2005-2017 – LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE CASE OF SWISS FRANC LOANS. A CONTRIBUTION TO DEBATE
Autorzy:
Żywicka, Agnieszka
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/915889.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
credit in foreign currency
the consumer
Opis:
The subject of the article is the problem of the legal construction of loans denominated and indexed with a  foreign exchange rate (CHF), which were incurred by Polish consumers in 2005-2017 and their repayment. The main problem analyzed in the article is the issue of repayment of franc loans noticed and analyzed both in scientific circles (by lawyers, economists, sociologists) and by politicians, which testifies to the significance and size of the phenomenon. This article will present individual views and proposals of the author in relationto Polish conditions, primarily from the legal point of view, the author firstly presents the legal construction of the loan, then presents the positions of banks and courts and proposes the cancellation of the contract and the conversion of some of its provisions.
Źródło:
Review of European and Comparative Law; 2018, 33, 2; 7-20
2545-384X
Pojawia się w:
Review of European and Comparative Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ROLA PAŃSTWA W ZRÓWNOWAŻONYM ROZWOJU SYSTEMU BANKOWEGO
Development of virtual currency schemes
Autorzy:
Mackiewicz, Piotr
Musiał, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950888.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
virtual money
virtual currency schemes
Bitcoin
Opis:
The whole world conducts a lively discussion about a new creation, namely virtual currency schemes. The questions arise: What differs them from currently known systems? Do those currencies posses any real value? and finally: Do they pose any threat to conventional and current monetary systems and world economy? The interest of European Central Bank and FED into them shows how important they are. The aim of this article is to present opportunities and threats coming from the development of virtual currency schemes. The article is composed of short history of currencies showing the creation of virtual currencies as well as discusses the classification of virtual currency schemes, which is important to analyze the development direction of these schemes, as well as its chances and threats.
Źródło:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach; 2014, 1(18); 132-141
2080-5993
2449-9811
Pojawia się w:
Financial Sciences. Nauki o Finansach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
USING GENETIC ALGORITHM IN DYNAMIC MODEL OF SPECULATIVE ATTACK
Autorzy:
Gawrońska-Nowak, Bogna
Grabowski, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517176.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
currency crisis
dynamic model
genetic algorithms
Opis:
Evolution of speculative attack models shows certain progress in developing the idea of the role of expectations in the crisis mechanism. Obstfeld (1996) defines expectations as fully exogenous. Morris and Shin (1998) treat the expectations as endogenous (with respect to noise), not devoting too much attention to information structure of the foreign exchange market. Dynamic approach proposed by Angeletos, Hellwig and Pavan (2006) offers more sophisticated assumption about learning process. It tries to reflect time-variant and complex nature of information. However, this model ignores many important details like a Central Bank cost function. Genetic algorithm allows to avoid problems connected with incorporating information and expectations into agent decision-making process to an extent. There are some similarities between the evolution in Nature and currency market performance. In our paper an assumption about rational agent behaviour in the efficient market is criticised and we present our version of the dynamic model of a speculative attack, in which we use a genetic algorithm (GA) to define decision-making process of the currency market agents. The results of our simulation seem to be in line with the theory and intuition. An advantage of our model is that it reflects reality in a quite complex way, i.e. level of noise changes in time (decreasing), there are different states of fundamentals (with “more sensitive” upper part of the scale), the number of inflowing agents can be low or high (due to different globalization phases, different capital flow phases, different uncertainty levels).
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2016, 11, 2; 287-306
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Impact of the Common Currency on Exports of New EMU Members: Firm-level Evidence for Slovenia and Slovakia
Autorzy:
Cieślik, Andrzej
Michałek, Jan
Michałek, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517262.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
common currency
export
new EMU members
Opis:
There are many studies aiming at estimation of aggregate trade effects of the euro adoption by the old EU countries, which are based on the augmented gravity model. In contrast to the existing literature, we investigate whether the adoption of the common currency increases the export activity of individual firms. In particu-lar, we refer to the new strand in the trade theory literature, based on the Melitz (2003) model, in which export performance depends on labor productivity and costs of exporting. There are already many empirical studies, based on firm level data, showing the relevance of the Melitz (2003) model. Most of those studies demonstrate that export performance positively depends on firms’ characteristics such as labor productivity, spending on R&D, age of the firm, the stock of human capital or propensity to innovate, but they do not take into account the impact of the common currency on the cost of exporting. There are only few studies analyzing trade implications of euro adoption for firms’ exports of “old EU” members. In our empirical paper we use the firm level data basis set up by the EBRD and the World Bank for Central and Eastern European Countries. Using the probit model, we analyze whether the accession of Slovenia and Slovakia to the Eurozone did increase the firms’ propensity to export in those countries.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2013, 8, 4; 7-23
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ACCESSION TO THE EUROZONE AS LITHUANIA’S EXIT STRATEGY FROM THE CURRENCY BOARD SYSTEM
Autorzy:
Żuchowska, Dorota
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/517357.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
currency board
inflation
euro adoption
Lithuania
Opis:
In the years 2004-2014 the Lithuania’s exchange rate policy was based on a rigid currency board system. After a period of uncontested success in the fight against inflation in the first decade of the transition and economic growth, entering the ERM II in 2004 and efforts to adopt the euro were treated as an optimal exit strategy from the currency board system. However, the consequences of this exchange rate system in the following years (until 2014) prevented Lithuania from meeting the economic convergence criteria. The starting point for the research is based on the theoretical analysis of literature studying benefits and risks associated with the use of the currency board system by the monetary authorities. The empirical analysis refers to the case of Lithuania and covers the years 2004-2014. The purpose of this analysis is to look at the effects of the use of the currency board system from the perspective of the convergence criteria of monetary nature and the extent of their implementation in the absence of opportunities for autonomous monetary policy.
Źródło:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy; 2015, 10, 3; 27-43
1689-765X
2353-3293
Pojawia się w:
Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ADAPTATIONS WITHIN THE FINANCIAL MARKET IN CHINA AFTER GLOBAL FINANCIAL CRISIS
Autorzy:
Glinka, Katarzyna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/488945.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
financial crisis
financial markets
currency internationalisation
Opis:
The purpose of this paper is to present the evolutionary changes occurring in the financial market of China, which were catalysed by the turmoil in the global financial market. These changes were the outcome of anti-crisis measures in macroeconomics policy undertaken at the beginning of the crisis; they were also a response to the quantitative easing policy in the USA and in the Euro Zone (i.e. an increased money supply also reaching the financial market in China). With the currently binding system of currency exchange (managed floating exchange rate), China’s policy towards capital movement, on the one hand, is an attempt to maximise the benefits of the inflow of foreign capital , whilst, on the other – to minimise the risk related to the sudden changes in the direction of the flow of capital. The consequence of such an approach is the strategy of gradual liberalisation of capital account, accompanied by the significant involvement of the state in the financial market. Some specific solutions applied to this matter, that are discussed in the paper, point to the specifics of such a strategy. The liberalisation of the national capital market was preceded by the liberalisation of the offshore market (in Hong Kong). Such a strategy allows China to take up measures directed at the internationalisation of their own currency without any significant opening of the capital account. This paper concentrates on a descriptive analysis of the above phenomenon.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2016, 7, 4; 565-591
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Yuan Versus United States Dollar: the Defective Bipolar China–United States Relationship
Autorzy:
Smagorowicz-Chojnowska, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/648533.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
globalisation
power
financial markets
currency regimes
Opis:
The chosen currency regime places a state within the international economic order. Therefore, the exchange rate is a key to creating an internal financial system and opening it up to foreign participants. In this paper we would like to show the differences between China and the USA and examine their impact on potential changes on the distribution of power in the international system. We will also try to prove that this field is a missing link in preventing the final launching of a symmetrical bipolar system which will finally force China to accept the rules of a Washington Consensus instead of following its own patterns. The case study method will be used in order to compare market data and assess the role of currencies for the given model.
Źródło:
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 2018, 22, 1
1641-4233
2300-8695
Pojawia się w:
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A study on the influence of the discretisation unit on the effectiveness of modelling currency exchange rates using the binary-temporal representation
Autorzy:
Stasiak, M. D
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/406673.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
foreign exchange market
technical analysis
decision support for currency market investment
modelling of currency exchange rates
Opis:
An exchange rate can be expressed in the form of a binary-temporal representation. Such a representation is based on a discretization of movements in the exchange rate, in which to each change in the value - equal to a given discretization unit – two parameters are allocated: a binary value, consistent with the direction of change in the exchange rate (increase 1, decrease 0) and duration. Statistical examination proves the existence of dependencies between the parameters of previous changes and the direction of future changes. To model the exchange rate using the applied binary-temporal representation, an appropriate model was developed that enables estimation of the probability of the direction of future changes in the currency exchange rate based on the parameters of historical changes. This article presents an analysis of the influence of the chosen discretization unit on the quality of exchange rate modelling. For this purpose, software was written in MQL4 and C++. As a result of the study, an optimal value for the discretization unit and the optimal parameters of the model providing the highest efficiency were determined. The input data used in the analysis involved tick data for the AUD/NZD exchange rate for a five-year time frame 2012–2017.
Źródło:
Operations Research and Decisions; 2018, 28, 2; 57-70
2081-8858
2391-6060
Pojawia się w:
Operations Research and Decisions
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Black Market – Financial Crimes Committed for Personal Purposes
Autorzy:
Miłosz, Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1390726.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017-02-07
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
black market
gold
currency
smuggle
speculation
Opis:
In socialist Poland, in the reality of centrally planned economy, average citizens experienced chronic deficits of basic commodities. Although the intensity of the problem varied, at no time could one say that the official market fully satisfied the demand for basic or luxurious goods sought by citizens. On the one hand, the market was steered manually, prices were set and kept on the same level for many years, and the volume of production and its cost was centrally planned, but on the other hand, salaries in national companies were raised, which resulted in unsatisfied demand for the goods that the official market lacked. How, then, did average citizens deal with these problems? How, by committing more or less serious financial crimes, did they become players in the black market game, the stake of which was satisfying their own needs? This article attempts at describing the situation in this specific market in various periods of socialist Poland. It also tries to demonstrate which products were the most desirable and most often sold in the black market. Most citizens of socialist Poland, knowing that their behavior is against the law, limited their participation in the black market to purchasing or selling the most urgently needed products.
Źródło:
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae; 2016, 34; 45-62
0081-6485
Pojawia się w:
Studia Historiae Oeconomicae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wybrane opcje niestandardowe jako innowacyjne narzędzia ochrony przed ryzykiem walutowym
Selected Exotic Options as Innovative Tools That Protect Against Currency Risk
Autorzy:
Iwaszczuk, Natalia
Solovei, Tatiana
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/593636.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
Hedging
Innowacje finansowe
Opcja walutowa
Opcje egzotyczne
Ryzyko walutowe
Currency options
Currency risk
Exotic options
Financial innovations
Opis:
Przedmiotem rozważań artykułu są innowacyjne narzędzia finansowe, do których zalicza się niestandardowe opcje walutowe. Wychodząc z założenia, że innowacja jest szczególnym rodzajem współczesnej działalności międzynarodowej, podmioty gospodarcze są zmuszone do poszukiwania innowacyjnych rozwiązań w zarządzaniu ryzykiem. Celem artykułu jest wykazanie skuteczności opcji niestandardowych jako narzędzi do budowania strategii osłaniających przed ryzykiem walutowym. Praktyczne zastosowanie rekomendowanych strategii pokazano na przykładzie przedsiębiorstwa BASMAC. Podmiot ten, z uwagi na kontrakty handlowe rozliczane w euro, narażony jest na wahania kursu walutowego, dlatego poszukuje innowacyjnych rozwiązań zabezpieczających własne interesy przed stratą finansową na skutek działania ryzyka kursowego.
Innovative financial instruments (which include exotic currency options) are under consideration in this article. Assuming that innovation is a special kind of contemporary international activities, economic operators are forced to seek innovative solutions in the risk management. In this article attention has been focused on custom options as the basis for building a strategy protecting against currency risk. Practical application of the recommended strategy is shown on the example of the company Basmac. This entity is exposed to exchange rate fluctuations because its commercial contracts are settled in euro. So it is looking for innovative solutions to safeguard its own interests against financial loss due to the action of the exchange rate risk.
Źródło:
Studia Ekonomiczne; 2015, 238; 36-52
2083-8611
Pojawia się w:
Studia Ekonomiczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) - Barriers to Its Introduction
Autorzy:
Nocoń, Aleksandra
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16729139.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
central bank digital currency
digital money
CBDC
Opis:
Theoretical background: The beginning of the third decade of the 21st century brought a dynamic development of new technologies, intensifying the ongoing process of digitalization of the global economy. Among these changes, one of the undoubtedly noticeable areas that are developed both on theoretical and practical grounds is the central bank digital currency (CBDC). It is a new – different from cash – currency issued by the monetary authorities, considered as a response to the development of private virtual currencies, which is aimed at the same time to improve the circulation of money. An increasing number of central banks are considering issuing their own CBDC. According to the BIS studies, in 2021 nine out of ten central banks actively research implementation of a digital currency. This number is constantly growing. More and more monetary authorities are at an advanced stage of CBDC work, 26% of central banks already running pilot tests (compared to only 8% in 2018). Purpose of the article: The main aim of the article is to identify barriers to the central bank digital currency introduction as well the case study analysis of the current involvement of selected central banks in the process of its implementation. Research methods: The main research method used in the conducted empirical research is the case study analysis of selected central banks that have undertaken works on the CBDC implementation. The research verifies the main hypothesis that despite growing involvement of central banks in the work for the issue of CBDC, its barriers and limitations are large enough to inhibit practical implementation. Main findings: The results indicated that such barriers as limited validity period, lack of anonymity and full control of a central bank over its use may significantly limit further monetary authorities’ work on its implementation.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia; 2023, 57, 2; 67-86
0459-9586
2449-8513
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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