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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    THE DOMINANT POSITION OF CHINA IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
    Autorzy:
    Jaroszewska, Beata
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/594835.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    China
    global economy
    dominant position
    Chinese economy
    world economy
    economic relations
    Opis:
    After a few decades of transformation China is becoming a major contender for the number two position in the world. Is it really possible? Will China balance the power of the United States? Today the United States supremacy is so great that it seems to be undeniable. The situation was similar at the end of the twentieth century when U.S. domination was obvious and any other reality was hard to imagine. Recently though, more and more often America’s political decisions are criticised. A few decades ago, in Beijing a new idea was developed. The essence of that idea was to transform the People’s Republic of China into a superpower. Since China was very vast and densely populated, but mostly a poor and backward country, it was a very daring vision. Years of consistent and painful reforms changed the way the world is looking at China, even though some of them were not accepted by international opinion.
    Źródło:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2013, 42; 279-296
    0208-7375
    Pojawia się w:
    Polish Political Science Yearbook
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Economic security of China: the implications of the belt and road initiative
    Autorzy:
    Kostecka-Tomaszewska, Luiza
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2127660.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    China
    Chinese economy
    Belt and Road Initiative
    economic security
    Opis:
    Goal – The aims of the research are to identify the most significant internal and external factors affecting the economic security of China and assess the importance of the Belt and Road Initiative for China's future development. Research methodology – In order to organize internal and external determinants of economic security of China, SWOT (strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats) analysis was applied. Moreover, an important element of the research process was an attempt to verify hypothesis that the Belt and Road Initiative is a key instrument of China’s economic security strategy. Score – China has transformed from a poor rural country into one of the main economic powers as a result of the economic reforms initiated in the late 1970s. However, we can observe that the economy of China is slowing down. In order to ensure economic security and maintain a stable economic growth as well as avoid the middle income trap China has introduced the Belt and Road Initiative. Since its announcement, the concept has been gradually gaining in importance and has finally become the key instrument of the Chinese foreign policy and a major element of economic development strategy. The main motive behind this project is to develop transport and energy infrastructure which will allow China to gain access to natural resources and new markets. An efficient transport network will facilitate trade, while energy infrastructure will prevent problems with energy and resource supply, which the Chinese economy needs. The Belt and Road Initiative is a way of boosting economic development of China through improving infrastructure from Asia to Africa and Europe and the establishment of trade links among all partner countries. The New Silk Road concept aims to use the advantages of the Chinese economy and the states participating in the initiative to stimulate its economic growth. Therefore, it is a strategy of providing long-term economic security. Originality/value – The paper raises the issue of the Chinese economic security understood as a long-term ability of the economy to achieve a relatively fast and sustainable economic growth. In this paper, the author defines the concept of economic security and with the help of SWOT analysis presents the strengths and weaknesses of China’s economy as well as opportunities and possible threats to its stability. Moreover, the paper includes comprehensive analysis of China’s motives behind the Belt and Road Initiative in the context of economic security of China.
    Źródło:
    Optimum. Economic Studies; 2018, 4(94); 166-182
    1506-7637
    Pojawia się w:
    Optimum. Economic Studies
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nauka o surowcach kołem zamachowym chińskiej gospodarki
    Science of raw materials as a flywheel of the Chinese economy
    Autorzy:
    Maksymowicz, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2075869.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Państwowy Instytut Geologiczny – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
    Tematy:
    gospodarka chińska
    czarny węgiel
    złoto
    China University of Geosciences
    Chinese economy
    black coal
    gold
    Opis:
    The demandfor important raw materials for the Chinese economy achieved the scale about the half of the world's demand. Investment decisions taken in this matter enable a complete identification of mineral deposits, which is significant for both domestic and foreign investments. Geological studies and prospecting for useful ore mineral deposits have been conducted by special research institutions that prepare information about their reserves and output profitability. The University of Geological Studies in Beijing, with about 40,000 students, plays a key role in this activity. For example, a development of both reforms in extracting bituminous coal and gold deposits was discussed.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Geologiczny; 2018, 66, 7; 417--418
    0033-2151
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Geologiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Polityka, wzrost i nierówności w Chinach od 1949 roku. Próba oceny
    Politics, growth and inequalities in China since 1949. An assessment attempt
    Autorzy:
    Zaremba, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2216846.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
    Tematy:
    Chiny
    gospodarka chińska
    reformy gospodarcze
    transformacja gospodarcza
    China
    Chinese economy
    economic reforms
    economic transition
    Opis:
    Celem artykułu jest zbadanie i przedstawienie polityki, procesów i efektów wzrostu gospodarczego w Chinach od 1949 roku, tj. powstania Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej. Na tej podstawie sformułowano dwa pytania badawcze: jak przebiegały procesy wzrostu i rozwoju gospodarczego w czasach Mao Zadonga oraz jak reformy w okresie Deng Xiaopinga wpłynęły na gospodarkę współczesnych Chin. W pracy wykorzystywana jest przede wszystkim analiza historyczna bazująca na literaturze krajowej i zagranicznej oraz analiza danych zastanych. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań, można stwierdzić, że polityka gospodarcza w czasach maoistowskich, mimo wszystkich swoich wad i ułomności miała ogromny wkład w rozwój Chin, prowadząc między innymi do redukcji analfabetyzmu czy skrajnego ubóstwa. Dopiero polityka uzupełniona przez efektywniejsze mechanizmy rynkowe doprowadziła do prawdziwego rozkwitu tego państwa. Nie można jednak nie zauważać problemów, które narastają i w kolejnych latach mogą się stać barierą dalszego wzrostu: wysokich nierówności, starzenia się społeczeństwa czy kwestii ochrony środowiska. Wyzwania, przed którymi stoją Chiny są poważne, niemniej biorąc pod uwagę drogę, którą pokonały można mieć nadzieję, że również one zostaną rozwiązane.
    The aim of the article is to examine and present the policies, processes and effects of economic growth in China since 1949, i.e. the establishment of the People’s Republic of China. Two research questions were formulated on this basis: how the processes of economic growth and development progressed in Mao Zadong’s times, and how the reforms during the Deng Xiaoping period influenced the economy of modern China. A historical analysis based on domestic and foreign literature is mainly used in the paper, as well as an analysis of existing data. Based on the conducted research, it can be concluded that the economic policy in the Maoist era, despite all its flaws and defects, made a huge contribution to the development of China, leading, inter alia, to reducing illiteracy and extreme poverty. Finally, the policy supplemented by more efficient market mechanisms led to the true prosperity of this country. Nevertheless, it is impossible not to notice the problems that are growing and in the next few years may become a barrier to further growth: high inequalities, an ageing population, and environmental issues. Given China’s ability to adapt and solve problems, we may hope that they will also resolve these problems. The challenges China is facing are serious, nevertheless, taking into account the way they have overcome, it can be hoped that the current problems will also be resolved.
    Źródło:
    Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2022, 71; 38-64
    1898-5084
    2658-0780
    Pojawia się w:
    Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    AIIB i NDB – fundamenty geopolitycznej strategii Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej
    AIIB and NDB – the foundations of the geopolitical strategy of the People’s Republic of China
    Autorzy:
    Smogorzewski, Kamil
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/441416.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    Polityka zagraniczna Chin
    gospodarka chińska
    azjatycki bank inwestycji infrastrukturalnych
    foreign policy of China
    Chinese economy
    Asian Infrastructural Investment Bank
    Opis:
    The end of the second decade of the 20th century, as predicted by many commentators of world political stage will be also the beginning of end of a global governance, formed after the end of the Cold War. In recent years, as demonstrated by the 2007/2008 financial crisis, Washington no longer has tools powerful enough to unanimously design economic architecture of the world. In 2015, for the first time since 19th century, the indisputable dominance of the US in economic sphere has been upset – Beijing managed to come out on first place in terms of GDP (PPPs). The time of Chinese prosperity based on cheap production and export of cheap goods is coming to an end. To ensure further dynamic development, it will be necessary to gain control over the continental trade. At least until the end of US sea domination. For this to happen, further weakening of the position of Washington, by gradually taking control over global fi nancial and foreign exchange market will be necessary. The article is to verify the hypothesis, according to which People’s Republic of China using two strategic institutions – the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) and the New Development Bank (NDB) can achieve economic dominance overland. It was necessary to define the basic presuppositions: there will be no open armed conflict on a global scale over several consecutive years; there will be no political crisis in China; United States won’t give up the domination of the sea trade routes; there will be no reorientation of US foreign policy in a way that could undermine the existing institutional frameworks in the financial and economic sphere.
    Źródło:
    Azja-Pacyfik; 2017, XX; 82-97
    1643-692X
    Pojawia się w:
    Azja-Pacyfik
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Der chinesische Weg zum Sozialismus als Gegenstand der Kritik
    The Chinese Road to Socialism as an Object of Criticism
    Autorzy:
    Wiktor, Zbigniew
    Jarema, Dorota
    Stein, Manfred
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2076630.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-06-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    Communist Party of China (CPC)
    socialism with Chinese characteristics
    socialist revolution
    Deng Xiaoping’s „Four Modernizations and Four Cardinal Principles”
    „Belt and Road Initiative”
    economic changes in China
    socialist market economy
    International role of China
    Chinese economy
    Opis:
    Socialist market economy or more broadly China’s road to socialism is a subject of controversy not only in China itself, but also in the international community. This issue is very complex on many levels. From the very beginning of the formation of the CPC it had to pursue different goals and face completely different challenges than its European counterparts. Due to its cultural and civilization distinctiveness, China had to choose its own path to socialism and its construction. During the times of Deng Xiaoping the Chinese economy opened to the influence of foreign capital, which allowed, on the one hand, to significantly accelerate China’s economic development and raise its position in the international arena, and on the other hand, it was the cause of much controversy.
    Źródło:
    Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie; 2022, 2(34); 26-46
    1643-6911
    Pojawia się w:
    Krakowskie Studia Małopolskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ekonomiczny aspekt mocarstwowości Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej z uwzględnieniem jej procesu transformacji
    The economic aspect of the superpower status of the People’s Republic of China, including its transformation process
    Экономический аспект статуса сверхдержавы Китайской Народной Республики с учётом её процесса трансформации
    Autorzy:
    Pierzchała, Zuzanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/568992.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    China
    economic transformation
    superpower
    socialist market economy
    Chinese dream
    Китай
    экономические преобразования
    сверхдержава
    социалистическая рыночная
    экономика
    китайская мечта
    Opis:
    The article: The economic aspect of the superpower status of the People’s Republic of China, including its transformation process focuses on the key events in Chinese economic modern history that led it to become superpower in its region and worldwide. The world order prevailing for several centuries was based on the domination of the European civilization. Nowadays, we have the opportunity to observe the birth of a new order based on the dominance of Asian civilization, in which China has a leadership position. That superpower has the greatest impact in the Asia-Pacific region. This is due to the unique features of Chinese civilization, as well as the success of the economic transformation that has been going on for almost 40 years, which can set an example for developing countries. The Chinese way to economic success is unique on a global scale. In addition to centrally planned and free market systems, there are also so-called hybrids that combine features from both systems. In the case of the People’s Republic of China, this system is defined as a socialist market economy. Under this system, state ownership still dominates, but state-owned enterprises have relative independence in operational planning. There are also companies with mixed capital and entirely based on foreign capital and the private sector is playing an increasing role. It is worth paying attention to how China created its own system, because the way it did is completely different than in the West.
    Статья Экономический аспект статуса сверхдержавы Китайской Народной Республики с учётом её процесса трансформации фокусируется на ключевых событиях в современной китайской экономической истории, которые привели к тому, что Китай стал сверхдержавой в своем регионе и во всем мире. Мировой порядок, господствующий на протяжении нескольких веков, основывался на господстве стран европейской цивилизации. Сейчас у нас есть возможность наблюдать за рождением нового порядка, основанном на доминировании азиатской цивилизации, в которой Китай занимает лидирующие позиции. Наибольшее влияние эта сверхдержава оказывает в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе. Это связано с уникальными особенностями китайской цивилизации, а также с успехом экономических преобразований, которые продолжаются почти 40 лет, что может служить примером для развивающихся стран. Китайский путь к успеху в экономике уникален в мировом масштабе. Помимо систем централизованного планирования и свободного рынка существуют также так называемые гибриды, которые сочетают функции обеих систем. В случае с Китайской Народной Республикой эта система получила название социалистической рыночной экономики. В пределах этой системы господствует государственная собственность, но государственные предприятия имеют относительную независимость в оперативном планировании. Существуют также компании со смешанным капиталом или полностью основанные на иностранном капитале, при чем частный сектор начинает играть все большую роль. Особое внимание стоит обратить на то, каким образом Китай создал свою собственную систему, т.к. это полностью отличается от того, каким образом это происходило на Западе.
    Źródło:
    Nowa Polityka Wschodnia; 2018, 3(18); 97-109
    2084-3291
    Pojawia się w:
    Nowa Polityka Wschodnia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    China’s Strategic Economic Growth (1978-2018)
    Strategiczny wzrost gospodarczy Chin (1978-2018)
    Autorzy:
    Moiseev, Vladimir
    Nitsevich, Victor
    Sudorgin, Oleg
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/642421.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    China
    economy
    reforms
    development
    strategy
    Chinese model
    direct investment
    Chiny
    gospodarka
    reformy
    rozwój
    strategia
    model chiński
    inwestycje bezpośrednie
    Opis:
    Chiny są aktualnie wiodącą potęgą gospodarczą, notującą w latach 1979–2018 pięćdziesięciokrotny wzrost produktu krajowego brutto (PKB) do poziomu 13,2 bln USD. Jest to 10-krotność PKB Rosji i prawie 30-krotność PKB Polski. Nominalnie PKB Chin jest drugim na świecie po Stanach Zjednoczonych. Autorzy nie tylko omawiają czynniki chińskiego fenomenu, ale także próbują przeanalizować główne elementy chińskiego sukcesu w rozwoju gospodarczym. Celem artykułu jest kompleksową analizą kluczowych cech chińskiej strategii rozwoju gospodarczego. Autorzy badają kluczowe cechy chińskiej strategii rozwoju gospodarczego, priorytetowe kierunki jego modernizacji: reformy administracji publicznej i państwowe regulacje gospodarcze, a także analizują czynniki przyciągania inwestycji krajowych i zagranicznych w celu osiągnięcia przełomu w rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczym. Autorzy zastosowali metodę analityczną, porównawczą, instytucjonalną i socjologiczną.
    Today, China is the leading economic power, its gross domestic product (GDP) increased from 1979 to 2018 in 50 times, to $13,2 trillion. This is 10 times the GDP of Russia and almost 30 times the GDP of Poland. China’s nominal GDP is the second in the world after the United States. The authors not only reveal the factors of the Chinese phenomenon, but also attempt to analyze the main components of China’s success in economic development. The purpose of this study is a comprehensive analysis of key features of China’s economic development strategy. Тhe authors examine the key features of China’s economic development strategy, the priority directions of its modernization: public administration reforms, state regulation of the economy, analyze the features of attracting national and foreign investments for a breakthrough in socio-economic development. Тhe authors used the analytical, comparative, institutional and sociological methods.
    Źródło:
    Przegląd Strategiczny; 2019, 12; 271-282
    2084-6991
    Pojawia się w:
    Przegląd Strategiczny
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Thoughts on the Theoretical Problems in the Book of Xi Jinping , Zarządzanie Chinami I [The Governance of China I], Wydawnictwo (Publishing House) Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2019, pp. 572
    Autorzy:
    Wiktor, Zbigniew
    Xiao, (Jia) Wei
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1963337.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    governance of China
    Chinese way
    building socialism
    Marxism
    Leninism
    Maoism
    scientifi c socialism
    transition period
    class struggle
    Confucianism
    class contradictions
    Deng Xiaoping theory
    socialist market economy
    Xi Jinping reform
    state-owned economic reform
    historical materialism
    productivity
    perspective
    Opis:
    The article includes five parts: 1. Introduction – information about the book promotion event held in Warsaw on December 19, 2019 on the Polish edition of Xi Jinping’s Governance of China vol. I. The book launch was great not only because of the editing and the contents of the book, but also because it was a political, economic, cultural and international event, since the author is the number one politician not only in China but also in the contemporary world. The introduction includes information about the book content and demonstrates its importance for the theoretical generalizations and recognition of the main problems of contemporary China. 2. According to the authors of the paper, problems mentioned in the book are especially important. The original Chinese way of building socialism and the early stages of Chinese revolution were national, anti-feudal, anti-capitalist, democratic and socialist. Mao Zedong established class-based Maoism as a Marxism-Leninism in the Chinese version, while Deng Xiaoping and his successors established and developed the socialist market economy, which is the continuation of Maoism in the new era and they created the Chinese path to the anti-capitalist revolution and the building of socialism with Chinese characteristics. The perspective of the development of China till 2021 and 2049 (as a modern and developed socialism) and its influence on the national rejuvenation is not only Chinese but also an international issue. 3. Third part of the paper is devoted to the problems of building socialism in China, the analysis of the theory of Xi Jinping, the leading role of the CPC, the economic role of the owner and foreign capital in economy and policy, and the socio-economic contradictions in the contemporary PRC. 4. Forth part concerns Confucianism and Marxism as theoretical and practical problems in China; the original Chinese culture and civilization; the continuation and discontinuation of the historical development in contemporary epoch; the original development; the policy of opening- -up; the necessity of considering human contents of Confucianism in building and developing of socialism in China. 5. Fifth part of the paper is on the future status of the Communist Party of China’s Economy. Since the emergence of state-owned economy, it has played a huge role in the economic development of all countries. However, under the way of neoliberalism, state-owned economy has gradually been associated with backwardness and inefficiency. On the forum of state-owned economy enterprise reform in China, General Secretary Xi Jinping gave out important instructions. State-owned enterprises are an important force for strengthening the comprehensive power of the country and safeguarding the common interests of the people. State-owned enterprises must be made stronger, better and bigger. Academia has had a huge disagreement on this, and some scholars believe that this is an act of favoritism toward state-owned enterprises. This paper analyzes China’s state-owned economy from the perspective of total factor productivity (TFP), Marx’s historical materialism, national productivity, and social development, clarifying that state-owned economic reform is diff erent from the system of “profit based demands” rooted in the private economic market, but a system based on national productivity and the “needs” of the people. Making state-owned enterprises “stronger, better, and bigger” is in line with the historical development of socialism and material productivity, resolving doubts on the direction of state-owned economic reform.
    Źródło:
    Reality of Politics; 2019, 10; 189-224
    2082-3959
    Pojawia się w:
    Reality of Politics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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