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    Tytuł:
    The Economic Condition of the Bishopric of Gaza (Palestine) during the Rule of Bishop Porphyry (circa 395–420)
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682529.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    early Byzantium
    late Roman economy
    early Byzantine hagiography
    early Byzantine Church
    Opis:
    The study attempts to determine the economic condition of a small provincial bishopric, namely the church of Gaza (Palestine) during the rule of bishop Porphyry (circa 395–420 AD). All of the information on the subject comes from the Vita Porphyrii by Mark the Deacon – a source whose historical value has often been disputed. Although the information on the wealth of the church in Gaza at the turn of the 4th and 5th centuries is not particularly vast or illuminating, it is nevertheless possible to identify several spheres of economic activity of the Gaza bishopric. These are, among other things, the property owned by the bishopric (real estate), its cash reserves (mostly at the beginning of the 5th century), the endowments of the imperial court (given by emperor Arcadius and his wife, empress Aelia Eudoxia), as well as the charitable activity of the bishopric (especially on the occasion of erecting the Eudoxiane, probably in 407).
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2018, 8; 193-207
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Captives and Refugees. The Forced Migration of the Inhabitants of the Byzantine Eastern Frontier during the 5th–7th Centuries in Light of Byzantine-Slavic Hagiographical Texts
    Autorzy:
    Brzozowska, Zofia A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027700.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Church Slavic literature
    Old Rus’ literature
    Byzantine hagiography
    Arabs
    Persians
    Opis:
    This article is devoted to the image of a social situation in the eastern parts of the Byzantine Empire during the 5th–7th century, which is to be found in the East Christian hagiographical texts. They cannot be treated as a completely reliable source of information, due to exaggerations and simplifications typical for the genre. On the other hand, they testify a long-lasting and vital literary tradition – they were circulating in the Byzantine Commonwealth during the Middle Ages, were translated to several languages (inter alia to the Church Slavic). They formed the basis for stereotypes – specific for the Medieval European imagination – that the eastern frontier of the Empire was rather dangerous territory, its neighbors (Persians, Arabs) were unpredictable pagans and the Christian inhabitants of the region ought to be called their innocent victims. 
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2021, 11; 515-530
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cyril of Scythopolis on Relieving the Damage in Palestine Inflicted during the Samaritan Revolt (529–531)
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26469790.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Cyril of Scythopolis
    early Byzantine hagiography
    early Byzantine economy
    money in hagiographic texts
    Opis:
    The text analyses a short account by Cyril of Scythopolis concerning the imperial decision to finance the repair of the damages caused in Palestine by the Samaritan uprising of 529–531. A description of the alleged circumstances of this decision and information regarding the amount of the sum granted are examined. According to Cyril’s account, the granted sum, 13 centenarii of gold, was to be set aside from the tax revenues of Palestine and then used to rebuild (only) the ecclesiastical and monastic infrastructure. It is not clear from the text whether the repair of the aforementioned damage was to be financed only in the area of Palaestina secunda (where the main fighting of the rebellion took place) or also in Palaestina prima. Moreover, there is no mention in the text in question (as well as in other sources of the period) of the financing of the repair of other damages, which undoubtedly were also caused by the Samaritan uprising. The issue that interested the author most was the amount of money that the Emperor Justinian allegedly allocated for the above-mentioned purpose. In order to verify the amount, the author compared it with other data showing the abundance of the imperial treasury at the time of Anastasius and Justinian, as well as reached for other information on the wealth of the cities at that time. After analysing this data, the author has come to the conclusion that, despite some doubts, the sum of 13 centenarii of gold (1,300 pounds) mentioned by Cyril and allegedly allocated by the imperial court to repair the damage caused by the Samaritan uprising seems quite reasonable.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2022, 12; 725-737
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ceny niewolników w „Historia Lausiaca” autorstwa Palladiusza z Helenopolis
    Slave prices in “Historia Lausiaca” by Palladius of Helenopolis
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1065863.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-07-09
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    late antiquity
    late Roman and early Byzantine economy
    slave trade
    early Byzantine hagiography
    Opis:
    The paper draws on the accounts by Palladius, bishop of Bithynian Helenopolis, to gather insights into slave prices. The figures contained in the source vary to a great extent (from 3 to 20 solidii for a slave). The author verifies the information against other late antique and early Byzantine accounts regarding slave prices.  
    Źródło:
    Studia Europaea Gnesnensia; 2018, 18; 9-26
    2082-5951
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Europaea Gnesnensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Money in the Apophthegmata Patrum
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/682320.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    Apophthegmata Patrum
    early Byzantine hagiography
    late Roman economy
    early Byzantine economy
    early Byzantine monasticism
    Opis:
    The objective of this paper is to discuss accounts related to money in Apophthegmata Patrum, a collection of sayings attributed to famous Egyptian monks. The collection as we know it was produced in the 6th century. By describing the organisation of monastic centres in Egypt in the 4th and 5th century Apophthegmata also offer us some information about the period’s economic aspects. However, by and large, the data is very general. It pertains to: prices, wages, tax issues as well as money that was given to monks by pilgrims. Limited as it is, the data confirms that money was present in the everyday lives of Egyptian monks in late antiquity. Naturally, the major consideration behind whether a monk possessed money was whether he had contact with the outside world. This included selling self-made handcraft at markets, particularly woven mats and ropes, clay pots and sometimes also more specialised items (such as copied codices of the Bible). In Apophthegmata Patrum, similarly to what is the case with other Early Byzantium hagiographic texts, we find little information about moral evaluation of money or about the “appropriate” way to manage it.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2019, 9; 603-614
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Textile Prices in Early Byzantine Hagiographic Texts. Three Case Studies
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1032052.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-12-23
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    early Byzantium
    late Roman economy
    early Byzantine hagiography
    prices in early Byzantium
    Opis:
    This text analyzes three early Byzantine source accounts on clothing prices from the beginning of the 5th to the early 7th centuries in Italy (Rome), Palestine (probably in Jerusalem), and Egypt (Alexandria). The compiled and discussed narrations were compared with other contemporary source reports, which feature analogical figures describing the amount of prices, wages, taxes, and other values or distances. By making a comparative analysis, the author came to the conclusion that these data are recurrent, and, therefore, unreliable. This observation also applies to the clothing prices discussed in the text, which, undoubtedly, should be considered topical.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2020, 10; 399-413
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Bankers and Usurers in the Early Byzantine Hagiographical Texts
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31234027.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    early Byzantium
    early Byzantine hagiography
    money
    bankers and usurers in early Byzantium
    Opis:
    The text discusses accounts from early Byzantine hagiographical texts depicting the activities of bankers and usurers in the period from the early 5th to the second decade of the 7th century. Texts by Palladius of Helenopolis, John of Ephesus, John Moschos, and Leontius of Neapolis are analysed. In the collated material we find relatively little information depicting the activities of bankers and usurers. Neither do we find any further details of the conditions under which money loans were granted. However, we note the statement that the cancellation of a loan, even if forced by circumstances (even if due to the intervention of a holy man), is charitable in nature and the ‘lost’ capital by the creditor in such a case bears the characteristics of a merciful deed. Most of the analysed accounts are presented in a somewhat fanciful way, which, however, should not question the information conveyed by the narrative. Two aspects of the analysed accounts are most significant. Firstly, the absence of any criticism of the Alexandrian Church deriving, even if not high, some profits (interest) from monetary loans. Secondly, in the accounts analysed we note a peculiar narrative, or in fact a new way of reasoning, by means of which the authors wanted to reach their audience, the potential benefactors. Thus, we become acquainted with somewhat naïve tales of how the benefits of granting a non-refundable loan to the needy, not only to the poor but also to merchants who traded on the high seas (?) would quite quickly return to the merciful benefactor, in a tangible material benefit, while he was still alive. We do not find such an argument in the patristic texts of the 4th and 5th centuries, where accounts of this kind merely refer to a prediction or even a guarantee of ‘heavenly interest’ that could tip the scales in favour of the merciful donor (creditor) at the Last Judgement.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2023, 13; 587-598
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Похвала Евфимию Великому и Савве Освященному Кирилла Монаха и Похвальные слова русским святым
    The Praise of Saints Euthymios the Great and Sabas the Sanctified by Cyril the Monk and The Praises of Russian Saints
    Autorzy:
    Пак, Наталья
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2030952.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    Byzantine hagiography
    Russian hagiography
    Cyril of Scythopolis
    Euthymios the Great
    Sabas the Sanctified
    Sergius of Radonezh
    Dionisius of Glushica
    Źródło:
    Slavia Orientalis; 2021, LXX, 2; 279-297
    0037-6744
    Pojawia się w:
    Slavia Orientalis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Money in “Historia monachorum in Aegypto”
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027737.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-30
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
    Tematy:
    early Byzantine hagiography and monasticism
    early Byzantine economy
    money in hagiographic texts
    digits and numbers in early Byzantine hagiographic texts
    Opis:
    The text discusses the accounts of money in Historia monachorum in Aegypto. There are not many of them and, in addition, they are quite succinct. The first illustrates the face of early Byzantine fiscalism, the difficulty of paying taxes, and the resulting sanctions for the insolvent debtor and his family members. The next, equally laconic, shows the nature of the business of a merchant trading his goods from Thebaid to Alexandria. The remaining analyzed information is comprised of isolated and very brief references to the issue of money in other spheres of everyday life. Historia monachorum, an important text for studying the early history of Egyptian monasticism, unfortunately, does not constitute a valuable source of information about money and the history of the economy of early Byzantium.
    Źródło:
    Studia Ceranea; 2021, 11; 653-662
    2084-140X
    2449-8378
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Ceranea
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Winnica eremity Saby. Uwagi na temat Vita Hilarionis (17, 26-27) autorstwa Hieronima ze Strydonu
    The Vineyard of Saba the Eremite. Some remarks on Vita Hilarionis (17, 26-27), by Jerome
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/559632.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Gdańskie Seminarium Duchowne
    Tematy:
    Hieronim ze Strydonu
    późna starożytność
    monastycyzm wczesnobizantyński
    gospodarka wczesnobizantyńska
    hagiografia wczesnobizantyńska
    Jerome of Stridon
    late antiquity
    early Byzantine monasticism
    early Byzantine economy
    early Byzantine hagiography
    Opis:
    Tekst dotyczy krótkiego passusu w Vita Hilarionis, w którym Hieronim opisuje wizytę bohatera swego dzieła w skupiskach palestyńskich eremitów. Hieronim zestawia dwa skrajne przypadki: mnicha skąpego (którego imię celowo przemilcza) oraz mnicha szczodrego o imieniu Saba, który ugościł przybyszy częstując ich winogronami, owocem pracy całego skupiska mnichów. Hieronim podaje przy tej okazji informacje o możliwym do uzyskania zbiorze winogron. Jednakże dane te, zarówno liczba mnichów uczestniczących w opisywanym zdarzeniu jak też liczby określające szacowaną i rzeczywistą wielkość zbioru, deprecjonują wartość poznawczą przekazu. Hieronim dla ich określenia zastosował wartości topiczne.
    The remarks in the text refer to a short passus in the Vita Hilarionis, in which Jerome describes visits of his protagonist to two clusters of Palestinian eremites who owned vineyards. Jerome juxtaposes two extreme instances: a mean monk (whose name he intentionally omits) and a generous monk called Saba, occasionally providing information on the forecasted harvest of grapes. However, the numbers he quotes (both in terms of the number of monks participating in the described event and of the numbers stipulating the estimated and actual size of the harvest) do reduce the cognitive value of the account. Jerome used topical values to define them.
    Źródło:
    Studia Gdańskie; 2018, 42; 79-86
    0137-4338
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Gdańskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wczesnobizantyński system podatkowy w świetle wybranych relacji hagiograficznych
    The Early Byzantine Tax System in the Light of Selected Hagiographic Texts
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Irenesz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/559572.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Gdańskie Seminarium Duchowne
    Tematy:
    późna starożytność
    późnoantyczna i wczesnobizantyńska gospodarka
    pieniądz
    podatki
    hagiografia wczesnobizantyńska
    late antiquity
    late antique and early Byzantine economy
    money
    taxes
    early Byzantine hagiography
    Opis:
    W tekście poddano analizie wybrane relacje dotyczące obciążeń fiskalnych spoczywających na mieszkańcach wschodnich prowincji Cesarstwa Rzymskiego w V i VI wieku. Dwie z nich dotyczą niewypłacalności podatników. W takim przypadku liderzy lokalnych społeczności (w tej roli widzimy cieszących się powszechnym uznaniem eremitów) udawali się nierzadko do stolicy, aby na dworze cesarskim prosić o częściową ulgę, odroczenie terminu płatności lub nawet o całkowite umorzenie podatku. W analizowanych przekazach czytamy o opłatach spoczywających na kolonach oraz o podatku pogłównym obciążającym eremitów i mnichów, w V wieku nadal uznawanych przez ustawodawcę za ludzi świeckich (stąd też brała się niechęć poborców, aby w takich przypadkach przydzielać immunitety podatkowe). Ostatnia analizowana relacja, przekaz Cyryla ze Scythopolis, to opis podróży palestyńskiego mnicha Saby na dwór cesarski w Konstantynopolu celem uzyskania anulowania zobowiązań podatkowych spoczywających na mieszkańcach Palestyny, zrujnowanej wskutek powstania Samarytan (z lat 529-530).
    The text contains an analysis of accounts concerning taxation loads laid on the inhabitants of eastern provinces, as found in selected Early Byzantine hagiographic texts. Although the texts have questionable cognitive value and the events written therein may even be fictional (including the cited tax levels), yet they are used in research on Roman economy and society at the end of Antiquity. Two of the analysed accounts (Historia religiosa by Theodoretus of Cyrhus and Apophthegmata Patrum) refer to the insolvency of tax payers. In such cases, the leaders of local communities (we often see famous monks, but hardly ever secular priests, in such roles) would sometimes travel to the capital in order to ask the imperial court for a partial tax relief, for prolongation of the payment deadline or even for a total tax remission. Thus we read in the analysed records about overdue taxes burdening the coloni (tenant farmers) or about the poll tax borne by hermits and monks, who in the 5th century were still considered secular people by the law makers (hence the aversion of local tax collectors to granting them tax immunities). The last record analysed, an account by Cyril of Scythopolis (Vitae monachorum Palaestinae), refers to actions undertaken to annul the tax arrears due from Palestine, which was in ruins at the time as a result of the Samaritan uprising (529-530).
    Źródło:
    Studia Gdańskie; 2018, 43; 87-95
    0137-4338
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Gdańskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pieniądz w Historia religiosa autorstwa Teodoreta z Cyru
    Money in Historia religiosa by Theodoret of Cyrus
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/612069.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
    Tematy:
    antyczne chrześcijaństwo
    gospodarka późnego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego
    wczesne Bizancjum
    Teodoret z Cyru
    hagiografia bizantyńska
    Ancient Christianity
    economy of the Later Roman Empire
    early Byzantium
    Theodoret of Cyrus
    byzantine hagiography
    Opis:
    The paper analyses the reports regarding money, which appear in the Historia religiosa writen by Theodoret of Cyrus. Historia religiosa, on the one hand, presents the life of the Syrian monks, and the other hand depicts the realities of everyday life of the inhabitants of the collapsed provinces of the Roman East at the turn of the fourth and fifth century. On this occasion, we also find in Historia religiosa numerous references to the role of money in everyday life. In the work of Theodoret money appears in several contexts: as an important element of trade on the market, as taxes, as a ransom paid for releasing captives but also as a money in welfare activities (amounts of money donated to charity). Unfortunately, in Historia religiosa, we didn’t found any information about the prices and wages. The analyzed reports, despite a certain lack of precision, are a valuable sources of knowledge. They depicts everyday life in eastern provinces, “stories” unknown to the “great history”, allowing for a reconstruction of social and economic history of the later Roman Empire.
    Źródło:
    Vox Patrum; 2018, 69; 481-492
    0860-9411
    2719-3586
    Pojawia się w:
    Vox Patrum
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pieniądz w Vita Porphyrii episcopi Gazensis pióra Marka Diakona
    Money in Vita Porphyrii episcopi gazensis by Marc the Deacon
    Autorzy:
    Milewski, Ireneusz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558994.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Gdańskie Seminarium Duchowne
    Tematy:
    antyczne chrześcijaństwo
    ekonomia późnego Cesarstwa Rzymskiego
    wczesne Bizancjum
    Porfiriusz
    biskup palestyńskiej Gazy
    Marek Diakon
    hagiografia wczesnobizantyńska
    Ancient Christianity
    economy of the Later Roman Empire
    early Byzantium
    Porphyrius
    bishop of Palestynian Gaza
    Marc the Deacon
    early Byzantine hagiography
    Opis:
    W tekście przeprowadzono analizę relacji dotyczących pieniądza jakie pojawiają się w Vita Porphyrii episcopi Gazensis. W dziele Marka Diakona pieniądz pojawia się w kilku kontekstach, a mianowicie w działalności biskupstwa w Gazie, jako darowizny otrzymane przez palestyńskie Kościoły od dworu cesarskiego w Konstantynopolu (od cesarza Arkadiusza i jego żony Aelii Eudoksji) oraz pieniądza rozdawanego w ramach działalności dobroczynnej. Niestety w Vita Porphyrii nie odnajdujemy informacji na temat ówczesnych cen i płac. Wątpliwa jest również wartość poznawcza tego tekstu, także w kwestii zasadności wymienianych w nim sum pieniężnych.
    The paper analyses the reports regarding money which appear in the Vita Porphyrii episcopi gazensis. In the work of Marc the Deacon, money appears in several contexts: as involved in various activities of the bishoprics in Gaza; as a donation to a church given by the imperial court (the emperor Arcadius and his wife the empress Aelia Eudoxia); and as sums donated to charity (also by the bishopric of Gaza). However, in Vita Porphyri we find no information about the prices and wages of the time. Another problem is the credibility of the reports when it comes to the amounts of money mentioned. Unfortunately, it is extremely difficult to verify their credibility with any degree of certainty.
    Źródło:
    Studia Gdańskie; 2017, 40; 35-42
    0137-4338
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Gdańskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Teoktysta – matka św. Teodora Studyty
    Theoktiste – The Mother of St. Theodore The Studite
    Autorzy:
    Dybski, Henryk
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/950570.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet w Białymstoku. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    bizantynologia
    hagiografia
    asceza
    monastycyzm
    cenobityzm
    byzantine studies
    hagiography
    asceticism
    monasticism
    cenobitism
    Opis:
    The aim of the article is to discuss Theoktiste’s curriculum vitae. This does not mean, however, that focusing primarily on her person, one can skip all the content relating to her son, St. Theodore. What weighs in favour of it, is the close ties between them that deepened in the course of mutual experiences – both in the family house in Constantinopole and later, when both led religious life. In addition, their lives influenced each other to such an extent, that it would be difficult to understand important decisions taken by Theodore, especially in his youth, without the prior influence of his mother.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej; 2014, 13, 2
    1644-8855
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Teologii Katolickiej
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14

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