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Wyszukujesz frazę "Bootstrap" wg kryterium: Temat


Tytuł:
Bootstrapping the empirical bounds on the variability of Sample Entropy in 24-hour ECG recordings for 1 hour segments
Autorzy:
Zurek, S.
Grabowski, W.
Kosmider, M.
Jurga, S.
Guzik, P.
Piskorski, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/973621.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Politechnika Częstochowska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Częstochowskiej
Tematy:
sample entropy
complexity
bootstrap
heart rhythm variability
zmienność rytmu serca
entropia próbkowa
elektrokardiogram
szacowanie błędu
Opis:
We investigate the variability of one of the most often used complexity measures in the analysis of the time series of RR intervals, i.e. Sample Entropy. The analysis is carried out for a dense matrix of possible r thresholds in 79 24h recordings, for segments consisting of 5000 consecutive beats, randomly selected from the whole recording. It is repeated for the same recordings in random order. This study is made possible by the novel NCM algorithm which is many orders of magnitude faster than the alternative approaches. We find that the bootstrapped standard errors for Sample entropy are large for RR intervals in physiological order compared to the standard errors for shuffled data which correspond to the maximum available entropy. This result indicates that Sample Entropy varies widely over the circadian period. This paper is purely methodological and no physiological interpretations are attempted.
Źródło:
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics; 2018, 17, 2; 105-113
2299-9965
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bootstrap Method with Calibration for Standard Error Estimators of Income Poverty Measures
Autorzy:
Zięba-Pietrzak, Agnieszka
Kordos, Jan
Wieczorkowski, Robert
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/465812.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
Auxiliary information
Bootstrap
Calibration
Complex sample surveys
EU-SILC
Poverty indicators
Weighting
Opis:
The authors begin with calibration approach in sample surveys, focussing on the Eurostat approach. Next, the indicators of poverty and social exclusion are discussed as an essential tool for monitoring progress in the reduction of these problems. Most of these indicators are calculated according to the Eurostat recommendations, using data from European Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC). Complex sample design of the EU-SILC requires weighted analyses for estimates of population parameters and approximate methods of standard error estimation. In our study McCarthy and Snowden (1985) bootstrap method for standard errors estimation of income poverty measures is presented. In the next step the reweighting of bootstrap weights is applied and results of such calibration are discussed.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2011, 12, 1; 81-96
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastosowanie metody bootstrapowej w analizie portfelowej
Application of bootstrap method for portfolio analysis
Autorzy:
Zglińska-Pietrzak, Aneta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/422871.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
metody bootstrapowe
analiza portfelowa
bootstrap simulations
portfolio analysis
Opis:
Celem artykułu jest zastosowanie metodologii bootstrapu do poprawy rozwiązania zadania optymalizacji portfela akcji według modelu Markowitza. Zakładając, że stopy zwrotu i macierz wariancji-kowariancji są znane, w modelu minimalizuje się ryzyko wariancyjno-kowariancyjne przy spełnieniu, m.in. warunku osiągnięcia oczekiwanej lub założonej stopy zwrotu z portfela akcji. Klasyczna metoda Markowitza i jej wersja bootstrapowa dają odmienne rezultaty. W artykule omówiono portfele uzyskane na podstawie danych empirycznych i danych w postaci prób bootstrapowych losowanych zwrotnie oraz dokonano analizy różnic między nimi. Dane empiryczne dotyczą stóp zwrotu dla akcji Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie (GPW). Okazuje się, że zastosowanie losowych prób bootstrapowych pozwala uzyskać portfel o mniejszym ryzyku niż w przypadku portfela otrzymanego klasyczną metodą Markowitza.
This paper presents Markowitz’s mean-variance portfolio optymalization theory with and without bootstrap simulations. It is assumed that means and covariances of the assets returns are known and the variance with respect to a fixed expected return is minimized. It is concluded that there are significant differences between portfolios with and without bootstrap method and that the resampling data leads to asset allocations that are less risky. This methodology is applied in the Warsaw Stock Exchange.
Źródło:
Przegląd Statystyczny; 2012, 59, 3; 246-258
0033-2372
Pojawia się w:
Przegląd Statystyczny
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the generalisation of Quatembers bootstrap
Autorzy:
Żądło, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1363616.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-03-03
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
bootstrap for complex sampling designs
variance estimation
MSE estimation
Opis:
The problem of the estimation of the design-variance and the design-MSE of different estimators and predictors is considered. Bootstrap algorithms applicable to complex sampling designs are used. A generalisation of the bootstrap procedure studied by Quatember (2014) is proposed. In most of the cases considered in our simulation study it leads to more accurate estimates (or to very similar ones in remaining cases) of the designMSE and the design-variance compared with the original algorithm and its other counteparts.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2021, 22, 1; 163-178
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A Bayesian Small Area Model with Dirichlet Processes on the Responses
Autorzy:
Yin, Jiani
Nandram, Balgobin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1058988.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-09-04
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
Bayesian computation
bootstrap
predictive inference
robust modeling
computational and model diagnostics
survey data
Opis:
Typically survey data have responses with gaps, outliers and ties, and the distributions of the responses might be skewed. Usually, in small area estimation, predictive inference is done using a two-stage Bayesian model with normality at both levels (responses and area means). This is the Scott-Smith (S-S) model and it may not be robust against these features. Another model that can be used to provide a more robust structure is the two-stage Dirichlet process mixture (DPM) model, which has independent normal distributions on the responses and a single Dirichlet process on the area means. However, this model does not accommodate gaps, outliers and ties in the survey data directly. Because this DPM model has a normal distribution on the responses, it is unlikely to be realized in practice, and this is the problem we tackle in this paper. Therefore, we propose a two-stage non-parametric Bayesian model with several independent Dirichlet processes at the first stage that represents the data, thereby accommodating some of the difficulties with survey data and permitting a more robust predictive inference. This model has a Gaussian (normal) distribution on the area means, and so we call it the DPG model. Therefore, the DPM model and the DPG model are essentially the opposite of each other and they are both different from the S-S model. Among the three models, the DPG model gives us the best head-start to accommodate the features of the survey data. For Bayesian predictive inference, we need to integrate two data sets, one with the responses and other with area sizes. An application on body mass index, which is integrated with census data, and a simulation study are used to compare the three models (S-S, DPM, DPG); we show that the DPG model might be preferred.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2020, 21, 3; 1-19
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Classification of the indoor environment of a mobile robot using principal component analysis
Autorzy:
Yaqub, T.
Katupitya, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/384275.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Przemysłowy Instytut Automatyki i Pomiarów
Tematy:
mobile robot environment
PCA
classification
feature extraction
training data
bootstrap method
Opis:
Large indoor environments of a mobile robot usually consist of different types of areas connected together. The structure of a corridor differs from a room, a main hall or laboratory. A method for online classification of these areas using a laser scanner is presented in this paper. This classification can reduce the search space of localization module to a great extent making the navigation system efficient. The intention was to make the classification of a sensor observation in a fast and real-time fashion and immediately on its arrival in the sensor frame. Our approach combines both the feature based and statistical approaches. We extract some vital features of lines and corners with attributes such as average length of lines and distance between corners from the raw laser data and classify the observation based on these features. Bootstrap method is used to get a robust correlation of features from training data and finally Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is used to model the environment. In PCA, the underlying assumption is that data is coming from a multivariate normal distribution. The use of bootstrap method makes it possible to use the observations data set which set, which is not necessarily normally distributed. This technique lifts up the normality assumption and reduces the computational cost further as compared to the PCA techniques based on raw sensor data and can be easily implemented in moderately complex indoor environment. The knowledge of the environment can also be up-dated in an adaptive fashion. Results of experimentation in a simulated hospital building under varying environmental conditions using a real-time robotic software Player/Stage are shown.
Źródło:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 2008, 2, 2; 44-53
1897-8649
2080-2145
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The mediating effect of psychological flexibility on fatigue and depressive symptoms among nursing staff
Autorzy:
Yao, Yongcheng
Tang, Jie
Meng, Hongling
Li, Yuping
Du, Haixia
Li, Zhenzhen
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21375407.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-11-13
Wydawca:
Instytut Medycyny Pracy im. prof. dra Jerzego Nofera w Łodzi
Tematy:
fatigue
depressive symptoms
nurses
bootstrap
psychological flexibility
mediating effect
Opis:
Objectives To explore the relationship between depressive symptoms, fatigue and psychological flexibility, as well as their interactions on depression in Chinese nurses. Material and Methods Using convenience sampling, a cross-sectional survey of 796 nurses in municipal hospitals of Zhengzhou, Henan Province, China, was conducted. The questionnaires of Work-related Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Fatigue Assessment Instrument were used. Hierarchical regression and bootstrap methods were used to examine the mediating effect of psychological flexibility between fatigue and depression. Results More than 51.8% of the nurses were at risk of depression and 62.3% were at risk of fatigue. There was a significantly positive and moderate correlation between depression and fatigue severity, situation specificity, and consequences (r = 0.43, r = 0.24 and r = 0.31, respectively, p < 0.01). Depression was negatively correlated with psychological flexibility (r = –0.28, p < 0.01). Psychological flexibility had a negative impact on depression with the explained variance increased by 4.2% (β = –0.211, p < 0.001). The bootstrap method showed that the mediating effect of psychological flexibility accounting for 8.5% and 12.3% on fatigue and depressive symptoms, respectively. Conclusions Psychological flexibility plays a partial mediating role between the fatigue severity, consequences of fatigue and depressive symptoms of nurses. Hospital managers should improve medical staff work acceptance to alleviate their depressive symptoms.
Źródło:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health; 2023, 36, 4; 563-574
1232-1087
1896-494X
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analiza porównawcza biblioteki jQuery Mobile i frameworka Bootstrap w wytwarzaniu stron responsywnych
Comparative analysis of jQuery Mobile library and Bootstrap framework in responsive websites development
Autorzy:
Wrońska, M.
Plechawska-Wójcik, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/98156.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Lubelska. Instytut Informatyki
Tematy:
Bootstrap
jQuery Mobile
responsywność
Responsive Web Design
Opis:
Artykuł przedstawia analizę porównawczą technologii jQuery Mobile oraz frameworka Bootstrap w procesie wytwarzania stron responsywnych. Porównanie odbywa się na podstawie dwóch stron wykonanych w tych obu technologiach. Kryteriami analizy są: kompatybilność z urządzeniami mobilnymi, ułatwienia i gotowe komponenty, szybkość ładowania na różnych urządzeniach, wielkość kodu oraz zgodność ze standardami W3C i Google. Każda z technologii w dużym stopniu ułatwia proces tworzenia stron, aczkolwiek jQuery Mobile jest narzędziem znacznie bardziej rozbudowanym.
Article presents comparative analysis of jQuery Mobile library and Bootstrap framework in responsive site development. The comparative based on two websites, made in these technologies. Criterions of analysis are: compatibility of mobile devices, prepared components, loading speed on different devices, code size and compatibility with W3C and Google standards. Both technologies in a large degree helps in process of websites development, although jQuery Mobile is more expanded.
Źródło:
Journal of Computer Sciences Institute; 2016, 2; 89-92
2544-0764
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Computer Sciences Institute
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nonparametric bootstrap confidence bands for unfolding sphere size distributions
Autorzy:
Wojdyła, Jakub
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2049017.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
bootstrap
confidence bands
inverse problem
nonparametric density estimation
Wicksell’s problem
Opis:
The stereological inverse problem of unfolding the distribution of spheres radii from measured planar sections radii, known as the Wicksell’s corpuscle problem, is considered. The construction of uniform confidence bands based on the smoothed bootstrap in the Wicksell’s problem is presented. Theoretical results on the consistency of the proposed bootstrap procedure are given, where the consistency of the bands means that the coverage probability converges to the nominal level. The finite-sample performance of the proposed method is studied via Monte Carlo simulations and compared with the asymptotic (non-bootstrap) solution described in literature.
Źródło:
Opuscula Mathematica; 2021, 41, 5; 725-740
1232-9274
2300-6919
Pojawia się w:
Opuscula Mathematica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The profile of candidates for studies and their learning outcomes
Charakterystyka kandydatów na studia a efekty kształcenia
Autorzy:
Wawrzyniak, K.
Bak, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2080822.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Zachodniopomorski Uniwersytet Technologiczny w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane ZUT w Szczecinie
Tematy:
applicants to the faculty
learning outcomes
measures of the strength and direction of the relationship
logistic regression
bootstrap method
studia
kandydaci
ksztalcenie
regresja logitowa
metoda bootstrapowa
Opis:
The aim of the research presented in the article is to answer the question about how the applicants’ skills – measured according to, for instance, their matriculation examination results (for full-time 1st cycle program students) or their average grade awarded in the 1st cycle program (for full-time 2nd cycle program students) – may affect their achievement of learning outcomes. In order find the answer, the dependence between the students’ skills and their learning outcomes was analyzed using measures of the strength and direction of the relationship, as well as logistic regression. The database of candidates applying for enrollment with the Faculty of Economics of the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Poland, registered in the Online Recruitment System for the academic year 2015/2016, was used as the information basis.
Źródło:
Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis. Oeconomica; 2019, 95; 41-52
2081-0644
Pojawia się w:
Folia Pomeranae Universitatis Technologiae Stetinensis. Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
A fuzzy nonparametric Shewhart chart based on the bootstrap approach
Autorzy:
Wang, D.
Hryniewicz, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/331218.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Zielonogórski. Oficyna Wydawnicza
Tematy:
Shewhart control chart
fuzzy data
bootstrap
average run length
karta kontrolna Shewharta
dane rozmyte
metoda bootstrap
Opis:
In this paper, we consider a nonparametric Shewhart chart for fuzzy data. We utilize the fuzzy data without transforming them into a real-valued scalar (a representative value). Usually fuzzy data (described by fuzzy random variables) do not have a distributional model available, and also the size of the fuzzy sample data is small. Based on the bootstrap methodology, we design a nonparametric Shewhart control chart in the space of fuzzy random variables equipped with some L2 metric, in which a novel approach for generating the control limits is proposed. The control limits are determined by the necessity index of strict dominance combined with the bootstrap quantile of the test statistic. An in-control bootstrap ARL of the proposed chart is also considered.
Źródło:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science; 2015, 25, 2; 389-401
1641-876X
2083-8492
Pojawia się w:
International Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tenfold bootstrap procedure for support vector machines
Autorzy:
Vrigazova, Borislava
Ivanov, Ivan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1839282.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Wydawnictwo AGH
Tematy:
support vector machines
bootstrap
cross validation
Opis:
Cross validation is often used to split input data into training and test set in Support vector machines. The two most commonly used cross validation versions are the tenfold and leave-one-out cross validation. Another commonly used resampling method is the random test/train split. The advantage of these methods is that they avoid overfitting in the model and perform model selection. They, however, can increase the computational time for fitting Support vector machines with the increase of the size of the dataset. In this research, we propose an alternative for fitting SVM, which we call the tenfold bootstrap for Support vector machines. This resampling procedure can significantly reduce execution time despite the big number of observations, while preserving model’s accuracy. With this finding, we propose a solution to the problem of slow execution time when fitting support vector machines on big datasets.
Źródło:
Computer Science; 2020, 21 (2); 241-257
1508-2806
2300-7036
Pojawia się w:
Computer Science
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Using the ICAPM to estimate the cost of capital of stock portfolios: empirical evidence on the Warsaw Stock Exchange
Autorzy:
Urbański, Stanisław
Leśkow, Jacek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1358399.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-03-23
Wydawca:
Główny Urząd Statystyczny
Tematy:
ICAPM
cost of capital
risk premium
bootstrap method
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to present the method for estimating the cost of capital of typical portfolios available on the Warsaw Stock Exchange. The authors introduce the three factor Fama-French model and its two modifications. They also apply the bootstrap method to evaluate the variability of their estimation method. The cost of capital they refer to is related to portfolios of real options linked to projects. The market returns are generated both by stock companies running such projects and by real options modifying selected projects. The estimated cost of capital can serve as a valuable indicator for investors and for managers overseeing portfolios of stocks. Also, such an indicator can serve as a general reference while making business decisions related to new. The study demonstrated that the estimated cost of capital assumes highest values for value portfolios and stock companies with high financial indicators and, at the same time, low market prices compared to their book value. By the same token, the estimated cost of capital assumes low values for growth portfolios and for stock companies characterised by low financial indicators and, at the same time, high market prices compared to their book values.
Źródło:
Statistics in Transition new series; 2020, 21, 1; 73-94
1234-7655
Pojawia się w:
Statistics in Transition new series
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Water demand forecasting using extreme learning machines
Przewidywanie zapotrzebowania na wodę z użyciem technik uczenia maszynowego
Autorzy:
Tiwari, M.
Adamowski, J.
Adamowski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/292339.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
Tematy:
artificial neural networks
bootstrap
Canada
extreme learning machines
uncertainty
water demand forecasting
wavelets
ekstremalne maszyny uczące się
falki
Kanada
niepewność
prognozowanie zapotrzebowania na wodę
sztuczne sieci neuronowe
Opis:
The capacity of recently-developed extreme learning machine (ELM) modelling approaches in forecasting daily urban water demand from limited data, alone or in concert with wavelet analysis (W) or bootstrap (B) methods (i.e., ELM, ELMW, ELMB), was assessed, and compared to that of equivalent traditional artificial neural network-based models (i.e., ANN, ANNW, ANNB). The urban water demand forecasting models were developed using 3-year water demand and climate datasets for the city of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. While the hybrid ELMB and ANNB models provided satisfactory 1-day lead-time forecasts of similar accuracy, the ANNW and ELMW models provided greater accuracy, with the ELMW model outperforming the ANNW model. Significant improvement in peak urban water demand prediction was only achieved with the ELMW model. The superiority of the ELMW model over both the ANNW or ANNB models demonstrated the significant role of wavelet transformation in improving the overall performance of the urban water demand model.
Oceniono zdolność modelowania z użyciem ekstremalnej maszyny uczącej się (ELM) stosowanej samodzielnie bądź w połączeniu z analizą falkową (W) lub metodami bootstrapowymi (B) (tzn. ELM, ELMW, ELMB) do przewidywania dobowego zapotrzebowania na wodę w mieście. Wyniki porównano z uzyskanymi tradycyjnymi metodami bazującymi na sztucznych sieciach neuronowych (tzn. ANN, ANNW, ANNB). Modele przewidujące zapotrzebowanie na wodę zbudowano z wykorzystaniem trzyletniego zapotrzebowania na wodę i zestawu danych klimatycznych dla miasta Calgary w kanadyjskiej prowincji Alberta. Hybrydowe modele ELMB i ANNB zapewniały satysfakcjonujące prognozy jednodniowe o podobnej dokładności, natomiast wyniki uzyskane z zastosowaniem modeli ELMW i ANNW były bardziej dokładne, przy czym model ELMW okazał się lepszy niż ANNW. Istotną poprawę prognozowania szczytowego zapotrzebowania na wodę w mieście uzyskano jedynie z zastosowaniem modelu ELMW. Wyższość modelu ELMW nad modelami ANNW czy ANNB dowodzi znaczącej roli transformacji falkowej w usprawnianiu działania modeli prognozujących zapotrzebowanie na wodę w mieście.
Źródło:
Journal of Water and Land Development; 2016, 28; 37-52
1429-7426
2083-4535
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Water and Land Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
ON THE BOOTSTRAP METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE FUNCTION
Autorzy:
Szerszunowicz, Małgorzata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/655866.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
design of experiments
response surface function
bootstrap
Opis:
Nowadays, in many fields of science it is necessary to carry out miscellaneous analyses using classical statistical methods, which usually have correct assumptions. These assumptions in the research realities cannot always be met, which makes it impossible to carry out analyses and leads to incorrect conclusions and recommendations. The study of the production process largely consists in the use of tools of statistical quality control which are based on classical statistical methods. These methods result in some improvements in technological and economic results of the manufacturing process. One of the tools of statistical quality control is the design of experiments, whose important element is the estimation of response surface function. The aim of this paper is to present the bootstrap method of estimation of response surface function and its use for empirical data.
Źródło:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica; 2014, 3, 302
0208-6018
2353-7663
Pojawia się w:
Acta Universitatis Lodziensis. Folia Oeconomica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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