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    Tytuł:
    Stanisław Wyspiański i dawna polska historia
    Stanisław Wyspiański and Old Polish History
    Autorzy:
    Biołczew, Bojan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/511495.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego
    Tematy:
    Stanisław Wyspiański
    Bolesław the Brave (Bolesław Śmiały)
    Skałka
    Kraków
    Opis:
    The article draws on a chapter from Boyan Biolchev’s book Stanisław Wyspiański – Encyclopaedist of Neoromanticism (2003). It studies the following contextual aspects of Wyspiański’s plays Bolesław the Brave (Bolesław Śmiały) and Skałka: Wyspiański‘s defining creative relationship with his native Krakow; the playwright’s englobing vision of the two works and intention to stage them as a single play; the historical sources and the literary and historical genesis of the theme of conflict between the king and the bishop-saint; Słowacki‘s influence; critical evalu-ations of the two-play cycle.
    Źródło:
    Postscriptum Polonistyczne; 2013, 2(12); 101-111
    1898-1593
    2353-9844
    Pojawia się w:
    Postscriptum Polonistyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sakralność władzy królewskiej pierwszych Piastów
    Sacrum and the ideology of royal power of the first Piasts
    Autorzy:
    Dalewski, Zbigniew
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2164777.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    ideologia władzy
    Bolesław Chrobry
    Mieszko II
    ideology of power
    Bolesław the Brave
    Opis:
    This paper discusses the ideas of royal power developed at the court of the first Piast rulers. These largely emphasised the sacred foundations of royal power and defined the tasks of the rulers primarily in terms of religious mission. The editor of the dedicatory letter attached to the book of rites offered by Matilda of Swabia to Mieszko II presented the Polish king as the ruler, who was elevated to royal dignity by God himself and who focused his attention primarily on the fulfilment of religious duties. He watched over proper God worship and was concerned about the salvation of his subjects. The portrayal of Mieszko II’s rule emerging from Matilda’s letter goes perfectly in line with the concept of royal authority developed in the Ottoman period. It placed the ruler, distinguished by royal anointing, in the spiritual sphere and conferred the sacred dimension to his royal power. There is no doubt that the editor of the letter did not merely refer to the notions of royal authority typical exclusively of the political culture of the Holy Roman Empire, but also directly brought up the ideological programmes formulated at the Piast court, which depicted the power exercised by the Polish rulers in sacred terms.
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2017, 3 (14); 43-57
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Początki polskiego mennictwa w świetle nowszych badań
    The origins of Polish coinage in the light of new research
    Autorzy:
    Suchodolski, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1037906.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    coins
    early coinage
    die-links
    coin finds
    new research
    Bolesław the Brave
    Opis:
    The author updates the knowledge of the origins of coinage in Poland in the late 10th and the early 11th centuries. This is possible owing to new coin finds and new research methods, predominantly discoveries of new die-links. In the conclusions, the author states that coin minting in Poland was not initiated by duke Mieszko I (approx. 962-992) but his son Bolesław the Brave (992-1025). The early coinage was more intense than historians used to think, and more diverse. One mint used, simultaneously, dies with correct legends and dies ineptly copying foreign patterns. The coins were used for manifestation and economic purposes alike. They accounted for a small proportion of the prevailing foreign coins in circulation.
    Źródło:
    Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim; 2019, 60; 192-219
    0080-9993
    Pojawia się w:
    Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Problem świętości władców we wczesnym i pełnym średniowieczu – przypadek polski na tle środkowoeuropejskim
    The issue of rulers’ sanctity in the Early and High Middle Ages – a Polish case against the European background
    Autorzy:
    Pac, Grzegorz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2054604.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    Bolesław the Brave
    holiness
    power
    hagiography
    worship
    archaeology
    Bolesław Chrobry
    świętość
    władza
    hagiografi a
    kult
    archeologia
    Opis:
    The text analyses the problem of the sanctity of rulers, especially non-martyrs, in Latin Europe in the Early and High Middle Ages. The starting point for this discussion is a frequently asked question about the reasons for the lack of such a phenomenon in Poland.
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2016, 2(11); 89-119
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An expedition of Henry II, King of Germany, to the domain of Bolesław I the Brave in 1005 in the light of written sources and historical re-enactment
    Autorzy:
    Danielewski, Marcin
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/15809910.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022-10-28
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Henry II
    Bolesław I the Brave
    Poznań
    stronghold
    historical re-enactment
    Opis:
    The article explores an expedition of Henry II, king of Germany, to the domain of Bolesław the Brave in 1005. While the issue has raised considerable interest in academic literature, the analyses have been carried out mainly in the context of major events i.e. the wars of 1002-1005, 1007-1013 and 1015-1018. In this work, an attempt has been made to narrow down the perspective to Henry II’s expedition of 1005 which reached as far as Poznań. To this end, I have analysed the written sources (specifically the records of Thietmar of Merseburg, a German chronicler) in an effort to indicate not only the expedition’s itinerary but also its rate and the state of preparation of the two major parties of the conflict, the German Reich and the Piast dominion. In addition, I have decided to make use of my experience of historical re-enactment in a pioneering way, in order to find out if the rate of the marching maintained by contemporary re-enactors of historical events provides a good comparison background for the rate of Henry II’s expedition of 1005. Next, archaeological sources provided some supplementary information on the conflict of 1005. In the light of all these data I have managed to adopt a different and unique approach to the analysed issue.
    Źródło:
    Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim; 2022, 63; 259-276
    0080-9993
    Pojawia się w:
    Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Przemyślidzi między Henrykiem II a Bolesławem Chrobrym, czyli o okolicznościach, które zapoczątkowały zależność lenną czeskich książąt od władców Rzeszy
    Autorzy:
    Sobiesiak, Joanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1890989.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    Bolesław III
    książę czeski
    Władywoj
    Henryk II
    Bolesław Chrobry
    lenno
    Przemyślidzi
    Boleslaus III
    Duke of Bohemia
    Vladivoj
    Henry II
    Bolesław the Brave
    oath of
    fealty
    the Přemyslids
    Opis:
    The goal of this article is to indicate the political circumstances which led to the Czech king’s assumption of the Prague throne as an oath of fealty to the ruler of the Reich. The article discusses the political situation in the late 10th and the early 11th centuries: the weakness of Bohemia following the death of Boleslaus II, the power of Bolesław the Brave and the circumstances accompanying his occupation of Prague together with king Henry II’s interference in Czech affairs.
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2019, 3 (22); 44-62
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Proces formowania się państwa Piastów
    Autorzy:
    Kóčka-Krenz, Hanna
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1023952.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015-01-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    Mieszko I
    Bolesław Chrobry (the Brave)
    central strongholds
    Piast Dynasty
    early state
    early Middle Ages
    Opis:
    The paper presents a question of the Piast state formation based on the changes in the network of settlements, in particular the strongholds. The results of archaeological research, enriched by studies performed by historians, show that the processes of forming the Piast state took a relatively short time and it did not entail a period of competition between local tribal leaders. Its character was revolutionary, which determines the uniqueness of the processes occurring in the Polish lands over a thousand years ago. 
    Źródło:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2015, 20; 205-218
    0239-8524
    2450-5846
    Pojawia się w:
    Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Štefan I. a Boleslav Chrabrý. Obsadenie časti Uhorska podľa Galla Anonyma a Uhorsko-poľskej kroniky* (Prvá časť)
    Autorzy:
    Hudáček, Pavol
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1896429.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    : Stefan I
    Bolesław Chrobry
    jedenasty wiek
    dynastia Arpadów
    Stephen I of Hungary
    Bolesław I the Brave
    11th century
    Árpád dynasty
    Opis:
    The autor of this study is concerned with the occupation of a part of the northwestern Kingdom of Hungary by Bolesław I the Brave at the beginning of the 11th century. He analyses the military campaigns of the Polish prince in medieval narrative sources and annals. The author tries to find out why Bolesław I the Brave occupied part of the Kingdom of Hungary, what was the territory and who ruled there in the early third of the 11th century.
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2018, 4 (19); 27-75
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Bolesław Chrobry i Karol Wielki - legitymizacja między kultem a imitacją
    Bolesław the Brave and Charlemagne - legitimacy between the cult and the imitation
    Autorzy:
    Sosnowski, Miłosz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2054605.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016-12-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    Boleslaw the Brave
    Charlemagne
    the ideology of power in the Middle Ages
    the legend of Charlemagne
    the apostolate in the Middle Ages
    Bolesław Chrobry
    Karol Wielki
    ideologia władzy w średniowieczu
    legenda Karola Wielkiego
    apostolstwo w średniowieczu
    Opis:
    The paper discusses the issue of worship and imitation of Charlemagne during the reign of Bolesław the Brave in the context of the ruler’s responsibilities and the legitimacy of royal power. The analysis includes primarily the Christianization activity led by Bolesław and a later legend of the ruler.
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2016, 2(11); 120-146
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Štefan I. a Boleslav Chrabrý. Obsadenie časti Uhorska podľa Galla Anonyma a Uhorsko-poľskej kroniky (Druhá časť)
    Autorzy:
    Hudáček, Pavol
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1891234.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-03-31
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    Stefan I
    Bolesław Chrobry
    XI wiek
    Arpadzi
    księstwo nitrzańskie
    Stephen I of Hungary
    Bolesław I the Brave
    11th century
    Árpád dynasty
    Principality of Nitra
    Opis:
    The author of this study tries to determine the years, when Bolesław I the Brave occupied a part of the northwestern Kingdom of Hungary and when Stephen I of Hungary regained this part. He rejects the previous opinions of historians, who dated this event from the year 1000 / 1003 to the year 1025 / 1029 / 1030 / 1031. According to the author the military campaign of the Polish prince to the Kingdom of Hungary took place in the first third of the 11th century during Polish-German wars. Bolesław I the Brave lost a part of the northwestern Kingdom of Hungary in the final phase of Polish-German wars.
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2019, 1 (20); 53-95
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A New/Old Coin Type of Bolesław I the Brave, and a Hoard That Was Not There
    Nowy/stary typ monet Bolesława Chrobrego i skarb, którego nie było
    Autorzy:
    Suchodolski, Stanisław
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16065829.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
    Tematy:
    Polska
    10th/11th centuries
    Bolesław I the Brave
    coin dies
    imitation of coin dies
    die-chains
    Polska
    X/XI w.
    Bolesław Chrobry
    stemple mennicze
    łańcuch połączeń stempli
    naśladowanie stempli
    Opis:
    The starting point for this text was the publication of a coin, assigned to Bolesław I the Brave (992–1025), Prince of Poland, with the name BOLEZLAV and a two-side representation of a chapel (Grossmanová, Matejko-Peterka, Kašparová 2018; Fig. 4). It is currently stored in the Moravian Museum in Brno. This coin has been known in the literature since the mid-19th century (Cappe 1850). Former researchers assigned it either to Boleslav III in the Bohemia (Cappe 1850; Hanka 1856) or to Bolesław I the Brave in Poland (Stronczyński 1884; Fiala 1895; Gumowski 1939). Newer researchers ignored it completely, suspecting that it was some kind of imitation or contemporary falsification. However, its authenticity is supported by the fact that it was originally in the collection of H. Dannenberg. Finally, the matter was decided by the publication in the auction catalogue (Warszawskie Centrum Numizmatyczne, Auction no. 67, item 132) of a coin minted on one side with the same die as the coin from Brno (Fig. 5). This allows us to postulate the existence of a new fourth die-chain in the coinage of Bolesław I the Brave (Fig. 6).
    Punktem wyjścia do napisania tego tekstu była publikacja przypisanej Bolesławowi Chrobremu (992–1025), księciu Polski, monety z imieniem BOLEZLAV i obustronnym przedstawieniem kaplicy (Grossmanová, Matejko-Peterka, Kašparová 2018; Fig. 4). Jest ona obecnie przechowywana w Muzeum Ziemi Morawskiej w Brnie. Moneta ta znana była w literaturze już od połowy XIX w. (Cappe 1850). Starsi badacze przydzielali ją bądź Bolesławowi III w Czechach (Cappe 1850; Hanka 1856), bądź Bolesławowi Chrobremu w Polsce (Stronczyński 1884; Fiala 1895; Gumowski 1939). Nowsi badacze w ogóle ją ignorowali, podejrzewając, że jest jakimś nieokreślonym naśladownictwem lub nowożytnym falsyfikatem. Za jej autentycznością przemawia jednak fakt, że pierwotnie była ona w kolekcji H. Dannenberga. A ostatecznie sprawę przesądziła publikacja w katalogu aukcyjnym (Warszawskie Centrum Numizmatyczne, aukcja 67, obiekt 132) monety, której jedna strona została wybita tym samym stemplem co i moneta z Brna (Fig. 5). Pozwoliło to postulować istnienie nowego, już czwartego łańcucha powiązań stempli monet Bolesława Chrobrego (Fig. 6).
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2022, 66; 167-180
    0043-5155
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wczesnośredniowieczny srebrny skarb z Tarnowa (Łekna). Informacje na temat jego odkrywania
    An Early Medieval Silver Hoard from Tarnowo (Łekno). Data on the Process of Its Discovery
    Autorzy:
    Wyrwa, Andrzej Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532211.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    Łekno
    Tarnowo Pałuckie
    Hedeby
    łekneński kompleks osadniczy
    rotunda w Łeknie
    skarb wczesnośredniowieczny
    denar Bolesława Chrobrego
    dirhemy,
    ozdoby,
    monety czeskie
    monety saskie
    Łekno settlement complex
    rotunda in Łekno
    early medieval hoard
    denar of Bolesław the Brave
    dirhams
    ornaments
    Bohemian coins
    Saxon coins
    Opis:
    The silver hoard from Site Ł5 in Łekno, the Wągrowiec Commune, which was discovered in 2007 and which was subsequently examined up to 2014, is a scattered one. As a consequence of ploughing and denudation, it was dragged over a quite vast area (see Fig. 5). It constitutes Part III of a hoard which was discovered here in 1861 by Wojciech Jankowiak and Antoni Łukaszewicz. Based on our findings, it can be said beyond doubt that it was found in the field of A. Łukaszewicz (Figs. 2, 3, and 4). Its Part II was gathered as a result of the activities of “treasure hunters” in 2004 [Bogucki 2006b]. This hoard (Parts I–III), as it can be said, based on hitherto preliminary findings (examinations are still in process), was deposited in a “trade settlement” situated to the west of the suburbium and the stronghold at Sites Ł3 and Ł4 in Tarnowo Pałuckie—that is, Medieval Łekno (see Figs. 1 and 2) in the late 10th c.—or in the first five years of the 11th c. at the latest. It occurred in the layer of humus and in the upper zone of Cultural Layer I (Trenches I, II, and III—cf. Fig. 5). It is a scattered-type hack-silver hoard. In the years 2007–2014, in the course of surveys and excavations, more than 630 finds related to the discussed hoard were discovered. Together with its 19th c. part (Part I) and Part II from 2004, it contains more than 841 finds. The contents of Part III of the hoard, discovered in 2007–2014, include: whole and fragmented coins, fragments of silver and cast lead/silvered jewellery, silver clumps, and wires. Concerning the coins, there are: Arabian dirhams (hacked) from the Abbāsid, Sāmānid and possibly Buvaihid?, Hamdānid?, and Ziyārid? dynasties (dated to between c. 815 and c. 976, according to the analysis by D. Malarczyk); silver coins (whole and fragmented)— according to a preliminary analysis by Z. Bartkowiak, they are West European: German denars of Otto and Adelheid, Heinrich, Otto, denars from the Cologne mint (?), Bavarian denars; Danish half-bracteates (Hedeby); denars of the Bohemian type, including a hybrid of a Bohemian denar, cross denars of Type I; Byzantine coins of Constantine VII and Roman II (945–959). A hitherto unknown hybrid of the Princes Polonie denar of Bolesław the Brave is also related to this assemblage [Bogucki 2006b, p. 181–182 ff.) The silver hoard from Tarnowo Pałuckie (Łekno) is a very significant find for defining settlement changes in the centre of the Łekno settlement complex, its settlement, economic-trade and architectural-construction structures, as well as for broader cultural phenomena within Greater Poland and its relations to the European cultural circle. All the finds from Part III of the hoard (coins, jewellery, silver clumps and wires, other finds) underwent detailed numismatic and art history studies, as well as specialist examinations—detailed non-invasive metallographic examinations and conservation ( J. Strobin and M. Sawczak). The results of these examinations and the hoard itself (the catalogue with specialist examinations) will be published in a separate monograph devoted to this discovery after all the examinations are completed. Apart from the planned monograph, details of a 9th c. sword scabbard chape from this hoard have already been published [Wyrwa, Janiwski 2014].
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2014, 13; 95-111
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    O szesnastowiecznym wizerunku Bolesława Chrobrego autorstwa Tomasza Tretera i wczesnym wyglądzie grobowca tego władcy w poznańskiej katedrze
    Autorzy:
    Małecki, Aleksander
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1896640.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-09-30
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
    Tematy:
    grobowiec Bolesława Chrobrego
    Tomasz Treter
    katedra poznańska
    Złota Kaplica
    średniowieczna rzeźba kamienna
    grobowiec Henryka Pobożnego
    cesarz
    Karol IV
    Petr Perler
    Bolesław I the Brave’s tomb
    the Poznań cathedral
    the Golden
    Chapel
    medieval stone sculptures
    Henry II the Pious’ tomb
    emperor Charles IV
    Opis:
    The article is dedicated to an attempt at reconstructing the early appearance of the tomb of king Bolesław I the Brave in the Poznań cathedral, destroyed in 1790. By referring to the discussion of the tomb’s founder and the changes in its shape, the author has focused on K. Stronczyński’s theory from 1887 that the chalcography by A. Mylius (1595) consolidated the early portrait of the king’s statue. The scholar was of an opinion that king Bolesław’s sculpture was modelled by the tomb of duke Henry II the Pious. The original of the portrait was created by Tomasz Treter, an artist born in Poznań who could have captured the state of the king’s statue around 1585 (a variant of the portrait was provided by S. Sarnicki in 1594).
    Źródło:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis; 2020, 3 (26); 27-53
    2084-1213
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia Slavorum Occidentis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A.D. 966. Chrzest księcia Mieszka. Dylematy naukowe i znaczenie tego aktu dla przemian kulturowych na ziemiach polskich. Zagadnienia wybrane
    A.D. 966. The Baptism of Duke Mieszko. Research Dilemmas and the Importance of the Act for Cultural Transformations in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Wyrwa, Andrzej Marek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/532591.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Muzeum Pierwszych Piastów na Lednicy
    Tematy:
    chrzest księcia Mieszka I
    Bolesław Chrobry
    rok 966
    księżna Dobrawa
    biskup Jordan
    chrystianizacja ziem polskich chrystianizacja Pomorzan
    chrystianizacja Prusów
    św. Wojciech
    św. Bruno z Kwerfurtu
    św. Otton z Bambergu
    św. Wulfram z Sens
    Ethelbert władca Kentu
    św. Metody
    Włodzimierzksiążę Rusi
    Thietmar
    Gall Anonim
    Jan Długosz
    burzenie bałwanów
    baseny chrzcielne na ziemiach polskich
    Ostrów Lednicki
    Poznań
    Gniezno
    Łekno
    1050. rocznica symbolicznego chrztu Polski
    baptism of Duke Mieszko I
    Bolesław the Brave
    966
    Duchess Dobrawa,
    Bishop Jordan
    Christianization of the Polish lands
    Christianization of the Pomeranians
    Christianization of Prussia
    St Adalbert
    St Bruno of Querfurt
    St Otto of Bamberg
    St Wulfram of Sens
    king Æthelbert of Kent
    St Methodius
    Prince Vladimir of Rus
    Gall Anonymous
    demolition of idols
    baptismal fonts in Poland
    1050th
    anniversary of the symbolic baptism of Poland
    Opis:
    This paper provides a general overview of selected sources and ideas functioning in Polish historiography on the baptism of Duke Mieszko I and the early stages of the Christianization of the Polish lands. The issue has long been debated by historians specialising in different fields, and new hypotheses and interpretations are still formulated. As part of this unfinished discussion, this paper seeks to make some general comments on some of the most lively discussed questions. Understandably, the hypotheses presented in the paper do not unravel all the mysteries and issues are still pending further research. The baptism of Duke Mieszko I, and thus the symbolic baptism of Poland, coincided with a moment of an intense expansion of Christianity in Europe (Fig. 1). Regardless of its religious, political and cultural significance for the next generations of rulers, nobles, prelates, chroniclers, historians, writers, artists and many others, the baptism has always been a great inspiration for various creative undertakings. The origins of historical reflections on this act can be found, e.g., in the chronicles of Thietmar or Gallus Anonymous. The latter rendered the events of this Holy Saturday of 966 in a very colourful and symbolic way, approximately 150 years later. In his chronicle, Gallus Anonymous noted, e.g., that just as Duke Mieszko was healed from blindness as a child, so having married a Bohemian Duchess Dobrawa, Mieszko — as a prudent and foresighted ruler — accepted baptism. The baptism freed him and his subjects from the blindness and darkness of paganism, giving them in return the clarity and truthfulness of the new faith. Although the very act, its exact date and location, as well as its cultural and civilization- bearing role are still subjects of heated debate among historians specialising in various fields, there is no doubt that it marked the beginning of a new phase in the connection between the Polish lands and the European cultural circle. At first, the process of Christianization involved merely a small circle of the society. The establishment of Christianity in the whole area of Poland was a very long process, characterised by varying dynamics and completed — using a variety of means — not earlier than at the end of the thirteenth century. Nevertheless, Mieszko I’s baptism inscribed our lands into the circle of Christian Europe in perpetuity. What did the adoption of Christianity mean for Poland? Through the introduction of the Christian faith, regardless of its initial kinks (in the 1030s), the Church strengthened the position of the ruler, offered him a divine legitimacy and made him an equal partner in the family of the Christian rulers of Europe. Christianity introduced also new, previously unknown cultural elements. These were, for example: — a new concept of God, the world and the place of humans within it; — the opening of expanded international contacts in the secular and ecclesiastical sphere; — bringing religious orders, such as the Benedictines, later Cistercians, Canons Regular, mendicant orders and others. These, as in Europe, actively participated in the shaping of the new economic and cultural image of the Polish lands, irrespective of their spiritual duties; —Latin, a universal language and alphabet associated with the circle of the clergy, and the princely chancellery; — a new way of measuring time (a calendar and related holidays and liturgical celebrations); — the inclusion of Christian symbols into the native cultural space, including the symbolism of colours, signs and gestures, the symbols of the natural world, etc.; — scriptoria, book and wall painting; — various worship and liturgy-related objects, such as, e.g., frescoes, the statues of saints and patron saints, reliquary boxes, liturgical combs, signs of episcopal dignity, patens, chalices, bowls, crosses, bells, suspended canopy lighting, etc.; — new architecture, and canons of style and workshops (the mastery of stone processing, techniques of construction and the preparation of mortars and mosaics); — inhumation took over from cremation as the dominant burial rite, etc. And other things. Slowly but consequently, these elements replaced and sometimes demolished the hitherto prevailing way of perceiving and ordering the world and its evaluation. Therefore, there is no exaggeration in the statements of the ‘revolutionary’ nature of the new faith formulated by scholars. Due to the enigmatic nature of the written sources and an unsatisfactory state of knowledge of, e.g., the earliest architecture related to the Christianization of the Polish lands (especially its more precise chronology), some issues addressed in this paper remain unresolved. However, despite many shortcomings and unexplained hypotheses, there is no doubt that an area in Europe, which since c.1000 came to be called Polonia, became permanently linked to the European Christianitas in the second half of the tenth century. All this started in 966, following previous preparations, due to Duke Mieszko I of the Piast dynasty.
    Źródło:
    Studia Lednickie; 2016, 15; 19-72
    0860-7893
    2353-7906
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Lednickie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-14 z 14

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