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    Tytuł:
    Regional Significance of the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement
    Znaczenie regionalne umowy o poszukiwaniu i ratownictwie w Arktyce
    Autorzy:
    Łuszczuk, Michał
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2141061.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019-12-22
    Wydawca:
    Wydawnictwo Naukowe Dolnośląskiej Szkoły Wyższej
    Tematy:
    Arktyka
    żegluga arktyczna
    poszukiwania i ratownictwo
    regionalizacja
    Arctic region
    regionalization
    Arctic shipping
    Opis:
    This paper examines the Arctic Search and Rescue Agreement – the first legally binding instrument adopted under the auspices of the Arctic Council – and analyses its direct and indirect implication for both the development of the Arctic shipping and the perspectives of regionalization processes. It is argued that the adoption of the Agreement should be perceived as an ambiguous achievement since, while its direct relevance for the Arctic shipping is not very substantial at the moment, it however reaffirms the indispensable and leading position of the Arctic Council in the regional governance system and offers important prospects for deepening the cooperation among the Arctic states. The Arctic SAR Agreement is also recognised as a manifestation of exercising the Arctic sovereignty by the eight states (also against non-Arctic actors) and consequently a sign of growing regionalization of the Arctic.
    Artykuł jest poświęcony Umowie o Poszukiwaniu i Ratownictwie w Arktyce – pierwszemu prawnie wiążącemu porozumieniu, przyjętemu przez Radę Arktyczną. Zawiera analizę bezpośrednich i pośrednich skutków Umowy, zarówno dla rozwoju żeglugi arktycznej, jak tez dla perspektyw rozwoju procesów regionalizacji. We wnioskach stwierdza sie, iż przyjęcie tego dokumentu nie jest jednoznacznym osiągnięciem, ponieważ porozumienie nie wpływa znacząco na zwiększenie poziomu bezpieczeństwa żeglugi arktycznej, jednocześnie jednak potwierdza wiodącą pozycję Rady Arktycznej w regionalnym systemie zarządzania i stwarza istotne możliwości dla zacieśniania współpracy między państwami regionu arktycznego. Umowa o Poszukiwaniu i Ratownictwie w Arktyce podkreśla suwerenność sprawowaną w regionie przez osiem państw arktycznych (niejako w opozycji do aktorów spoza regionu), a w konsekwencji stanowi także oznakę rozwoju regionalizmu arktycznego.
    Źródło:
    Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego; 2014, 8, 1; 38-50
    1896-8848
    2450-3436
    Pojawia się w:
    Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Międzynarodowego
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Arctic shipping and risks: emergency categories and response capacities
    Autorzy:
    Marchenko, N.
    Andreassen, N.
    Borch, O. J.
    Kuznetsova, S.
    Ingimundarson, V.
    Jakobsen, U.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117300.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    arctic shipping
    emergency categories
    response capacities
    maritime accidents
    arctic region
    risk assessment
    Atlantic Arctic
    risk matrix
    Opis:
    The sea ice in the Arctic has shrunk significantly in the last decades. The transport pattern has as a result partly changed with more traffic in remote areas. This change may influence on the risk pattern. The critical factors are harsh weather, ice conditions, remoteness and vulnerability of nature. In this paper, we look into the risk of accidents in Atlantic Arctic based on previous ship accidents and the changes in maritime activity. The risk has to be assessed to ensure a proper level of emergency response. The consequences of incidents depend on the incident type, scale and location. As accidents are rare, there are limited statistics available for Arctic maritime accidents. Hence, this study offers a qualitative analysis and an expert-based risk assessment. Implications for the emergency preparedness system of the Arctic region are discussed.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 1; 107-114
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Arctic shipping routes as alternative to the Suez Canal
    Autorzy:
    Pawelski, Jan
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24202519.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2022
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
    Tematy:
    arctic maritime transport
    arctic shipping
    Arctic Sea routes
    Northern Sea Route navigation
    Northwest Passage navigation
    polar maritime transport
    Opis:
    The grounding of a 400-meter long container vessel, called Ever Given, in the Suez Canal blocked the busiest shipping lane, which is responsible for 12% of seaborne trade, for 6 days. Some shipping companies had to divert their vessels and they had to take a much longer route around Africa to reach European ports. The concerned shipping industry started to look for alternative sea route to the Suez Canal with lesser risk of blockage, without a need to go around Africa. Such routes, which connect the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, exist in the Arctic and the warming of the global climate makes them more accessible over time but the assessment of their viability requires a multifaceted analysis based on available professional navigational publications, scientific papers, and knowledge of polar shipping realities. Several nautical aspects are taken into account with the purpose of choosing a polar route that is most suitable as an alternative to the Suez Canal. Three routes are under consideration. One of them is the Northern Sea Route in the eastern part of the Arctic Ocean, along the coast of the Russian Federation. The second route is the Northwest Passage through the western part of the Arctic, passing waters belonging to Greenland, Canada, and the United States. The third one passes near the North Pole, a prospective route that may become available for commercial shipping in the future due to Arctic ice shrinkage, and it is known as the Transpolar Route. Analysis of these routes unambiguously point to the Northern Sea Route as the only viable option. Most prospective alternatives to the Suez Canal are technically feasible with the new generation of cargo vessels and they are experiencing a growth in maritime traffic together with a steady development of associated infrastructure. The existing simplified analyses of the transit costs, assuming strait passage in polar waters without any course deviation and the additional fuel that is burnt to overcome increased friction during passage in ice, shows that under present conditions that the Suez Canal Route is still cheaper than any polar transit and, moreover, offers year-round availability. It cannot be ruled out that the upcoming warming of the Arctic climate, and a lowering of the transit tariffs by the Russian Federation may tip the balance in favor of the Northern Sea Route. Presented here is an analysis of the competitiveness of the Arctic Routes in comparison to the Suez Canal from the perspective of the mariner.
    Źródło:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2022, 70 (142); 41--51
    1733-8670
    2392-0378
    Pojawia się w:
    Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Polar Codes implications for safe ship operations in the Arctic region
    Autorzy:
    Engtrø, E.
    Gudmestad, O. T.
    Njå, O.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1841604.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    Arctic Shipping
    IMO Polar Code
    Arctic region
    safe ship operations
    risk management
    Arctic ship operations
    regulatory Governance
    emergency response
    Opis:
    Simultaneously with a decreasing sea ice cover in the Arctic region an increase in ship traffic is experienced in these waters, meaning a higher probability of accidents and incidents to occur. The capability to handle emergency situations for shipowners, operators and rescuers in a cold climate environment are heavily affected by the risks present in polar waters and depends on limited emergency response resources covering extremely large areas. In 2017, the International Code for Ships Operating in Polar Waters (The Polar Code) was adopted by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), applicable for the Arctic and Antarctic regions. The goals of the functionally based regulation are to provide for safe ship operations and the protection of the polar environment, by addressing risks present in polar waters and to ensure these are mitigated sufficiently. A qualitative pilot study, with individual expert interviews, has been conducted in order to examine the Polar Code's implications for safe ship operations in the Arctic region. The study concludes that the discussions raised in the aftermath of the Polar Code has led to an increase in focus and a strengthen consciousness about hazards and risks associated with polar water ship operations and additional measures required to mitigate these. Further, the implementation of the Polar Code is considered as a milestone by establishing an international regulation, mandatory for polar water ship design and for voyage planning. However, the study points out that the main principle of the Polar Code is risk-based, meaning the performance of safe ship operations are depending on those subjects to the regulation, to conduct thorough operational risk assessments covering all actual hazards, and to ensure that those are mitigated sufficiently. In this regard, authority presence is found crucial, to validate the adequacy and the dimensioning of the implemented measures. Key words: Arctic ship operations; regulatory governance; emergency response; risk management.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 3; 655-661
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Using the FRAM to Understand Arctic Ship Navigation: Assessing Work Processes During the Exxon Valdez Grounding
    Autorzy:
    Smith, D.
    Veitch, B.
    Khan, F.
    Taylor, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117308.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    Arctic shipping
    vessel grounding
    grounding
    Exxon Valdez
    Arctic navigation
    accident investigation
    Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM)
    ship navigation
    Opis:
    Arctic shipping involves a complex combination of inter-related factors that need to be managed correctly for operations to succeed. In this paper, the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) is used to assess the combination of human, technical, and organizational factors that constitute a shipping operation. A methodology is presented on how to apply the FRAM to a domain, with a focus on ship navigation. The method draws on ship navigators to inform the building of the model and to learn about practical variations that must be managed to effectively navigate a ship. The Exxon Valdez case is used to illustrate the model’s utility and provide some context to the information gathered by this investigation. The functional signature of the work processes of the Exxon Valdez on the night of the grounding is presented. This shows the functional dynamics of that particular ship navigation case, and serves to illustrate how the FRAM approach can provide another perspective on the safety of complex operations.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 3; 447-457
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Iceberg Melting and Climate Change in NW Atlantic Waters
    Autorzy:
    Perez-Gruszkiewicz, S.E.
    Peterson, W.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117122.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    Arctic shipping
    climate change
    Iceberg
    Atlantic Ocean
    NW Atlantic
    iceberg melting
    Labrador
    International Ice Patrol (IIP)
    Opis:
    Climate change is predicted to cause increases in sea surface temperature (SST), as well as decreases in sea-ice cover, wind and current velocities. These changes will have a marked effect on iceberg melting in the shipping lanes off Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Icebergs that today can cross from northern Labrador to Newfoundland without melting will in the future have to be much larger to survive the transit. For example, icebergs at N Labrador in December of 2016 that are smaller than 156 m will melt before reaching 48N, but in year 2100 the length increases to 228 m. In addition, if future iceberg size distributions off Labrador are the same as today, icebergs will experience roughly 50% reductions in numbers in the NW Atlantic shipping lanes by year 2100. The increased melting rates are due to, in order of importance, increased sea-surface temperatures (responsible for 66% of the increase in the minimum transit size), decreasing current velocities (31%), and decreasing sea-ice cover (3%). Decreasing sea-ice tends to increase wave heights as well as accelerate the effects of wave erosion; however, for the areas studied the wave height is predicted to decrease moderately in year 2100, by a maximum of about 10% in December.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 3; 459-467
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Navigating a vessel without an ice class on the NSR close to the front of Ice-free zone during ice melting period
    Autorzy:
    Pastusiak, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117228.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    Arctic shipping
    ice-free zone
    ice melting period
    ice class
    Northern Sea Route (NSR)
    ice-free transit corridor
    Arctic area
    Arctic navigation
    Opis:
    Arikaynen A.I., Tsubakov K.N. 1987. Alphabet of ice navigation. [in Russian] (Aзбyкa лeдoвoгo плaвaния). Transport, Moscov: 224 Buysse J. 2007. Handling ships in ice, A practical guide to handling 1A and 1AS classed ships. The Nautical Institute, London: 166 House D.J., Lloyd T., Toomey P.R.M., Dickins D. 2010. The ice navigation manual. Witherby Seamanship International Ltd: 409 International Hydrographic Office, 1953. Limits of oceans and seas. Publication S-23: 40 International Hydrographic Office, 2002. Limits of oceans and seas. Publication S-23, Draft 4th Edition, 2002: 235 Jurdziński M. 2000. Planning the navigation in ice [in Polish] (Planowanie nawigacji w lodach). Wyższa Szkoła Morska, Gdynia: 192 NATICE, 2018. MIZ ice concentration maps in ESRI Shape format. U.S. National Ice Center, http://www.natice.noaa.gov/Main_Products.htm. Accessed 19.12.2018 Natural Earth, 2017. Free vector and raster map data at 1:10 m, 1:50 m, and 1:110 m scales, http://www.naturalearth-data.com. Accessed 01.01.2017 Parnell G.Q. 1986. Ice seamanship, Monograph. The Nauitical Institute: 87 Pastusiak T. 2016a. The time window for vessels without ice strengthening on the Northern Sea Route, Annual of Navigation, No. 23: 103-119 Pastusiak T. 2016b. The Northern Sea Route as a shipping lane. Expectations and Reality, ISBN 978-3-319-41832-2, ISBN eBook 978-3-319-41834-6, Springer International Publishing AG, Switzerland: 247 Pastusiak T. 2016c. Principles of Vessel Route Planning in Ice on the Northern Sea Route, TRANSNAV, International Journal of Marine Navigation and safety of sea transportation, Vol. 10 No. 4 - December 2016 Pastusiak T. 2018. Planning independent transit voyages of vessel without ice strengthening through the Northern Sea Route [in Polish] (Planowanie samodzielnych podróży tranzytowych statku bez wzmocnień lodowych przez Północną Drogę Morską). Akademia Morska w Gdyni, Gdynia, ISBN 978-83-7421-286-1: 278 Pastusiak T. 2020. Voyages on the Northern Sea Route, Springer International Publishing, 1st ed. 2020, XXXVIII, Print ISBN 978-3-030-25489-6: 279 Shapaev V.M. 1975. Hydrometeorological conditions and navigation [in Russian] (Гидрометеорологические условя и мореплавание). Moscov, Transport: 248
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 1; 227-233
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ice conditions affecting passage of Polish vessels convoy though the NSR in 1956. Long-term ice forecasts and passage strategies
    Autorzy:
    Pastusiak, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117507.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    arctic shipping
    ice conditions
    Northern Sea Route (NSR)
    ice forecast
    history of navigation
    passage startegies
    Polish vessels convoy
    ESIMO
    Opis:
    The goal of the study was to examine ice cover conditions that accompanied the passage of convoy of seven Polish vessels from Europe to the Far East in year 1956, which initiated an international commercial shipping transit. Several different sources of information on the state of ice cover in the Arctic were used in this study. Ice conditions (decisive for ability of a merchant vessel or icebreaker to cross the route) during the following navigational seasons in most of the NSR areas showed extremely divergent results - from the most favorable to the most difficult and vice versa. Existing in years 1940-1957 ice cover conditions and shipbuilding technologies did not guarantee a successful transit passage in one navigation season. The Soviet Union used icebreakers that were not able to lead vessels in heavy ice conditions that occurred in 1950s. The NSR Administration used passive strategy ? waiting for improvement of ice conditions - instead of forcing heavy ice. Passive strategy of navigation through the NSR included wintering and continuation of passage next year when ice conditions improved. Annual variability of ice conditions approximated by third degree polynomial line showed trends well. However, the high annual anomalies of ice conditions in relation to trend line did not allow for effective forecasts on particular sections of the NSR in next navigation season.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2018, 12, 1; 101-106
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Use of simulator training to mitigate risks in Arctic shipping operations
    Autorzy:
    Røds, J. F.
    Gudmestad, O. T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/949947.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    maritime education and training (MET)
    simulator training
    maritime simulator training
    Arctic Shipping Operations
    polar code
    polar region
    risk reducing
    risk reducing measure
    Opis:
    Over the recent years, ship traffic in the polar areas has increased. There is reason to believe that this traffic, and especially the cruise traffic, will increase further as the ice retracts towards the poles. There is also reason to believe that with the continued focus and exposure of the Polar Region, the cruise tourism to the region will grow. The increased presence in the polar areas will create positive repercussions for several actors, both on sea and land. There will, however, also be challenges associated with the growing presence in the polar areas. Vessels will be operating at long distances to other vessels and land infrastructures. These vessels will also be operating in climate and conditions that will put extra pressure on both vessel and crew. These challenges need to be solved in order for the ship industry to operate safely in the Polar Region. To ensure that companies operating in these areas identify and manage these challenges, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed the Polar Code (2017) with the intent of increasing the safety for vessels operating in polar waters, and to reduce the impact on humans and environment in this remote, vulnerable and harsh area. This code defines a number of requirements, with which the vessels should operate in accordance with. In this paper, we reveal which challenges the vessel and its crew need to deal with when navigating in polar waters. The challenges will be analysed and assessed through the use of a preliminary qualitative risk analysis to determine the potential hazards the vessel is exposed to under operations in polar waters, and to find out what level of risk the different hazards represents for the vessel and its crew. The main objective of the paper is to find out how the risk levels can be reduced, with particular focus on the use of simulator training as a risk reducing measure. The final goal is to measure the risk towards acceptance criteria, which have been determined prior to conducting the analysis.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2019, 13, 2; 375-379
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ship-iceberg detection & classification in sentinel-1 SAR images
    Autorzy:
    Heiselberg, H.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/117491.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
    Tematy:
    arctic shipping
    ship-iceberg detection
    sentinel-1
    Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)
    European Space Agency (ESA)
    SAR Imagery
    copernicus program
    ground range detected
    high resolution (GRDH)
    Opis:
    The European Space Agency Sentinel-1 satellites provide good resolution all weather SAR images. We describe algorithms for detection and classification of ships, icebergs and other objects at sea. Sidelobes from strongly reflecting objects as large ships are suppressed for better determination of ship parameters. The resulting improved ship lengths and breadths are larger than the ground truth values known from Automatic Identification System (AIS) data due to the limited resolution in the processing of the SAR images as compared to previous analyses of Sentinel-2 optical images. The limited resolution in SAR imagery degrades spatial classification algorithms but it is found that the backscatter horizontal and vertical polarizations can be exploited to distinguish icebergs in the Arctic from large ships but not small boats or wakes.
    Źródło:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2020, 14, 1; 235-241
    2083-6473
    2083-6481
    Pojawia się w:
    TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Bezpieczeństwo środowiska obszarów arktycznych
    Autorzy:
    Głuchowska-Wójcicka, Maja
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/624756.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
    Tematy:
    Arctic, environmental protection, shipping, exploration, exploitation, global warming.
    Arktyka, ochrona środowiska, globalne ocieplenie, żegluga, rybołówstwo, wydobycie
    Opis:
    The Arctic is a region where the climate changes take place more rapidly than in other parts of the world. The effects of global warming in the Arctic, such as increased shipping opportunities as well as access to natural resources (especially oil and gas), could lead to significant changes in the Arctic environment. The Arctic, which is becoming a region of strategic importance in international relations, needs an effective governance that can preserve the region from tensions and increased competition among the states, and private companies. The Arctic Council, formally established by the Ottawa Declaration of 1996 as a high level intergovernmental forum, seems to have the greatest legitimacy to coordinate the region. Unfortunately the Arctic Council operates mostly on a soft law basis. The hard law can be found in many different conventions. The most important is the Convention of the law of the sea, but there are gaps in environmental regulations over the Arctic region both at international and domestic levels. Special laws are needed to ensure: the regulation, prevention, and response to pollution by oil and other containments; the protection and rational use of Arctic resources; and the conservation of the Arctic marine areas and natural landmarks.
    Wpływ zmian klimatycznych Arktyki, z uwagi na szczególny charakter jej ekosystemów, jest tam bardziej odczuwalny niż w innych częściach świata. Pojawiające się możliwości eksploracji i eksploatacji Arktyki stanowią zagrożenie dla środowiska arktycznego. Jego ochrona obecnie oparta jest na zbyt wielu, często niespójnych umowach międzynarodowych, prawie wewnętrznym państw arktycznych oraz na zaleceniach Rady Arktycznej. Ryzyko powstania nieodwracalnych szkód jest szczególnie wysokie w razie wycieku ropy naftowej z platformy wiertniczej lub zbiornikowca. Wobec takiego stanu rzeczy, coraz bardziej widoczna staje się potrzeba opracowania nowych międzynarodowych regulacji prawnych dla ochrony środowiska morskiego Arktyki.
    Źródło:
    Teka Komisji Politologii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych; 2017, 12, 2
    1896-8279
    Pojawia się w:
    Teka Komisji Politologii i Stosunków Międzynarodowych
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The Polar Code in force
    Kodeks Polarny po wejściu w życie
    Autorzy:
    Głuchowska-Wójcicka, Maja
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1954467.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
    Tematy:
    Polar Code
    IMO
    Northwest Passage
    Northern Sea Route
    Arctic Shipping
    Arctic council
    Law of the Sea
    Canada
    Russia
    Kodeks Polarny
    Północna Droga Morska
    Przejście Północno-Zachodnie
    Żegluga w Arktyce
    Rada Arktyczna
    Prawo Morza
    Kanada
    Rosja
    Nauki Humanistyczne i Społeczne
    Opis:
    There is a growing interest in new transportation routes that combine benefits of shorter distances, cost-effective transits and routes not troubled by maritime security concerns. The Northwest Passage offers a package of routes through the Canadian maritime zone; it is 9,000 km shorter than the Panama Canal route and 17,000 km shorter than the Cape Horn route. The Northern Sea Route shortens a Hamburg-Yokohama voyage by 4,800 miles, in comparison with the Suez Canal route. The transpolar route, if it materializes with an ice-free Central Arctic Ocean route, would shorten distances even further. Given the increase in regional and international navigation and shipping in the region, it is therefore not surprising that in recent years Arctic States and international bodies focused on the needs of enhanced safety and environmental standards for polar shipping. In addition to the dedicated domestic polar shipping regulation, primarily in Canada and the Russian Federation, the Arctic Council and International Maritime Organization (IMO) have launched important initiatives. The most important is establishing of international rules for ships operating in polar waters- The Polar Code.
    Jednym ze skutków zmian klimatycznych i topnienia lodów arktycznych jest otwarcie nowych szlaków żeglugowych, które skracają drogę z Dalekiego Wschodu do państw basenu północnego Atlantyku nawet o 40%. Transport morski wodami arktycznymi mimo wciąż trudnych warunków nawigacji i komunikacji rozwija się dynamicznie. Brak wystarczających regulacji prawnych dla regionu i duże zagrożenie dla środowiska naturalnego stały się przyczyną do prac nad normami regulującymi żeglugę na obszarach polarnych. Z dniem 1 stycznia 2017 roku w życie wszedł opracowany przez Międzynarodową Organizację Morską Międzynarodowy Kodeks dla Statków Uprawiających Żeglugę na Wodach Polarnych, zwany Kodeksem Polarnym. Celem Kodeksu Polarnego jest zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa i ochrona środowiska morskiego.
    Źródło:
    Prawo Morskie; 2017, XXXIII; 25-36
    0860-7338
    Pojawia się w:
    Prawo Morskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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