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Tytuł:
Territorial disputes between Poland and Czechoslovakia 1938–1945
Autorzy:
Błachut, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1933787.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-12-17
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Bezpieczeństwa Publicznego i Indywidualnego Apeiron w Krakowie
Tematy:
annexation
Zaolzie
Polska
Czechoslovakia
Opis:
The historical point of view is important to fully understand foreign affairs. For Polish-Czech relations the crucial period in this respect is 1918–1945. The matter of the conflict were borderlands, with the most important one – Zaolzie, that is, historical lands of the Duchy of Cieszyn beyond Olza River. Originally, the land belonged to the Crown of the Polish Kingdom, then to the Kingdom of Bohemia and Austrian Habsburg dynasty. After World War I, local communities took control of the land. Czechoslovakian military intervention and a conflict with Bolsheviks caused both parties to agree to the division of Zaolzie through arbitration of powers in 28 July 1920. Until 1938, key parts of Zaolzie belonged to Czechoslovakia. In that year, Poland decided to annex territories lost according to the arbitration. After World War II tension between Poland and Czechoslovakia heightened again. Czechoslovakia made territorial claims on parts of Silesia belonging to Germany. Poland once more tried to reclaim Zaolzie, but military invasion was stopped by Stalin. Negotiations failed, but the escalation of the conflict was stopped. Two years later the relationship between the parties was eventually normalized, the final agreement was signed in 1958 and it is still in place today.
Źródło:
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje; 2020, 38(38); 9-17
2299-4033
Pojawia się w:
Kultura Bezpieczeństwa. Nauka – Praktyka – Refleksje
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
PRZYŁĄCZENIE KRYMU PRZEZ ROSJĘ W ŚWIETLE PRAWA MIĘDZYNARODOWEGO
THE ANNEXATION OF CRIMEA BY THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN THE LIGHT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LAW
Autorzy:
RYDEL, Konrad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/909442.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-06-27
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
international law
secession
annexation
Opis:
The article describes the most important international law issues related to the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation. The first part of the text concerns with the infringements of the international law made by Russia (infringement of the principle pacta sunt servanda, the principle of non intervention and the principle of the prohibition of aggression). The second, essential part of the text concerns the inadmissibility of self-determination of people in the case of the Crimea. Russian involvement in the Crimea results the illegality of self-determination in this case. It is also impossible because the case of Crimea does not meet the required conditions. This causes the inadmissibility of the secession of this territory.
Źródło:
Historia@Teoria; 2018, 1, 7; 225-237
2450-8047
Pojawia się w:
Historia@Teoria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Problems and solutions in dating Nabataean pottery of the post-annexation period
Autorzy:
Erickson-Gini, Tali
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2033330.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
pottery
Nabataean period
post-annexation period
Opis:
In the desert regions of the Southern Levant, the dating of Nabataean sherds and vessels is a critical factor in determining the dates of archaeological strata, architecture, and even entire sites. In recent years, archaeologists working at Petra and related sites have tended to date most Nabataean sherds and vessels to the 1st century CE based on the proposed typo-chronology of the Swiss–Liechtenstein excavations at al-Zantur in Petra, published by Stephan G. Schmid (2000). Accepted typo-chronologies must withstand scrutiny and can override imposed historical frameworks. However, an uncritical reliance on the ez-Zantur chronology has created an artificial gap in the material record of Petra and other Nabataean sites in the post-annexation period, that is to say, the 2nd and 3rd century CE. This paper provides a critique of the Nabataean fine-ware typo-chronology from ez-Zantur, based on finds from other excavations and sites, and proposes a revised chronology in which the production of Nabataean pottery, including painted and unpainted fine wares, unguentaria and lamps, continues unabated throughout the Middle Roman period until sometime in the first half of the 3rd century CE. The revised typo-chronology evinces a robust period of Nabataean culture at Petra and other related sites under Roman rule, like that found in other cities of the Roman East.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2021, 30(2); 681-706
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Николай Алексеевич МУРЗАНОВ, Словарь русских сенаторов 1711–1917 гг. Материалы для биогафий, издание подготовил Денис Николаевич ШИЛОВ, Российская Национальная Библиотека • Издательство «Дмитрий Буланин», Санкт-Петербург 2011, ss. 736 + 32 ss.
Autorzy:
Prokop, Krzysztof R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1022492.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-12-16
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
biografia
bibliografia
zabory
biography
references
annexation
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2015, 104; 431-435
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
To Justify against All Odds: The Annexation of Crimea in 2014 and the Russian Legal Scholarship
Autorzy:
Zadorozhnii, Oleksandr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706678.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016-07-26
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
aggression
annexation
Crimea
Russian Federation
Ukraine
Opis:
This article is dedicated to the publications of the Russian legal scholars on the annexation of Crimea in 2014 or, according to the Russian version of the events “Crimea’s reunification with Russia.” Based on the factual circumstances of the case and the norms of Ukrainian constitutional law and international law, as well as modern approaches in international legal doctrine, the article analyses the key arguments of the Russian authorities and its legal scholarship, namely the following: 1) Russia’s use of force against Ukraine was necessary to defend Russian nationals and compatriots; 2) Russia’s use of force against Ukraine was a lawful response to the request for assistance by the legitimate leaders of Ukraine (V. Yanukovych) and Crimea (S. Aksyonov); 3) the events in Crimea were a secession, with the subsequent accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation as an independent state; 4) Ukraine disregarded the principle of the equality and self-determination of peoples vis-à-vis the residents of Crimea, therefore, Crimeans had the right to secede; 5) Crimea is historically Russian; 6) Ukraine had been exercising peaceful annexation of the peninsula since 1991, and Russia did not object to this (subject to certain conditions, which Ukraine violated in 2014); 7) the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine in 1954 was illegal. This article evaluates whether these claims hold any weight under international law. In addition the general trends in contemporary Russian approaches to international law are outlined and their effects on its foreign policy are examined.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2015, 35; 139-170
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wypisy źródłowe do biografii polskich biskupów i opatów z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów oraz niewoli narodowej doby zaborów (XVI-XIX w.) : (cz. V)
Quellenexzerpte zu den Biografien polnischer Bischöfe und Äbte aus der Zeit der Adelsrepublik Beider Nationen und der Zeit der nationalen Knechtschaft (der Polnischen Teilungen) (16.-19. Jahrhundert) : Teil V
Autorzy:
Prokop, Krzysztof R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1040122.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007-06-29
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
biografia
biskup
opat
zabory
biography
bishop
abbot
annexation
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2007, 87; 115-154
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
On the Historical Identity of the Estonians and the Politics of Memory in Estonia
Autorzy:
Hiio, Toomas
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1956014.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu
Tematy:
Estonia
historical identity
Communism
independence
German occupation
Soviet annexation
Opis:
The article gives an insight into the challenges related to shaping the historical identity of the Estonian people in a broad historical perspective, with particular regard to the period when a sovereign Estonian state was being built after restoration of independence in 1991. Among the main issues related to “elaborating the past”, as discussed in the later part of the paper, are the revival process of Estonian statehood in the last years before the fall of the Soviet Union, rehabilitation of victims of Communist terror, as well as the question of Estonian citizens who served in the armed forces of both the German and Soviet regimes. The paper gives an overview of both the legal and symbolic elements of Estonia’s politics of memory, the history of commemorating the victims of the German and Soviet regimes, and the controversies and discussions that broke out over the Estonian ethnos in the Baltic Sea, as stipulated by a traditional vision of the Estonian history of ethnicity. Finally, the article examines the repressed nature of Estonian national existence before an independent state was created in 1918, while evaluating the authoritarian governments of 1934–1940, the Soviet annexation (1940–1941, 1944–1991) and the German occupation (1941–1944).
Źródło:
Institute of National Remembrance Review; 2019, 1; 66-115
2658-1566
Pojawia się w:
Institute of National Remembrance Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Ostmarkgesetz of 14 April 1939 – One of the Normative Grounds of the Annexation Of Austria
Autorzy:
Nieścior, Bartosz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2027861.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Third Reich
Austria
Annexation
Law
Ostmarkgesetz
law
administrative changes
Opis:
The article presents the political and legal changes that accompanied the passing and then the introduction of the Ostmarkgesetz in Austria in 1939. It also contains a detailed analysis of the structure and layout of this normative act. The Ostmarkgesetz was extremely important because it thoroughly changed the administrative organization and introduced a new administration of the state in this area. The consequences had a significant impact on the Austrian legal order. This law is considered to be one of the main tools of the direct annexation of Austria by the Third Reich. This was the beginning of the subsequent war conquests of the Nazi state.
Źródło:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review; 2021, 13; 233-251
2450-0976
Pojawia się w:
Adam Mickiewicz University Law Review
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Konflikt na Ukrainie. Prymat polityki nad ekonomią?
Conflict in Ukraine. The Primacy of Politics over Economics?
Autorzy:
Kleinowski, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/454590.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny
Tematy:
sankcje,
Rosja,
aneksja Krymu
sanctions,
Russia,
annexation of Crimea
Opis:
Rozpoczęty w 2014 roku konflikt na Ukrainie doprowadził do najpoważniejszego kryzysu bezpieczeństwa w Europie od czasu zakończenia zimnej wojny. Podważyło to ład oparty na prawie międzynarodowym oraz ideę budowania bezpieczeństwa europejskiego we współpracy z Rosją. Autor przedstawia omawiany konflikt w kontekście sposobu postrzegania przez władze rosyjskie miejsca Rosji w światowym porządku oraz jej stosunków z Zachodem. Dowodzi on, że ich głównym celem jest stworzenie odpowiednich politycznych i ekonomicznych struktur oraz podporządkowanie sobie Ukrainy przez włączenie jej do projektów integracyjnych realizowanych pod egidą Rosji. Ponieważ Ukraina jest kluczowym krajem na obszarze postradzieckim, jej przystąpienie do struktur zachodnich położyłoby kres nadziejom prezydenta Władimira Putina na przywrócenie hegemonii Rosji na tym obszarze oraz ustanowienie nowego ładu międzynarodowego w Europie. W artykule przedstawiono również analizę prospektywną rozwoju sytuacji na Ukrainie.
The conflict in Ukraine has caused the most serious security crisis in Europe since the end of the Cold War. It has undermined the rules-based international order and the idea of building European security in co-operation with Russia. The author puts the conflict in the context of Moscow's perception of its place in world affairs and Russia's relations with the West. He argues that Kremlin's primary goal is to create political and economic structures and to subordinate the countries of the post-Soviet space by incorporating them into Russian-led integration projects. Since Ukraine is the key country in that group, its integration into Western structures would end Vladimir Putin's hope to restore hegemony in the post-Soviet space and set up a new international order in Europe. The article also presents a prospective analysis of the further development of the situation in Ukraine.
Źródło:
Unia Europejska.pl; 2015, 2; 7-16
2084-2694
Pojawia się w:
Unia Europejska.pl
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rosyjska aneksja ukraińskich terytoriów okupowanych w świetle prawa międzynarodowego
Russian Annexation of Ukrainian Occupied Territories in the Eyes of the International Law
Autorzy:
Podraza, Marek
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/21375440.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-12-01
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Tematy:
Rosja
Ukraina
aneksja
agresja
referendum
Russia
Ukraine
annexation
aggression
Opis:
Federacja Rosyjska, począwszy od 2014 r., trwale narusza integralność terytorialną Ukrainy, łamiąc jednocześnie podstawowe zasady prawa międzynarodowego i normy ius cogens takie jak: zakaz ingerencji w sprawy wewnętrzne innego państwa czy zakaz groźby i użycia siły zbrojnej. Jak pokazały ostatnie lata, aneksja Krymu w 2014 r. była tylko wstępem do realizacji planu pełnego podporządkowania Ukrainy. Od 24 lutego 2022 r. społeczność międzynarodowa jest świadkiem pełnoskalowej agresji Federacji Rosyjskiej, która pomimo jej rozmiarów i zaangażowania ogromnej ilości wojska nie przynosi pożądanych efektów. Z racji tego Kreml, również na potrzeby własne, stara się udowodnić, że interwencja zbrojna przebiega pomyślnie. Jednym z przykładów tego działania było referendum przeprowadzone w dniach 23-27 września 2022 r. w Donieckiej Republice Ludowej (DRL), Ługańskiej Republice Ludowej (ŁRL) oraz obwodach chersońskim i zaporoskim, stanowiących łącznie blisko 1/5 powierzchni Ukrainy, które zakończyło się ich aneksją do Federacji Rosyjskiej. Zostało ono przeprowadzone z naruszeniem podstawowych zasad prawa międzynarodowego, a efektem tego było jego potępienie przez większość społeczności międzynarodowej.
Since 2014, the Russian Federation has permanently violated the territorial integrity of Ukraine, while violating the basic principles of international law and ius cogens norms, such as the prohibition of interference in the internal affairs of another state, or the prohibition of threats and the use of armed force. As recent years have shown, the annexation of Crimea in 2014 was only a prelude to the implementation of the plan for the full subordination of Ukraine. Since February 24, 2022, the international community has witnessed a full-scale aggression by the Russian Federation, which, despite its size and the involvement of a huge number of troops, does not bring the desired results. For this reason, the Kremlin, also for its own needs, is trying to prove that the military intervention is proceeding successfully. One of the examples of this activity was the referendum held on 23-27 September 2022 in the Donetsk People’s Republic (DRL), Lugansk People’s Republic (LPR) and the Kherson and Zaporizhia oblasts, which together accounted for almost 1/5 of Ukraine’s area, which ended with their annexation to the Russian Federation. It was conducted in violation of the fundamental principles of international law, and resulted in its condemnation by most of the international community.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego; 2023, 18, 20 (2); 219-233
2719-3128
2719-7336
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Absolwentów i Przyjaciół Wydziału Prawa Katolickiego Uniwersytetu Lubelskiego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wypisy źródłowe do biografi i polskich biskupów i opatów z czasów Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów oraz niewoli narodowej doby zaborów (XVI-XIX w.) Część VIII
Source extracts to Polish bishops and abbots biography from the times of Republic Both Nations and national bondage of the annexations age. Part 8
Autorzy:
Prokop, Krzysztof R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039431.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010-12-17
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
zabory
dokumenty
źrodła
biskup
opat
annexation
documents
sources
bishop
abbot
Źródło:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne; 2010, 94; 195-247
0518-3766
2545-3491
Pojawia się w:
Archiwa, Biblioteki i Muzea Kościelne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Swedish Perception of European Security in Light of the Crisis in Ukraine
Autorzy:
Kobierecka, Anna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/648422.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Łódzki. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego
Tematy:
Ukrainian Crisis
Crimea annexation
Swedish security policy
Swedish foreign policy
Opis:
The events in Ukraine, the annexation of Crimea, and the Russian attitude towards Ukraine show an evident change in European relations. The escalation of conflict between Russia and Ukraine however does not affect only those two countries, but also those in the nearest vicinity. Especially in Scandinavian and Nordic countries change in social ambience can be observed. The aim of this article is essentially to analyze Swedish reaction to the Ukrainian Crisis, the change in Swedish attitude towards international security systems, especially NATO, and Swedish perception of its national safety.
Źródło:
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal; 2016, 18, 2
1641-4233
2300-8695
Pojawia się w:
International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Legality and Certain Legal Consequences of the “Accession” of Crimea to the Russian Federation
Autorzy:
Cwicinskaja, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/706704.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-07-25
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
accession
annexation
aggression
Crimea
declaration of independence Russian Federation
Ukraine
Opis:
On 11 March 2014 Crimea declared independence. Ukraine and international society has not recognised that act. However Crimea’s independence was recognised by Russia and on 18 March 2014 an agreement on the accession of the Republic of Crimea to the Russian Federation was signed. Many countries and international organisations have condemned that step, viewing it as illegal annexation. Regardless of how this situation is treated however, it is at present a fait accompli. Such a situation evokes legal consequences both in the internal law of Ukraine and Russia as well as on the plane of international law. The residents of Crimea appear to be in the worst situation. Legal certainty is a fiction for them now. There are also problems on the international plane. Despite the fact that in the opinion of international society Crimea remains an integral part of Ukraine, in practice there are many conflicting problems of a legal nature that cannot be solved, at least for the time being. This article analyses the legality and certain legal consequences of the “accession” of Crimea to Russia and the effect of this accession on the legal situation for residents of Crimea. The article concludes that legal situation of Crimeans will not improve anytime soon, and that the legal problems which have arisen on the international plane will not be resolved soon either.
Źródło:
Polish Yearbook of International Law; 2014, 34; 61-87
0554-498X
Pojawia się w:
Polish Yearbook of International Law
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
U źródeł historii wychowania na ziemiach polskich
The beginnings of upbringing in Polish territory
Autorzy:
Meissner, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/29519634.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Polish lands under annexation
history of upbringing and its development
Opis:
The article revolves around the history of upbringing in Poland as a science discipline. The first historical-pedagogical works appeared in the Renaissance and were continued in Age of Enlightenment. However, it was not until the-19th century when a discipline called ‘history of upbringing’ was created. Its development, by East European standards, took place in difficult social and political circumstances. Poland, at that time annexed by Russia, Prussia and Austria, did not enjoy conditions conducive to scientific development. The annexation was counterbalanced by actions instigated by cultural, educational and scientific institutions. As a result, historical science could develop despite the political situation and the financial shortcomings. Introduction of pedagogy and history of upbringing at the Krakow and Lvov Universities was important to the development of the history of upbringing. Antoni Karbownik’s post-doctoral degree in the history of upbringing obtained in 1905 from the Jagiellonian University and post-doctoral degrees in pedagogy (also the Jagiellonian University) awarded to Leon Kulczyński, Euzebiusz Czerkawski, Aleksander Skórski, Antoni Danysz and Bolesław Mańkowski (Lvov University) were breakthroughs in the history of upbringing. For the areas of study to become disciplines of science, they had to be defined, including their research object and the methodological basis. Władysław Seredyński Franciszek Majchrowicz, Antoni Karbowiak and Antoni Danysz adopted a position on the subject. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries the history of upbringing was perceived as a discipline of science related to history with respect to the ,methodology and with pedagogy with respect to the content, with its own research, terminology, sources and academic teachers. The history of education was officially a part of culture. In this context, educational matters should be viewed.
Źródło:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania; 2021, 44; 171-183
1233-2224
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Historii Wychowania
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Boundaries of Jerusalem
Autorzy:
Biger, Gideon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2020145.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-30
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek
Tematy:
Jerusalem
Holy City
urban boundary
international boundary
Peace and Prosperity
annexation
Opis:
Earlier this year, President Donald Trump presented his Peace Plan for Israel and the Palestinians. The plan also dealt with the future boundaries of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is the only city ruled by a sovereign regime, the State of Israel, which declared Jerusalem as its Capital city and draw its boundary lines. Except for the US, the status and boundaries of Jerusalem are not accepted by any other international or national entity. Only the United States, which accepts Jerusalem as the capital city of Israel, agreed to accept its Israeli declared boundaries. Jerusalem’s status and boundaries stand at the core of the dispute between Israel and the Palestinian Authority, which wishes to restore the pre-1967 line. The city of Jerusalem was divided during the years 1948-1967 between Israel and Jordan. The Palestinian Authority thus calls for a separation of Jerusalem between two independent states. Today, Jerusalem has an urban boundary that serves partly as a separating line between Israel and the Palestinian Autonomy, but most countries do not accept the present boundaries, and its future permanent line and status are far from establishing. Jerusalem is a unique city. This article presents a brief history that should help understanding its uniqueness.
Źródło:
Polish Political Science Yearbook; 2021, 2 (50); 77-88
0208-7375
Pojawia się w:
Polish Political Science Yearbook
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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