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Tytuł:
Stworzenia nierozumne wezwaniem do doskonałości. Przyczynek do studium nad Hexaemeronem św. Ambrożego
Brainless creatures are a call to perfection. Contribution to a study on st. Ambrose’s Hexaemeron
Autorzy:
Zgraja, Brunon
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/612201.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży
Hexaemeron
Ambrose
Opis:
The present article presents an interpretation made by St. Ambrose in the Commentary to the Six Days of Creation, the so-called Hexaemeron, of some features of the brainless crestures – plants and animals – in the context of indications and instructions regarding perfection of moral life of the faithful entrusted to his care and, at the same time, it shows the essential elements of a model of Christian perfection, from the point of view of Ambrose as pastor. In brief, Ambrose appeals to the faithful to cultivate in themselves an attitude of humility before God, to stand up for the Christ’s persecuted sheepfold, to guard the deposit of faith handed over to them, to faithfully fulfill his commands, furthermore, to care for conversion of others, to strive for a proper shape of matrimonial and parental love. What is more, Christian perfection, in Ambrose’s opinion, means also freedom from greed, from laziness, a development of the virtues of faith and hope, cultivating an attitude of justice and charity in one’s life, ability to withstand poverty, trust in God’s care, zeal in fulfilling the tasks entrusted to us, hospitality, care for parents, joint responsibility for the development of the State, and also keeping widow’s chastity.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2012, 57; 821-837
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ambroży o starości w swoich listach
Ambrose in his letters on senility
Autorzy:
Wysocki, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/613203.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży
starość
Ambrose
senility
Opis:
The correspondence of St Ambrose, of which 91 letters survive, provides a picture of his pastoral and social activities. His letters were directed to people of differing ages and classes; in some of them one can find his views on ageing, its features and dangers and how the old should be cared for. The period of old age is, according to the Bishop of Milan, the period of becoming a perfect men. Ambrose considered that with advancing age man grows towards perfection and maturity in the human sense, but more importantly in the moral and religious sense. He taught that everyone must try to improve themselves gradually throughout life by conversion and repentance, achieving maturity and perfection by the time of death.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2011, 56; 299-311
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Katecheza moralna o roztropności w De officiis ministrorum św. Ambrożego
Moral catechesis on prudence in st Ambrose’s De officiis ministrorum
Autorzy:
Zając, Marian
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/612915.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży
De officiis ministrorum
Ambrose
Opis:
In the times when fewer and fewer Christians grant the Church the right to interpret the Gospel in a manner obligatory for them, it is worth mentioning the science of great teachers of the Church who were capable of awakening the Evangelical enthusiasm in their listeners. It seems that St Ambrose from Milan’s proposals excellently correspond with the spiritual way of catechesis renewal proposed at the beginning of the 20“ century by Pope Benedict XVI. It consists in prudently facing a human being with high moral demands in order to build the community of faith. In his moral catechesis conceming the virtue of prudence, St Ambrose enumerated the principles of effective catechesis aimed at a secularized human being. Rediscovery of such inspirations may lead to an increase in the attractiveness of current catechetical message and in its Evangelical potential.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2008, 52, 2; 1291-1299
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obrona dziewicy Indycji okazją do pouczenia o cnocie dziewictwa - list św. Ambrożego do Syagriusza (Ep. 56)
Difesa della vergine Indicia, come opportunita dell’insegnamento sulla virtu della verginita - lettera di sant’Ambrogio a Siagrio (ep. 56)
Autorzy:
Ostrowski, Grzegorz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/947677.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży
dziewictwo
list
Epistula 56
Ambrose
virginity
letter
Opis:
Ambrogio, vescovo di Milano, e noto nella storia della Chiesa come pastore e difensore della verginita. Le sue lettere contengono tanti preziosi insegnamenti di natura pratica e morale. In ąuesto articolo ci siamo concentrati sulla lettera a Siagrio (Epistula 56), nella quale difende la vergine Indicia, ingiustamente accusata di non aver rispettato il voto di castita. Nello stesso tempo ci offre un insegnamento sulla verginita. Ambrogio pone 1’attenzione sulla dimensione fisica della verginita. Da peró la priorita alPimportanza della verginita spirituale rispetto a quella fisica, perche in essa si esprime un legame amoroso eon Cristo. La verginita fisica e solo 1’espressione di quello che la vergine vive dentro di se . E tutto 1’insegnamento di Ambrogio e visto in questa ottica.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2008, 52, 2; 785-795
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pojęcie nadziei w listach św. Ambrożego z Mediolanu
Il concetto della speranza nelle lettere di s. Ambrogio di Milano
Autorzy:
Nowak, Polikarp
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/947678.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży z Mediolanu
Listy
nadzieja
Ambrose
epistles
hope
Opis:
Poiche recentemente il Papa Benedetto XVI ci ha voluto ricordare la grandę attualita della speranza eon la sua lettera enciclica Spe salvi, rievocando anche la testimonianza dei cristiani e pastori dei tempi antichi, mi e venuta l’idea di esaminare sotto 1’aspetto del termine della speranza le Lettere di S. Ambrogio di Milano. Nella ricerca e apparsa la ricchezza del suo insegnamento a questo riguardo. II primo e piu frequente senso del termine „speranza” e proprio quello profondamente cristiano ed escatologico. Specialmente nei commenti alle Lettere di San Paolo il nostro Autore dimostra una vicinanza del pensiero eon quello da cui inizia il Papa la sua enciclica: „Nella speranza siamo stati salvati”. Nelle riflessioni sulla speranza S. Ambrogio, sulPesempio delPApostolo Paolo, mette in stretto collegamento eon essa le altre virtu, specialmente la fede e la carita. Contemporaneamente awerte che la contrastano i vizi, i quali deviano i nostri desideri dal Signore e dal suo premio eterno verso i beni materiali e temporali. Un ampio spazio nelFinsegnamento sulla speranza del nostro Vescovo occupa la relazione tra questa e le sofferenze e persecuzioni, subite dai giusti per la causa del Signore e della fede. Egli richiama qui l’esempio di tanti profeti e giusti biblici come anche i fedeli Pastori della Chiesa, esortando i suoi fedeli ad imitarli. Non per ultimo offre anche il proprio esempio, quando nei momenti drammatici del suo episcopato non esita di manifestare la sua prontezza al martirio per non cedere alle ingiuste pretese degli ariani o degli imperatori, i quali minacciavano il bene spirituale del gregge a lui affidato. La visione della speranza di S. Ambrogio e molto cristocentrica, come del resto tutta la sua teologia. Infatti, proprio Cristo e la sorgente e garanzia della nostra vera speranza. In questo contesto si pone un’espressione che si puó dire il frutto maturo delPinsegnamento del nostro Dottore sulla speranza: II fine della nostra speranza e il suo amore (Epistoła 16, 3).
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2008, 52, 2; 743-760
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Testis unus testis nullus – the Testimony of Saint Ambrose
Autorzy:
Adamczewski, O. Karol
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1046765.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-12-31
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
testis unus testis nullus
saint ambrose
witness
św. ambroży
świadek
Opis:
Saint Ambrose, the Bishop of Milan, played a key role in the adoption of the Roman legal culture into ecclesiastical legislation, particularly in the West in the second half of the 4th century. In this context, his letters reporting some lawsuit appear to be of special value. The case involved Indicia, a virgin consecrated to God. Ambrose pointed out the mistakes committed in the investigation and he questioned the lawfulness of the proceedings. While reviewing the case, he showed to his subordinate what appropriate conduct was to have been undertaken in this kind of case. He especially emphasized the necessity to maintain the procedural requirement of consistent testimony of at least two witnesses. Significantly, the legal rule cited by the Bishop of Milan principle testis unus testis nullus, before it was announced by Constantine the Great in 334, had already existed in the Judeo-Christian legal tradition.
Święty Ambroży, biskup Mediolanu, odegrał znaczącą rolę w przyswajaniu rzymskiej kultury prawnej w prawodawstwie kościelnym, zwłaszcza na Zachodzie w drugiej połowie IV w. W tym kontekście wydają się cenne jego listy, w których zrelacjonował przebieg pewnej sprawy sądowej. Przypadek dotyczył Indycji, poświęconej Bogu dziewicy. Ambroży wytknął w nich błędy, jakie popełniono w procesie, oraz podważył zasadność przeprowadzonego postępowania. Ponownie badając sprawę wskazał swemu podwładnemu, jak należało prawidłowo postąpić w tego rodzaju przypadku, podkreślając szczególnie konieczność zachowania procesowego wymogu przynajmniej dwóch zgodnych zeznań świadków. Znamienne jest, iż przytoczona przez biskupa mediolańskiego procesowa reguła testis unus testis nullus, zanim została ogłoszona przez Konstantyna Wielkiego w 334 r., jako powszechnie obowiązująca, istniała już od wieków w prawnej tradycji judeo-chrześcijańskiej.
Źródło:
Studia Prawnicze KUL; 2019, 4; 237-247
1897-7146
2719-4264
Pojawia się w:
Studia Prawnicze KUL
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Tematyka społeczna w pismach św. Ambrożego z Mediolanu
Social issues in the writings of saint Ambrose of Milan
Autorzy:
Kasprzak, Dariusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/611844.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży z Mediolanu
tematyka społeczna
Ambrose of Milan
social issues
Opis:
Numerous remarks which refer to the Christian social life in the writings of St Ambrose (339-397) offer us a relatively homogeneous picture of his pastoral opinions on marriage and family, work, property and virtues as considered in the theological context. God is the single aim of every man’s activity in the social activities. A systematic theological analysis led St. Ambrose to the conclusion that: 1) Marriage can have either a positive or negative sense and 2) that the male component in marriage is dominant over the female. He argued that the full liberation of both sexes would come only in Eternal Life. The emancipation of women is possible in this world through the Christian religion, through the role of a wife, mother or the consecrated virginity. Labor is inseparately related to human nature from its creation and before original sin. After original sin, human labor changed in the punishment for sin (pain and hardship) however in the same time became the means of salvation, and the redemption of sins. It is also necessary to sustain living and gives a chance to achieve moral virtues. Work and mutual assistance were made by the Bishop of Milan a model work in the society. St Ambrose accepted both private possession rights and a community property of goods. The earthly goods should be used always with the religious perspective of the sole destiny – God. The main Aim-God, a temporary possession of goods (worldliness) and the purpose of the Main Owner- the good of every man (justice, fraternity, solidarity, mutual love) are the limits of a possession rights. The Bishop of Milan also introduced to the Christian moral theology the system of evaluation of the human deeds based on the Stoic categories of virtues and vices. St. Ambrose combined this system with the allegoric conception of the Four Rivers of the Philo of Alexandria and St. Paul’s moral theology. A Christian should be guided by the virtues of humbleness and fear of God. They will lead him to the wisdom and divine blessing, subsequently to the real knowledge of God. In this world the Christians should respect the sense of responsibility, the virtue of silence, freedom, cardinal virtues, honesty, charity and usefulness of his work. In the social life Christians are obliged to denounce the vices of egoism and arrogance, usury, greediness, vice behavior or giving unwise promises. The social problems were always subordinated to the theological purposes in the writings of St. Ambrose. The Christian are always obliged to be guided by Gods Commandments. St. Ambrose did not manage to work out a code of Christian moral behavior in a society, however he discussed many different problems, which were used by others (cf. St. Thomas of Aquino) to construct such a code. A synthesis of the Stoic philosophy, the philosophy of Philo Judaeus and St. Paul’s moral theology can be legitimately regarded as his valuable contribution to the studies of ethics.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2012, 57; 277-296
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Któryż to napój, jeśli nie napój mądrości, jest radością serca?” (Ep. 1, 7), czyli jak opisuje radość św. Ambroży w swoich listach
„For what is the joy of the heart but the draughts of wisdom?” (Ep. 1, 7) – about how Ambrose of Milan described a joy in his letters
Autorzy:
Wysocki, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/613395.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży z Mediolanu
radość
listy
Ambrose of Milan
joy
letters
Opis:
This article presents the concept of joy in surviving more than 90 letters of St. Ambrose of Milan. As it is clear from the above analysis of St. Ambrose’s letters, he included in them broad and deep reflections on a joy. Certainly the vocabulary that was used by Bishop of Milan to describe the phenomenon of joy reflects the richness of this phenomenon. The variety of topics, context, sources of joy prsented in his letters show the importance of joy in the life and work of the Bishop of Milan. He appreciates the earthly joy, drawing from ordinary, earthly life, but beyond it he submits the spiritual joy, „joy of the heart” (iucunditas cordis), which comes from God, the Giver of wisdom.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2012, 58; 289-305
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poeta poranka i wieczoru. Hymny św. Ambrożego w Liturgii godzin
The poet of dawn and dusk. The hymns of st Ambrose in the liturgy of the hours
Autorzy:
Nocoń, Arkadiusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/611950.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży
hymny
Liturgia godzin
Ambrose
hymns
liturgy of the hours
Opis:
Following the example of the Lord, who frequently sang hymns with his disciples, and encouraged to sing by St Paul, the early Christians praised God in music and song. The first Latin hymns were composed by Hilary of Poitiers. Their metrical complexity and content discouraged their liturgical use by the Church. Thus, St. Ambrose of Milan is considered the first „official” Latin hymnodist. He composed several hymns, still used in the Liturgy of the Hours, which were musicated by himself. These hymns come from the particular circumstances of the Arian controversy and derive, in the main, from the necessity of encouraging „orthodox” Christians in their defence of the Basilica Porziana in Milan. They were designed to guide their prayer at different times of the day. The Author’s text-critical analysis of two of these hymns – Aeterne rerum conditor, sung at dawn (in gallicinium) and Deus, creator omnium, sung at dusk as the lamps were lit (ad horam incensi) – well testifies to the literary and pastoral genius of the Bishop of Milan as he transforms the complex theological reflection of his time into poetry and music, while not only retaining the integrity of the depth of that reflection but also enhancing its aesthetic profile by drawing on a repertoire of images based on the parallelism of cosmic reality and human reality. St Ambrose’s corpus of hymns, together with his prose works, was admired both by his contemporaries and by successive generations. They promoted the flowering of a merciful Christocentricity which, according to the experts, is the most original and attractive feature of his poetry. As is clearly seen in the hymns received into the Divine Office, Ambrose’s singular ability effectively to stimulate the soul to prayer through a powerful and insuperable lyrical inspiration, is capable literally of transforming the daily hours into songs of praise, and explains Petrarch’s habit of rising during the night to sing hymns to the Lord.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2012, 57; 437-451
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawda o dziewictwie Maryi i jej związek z tajemnicą wcielenia w ujęciu św. Ambrożego
The Truth About the Virginity of Mary and Her Relationship With the Mystery of Incarnation in the Approach of Saint Ambrose
Autorzy:
Twarużek, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/36474891.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Incarnation
Mary
virginity
St. Ambrose
wcielenie
Maryja
dziewictwo
Św. Ambroży
Opis:
W tekstach świętego Ambrożego uderza jak zwykle bogactwo obrazów i metafor. Należy z uwagą śledzić myśl Autora i wyczuwać skojarzenia jakie się mu nasuwają w przypadku rozważanego tekstu. To samo dotyczy nauki o Matce Bożej. Użycie obrazów pozwala Biskupowi z Mediolanu sięgnąć do głębi istoty omawianych prawd. W ten sposób prowadzona wyobraźnia człowieka wierzącego jest w stanie dojść do głębszych warstw tajemnicy wiary. Św. Ambroży jest pierwszym teologiem, który nazywa Maryję typem Kościoła.            W przedstawionym artykule zwrócono szczególną uwagę na następujące aspekty, które Ambroży porusza w swoich pismach dotyczących życia i dziewictwa Matki Bożej. Po pierwsze jest nim życie Maryi, macierzyństwo i dziewicze poczęcie. Ambroży, opierając się na tekstach Ewangelii, mówiącej o Zwiastowaniu i Nawiedzeniu, w sposób bardzo istotny i szczegółowy porusza te treści. Maryja staje się Matką Jezusa „za sprawą Ducha Świętego”, tak też i cała żyje i działa pod natchnieniem Boga. Człowiek wierzący staje się uczniem Chrystusa, gdy przyjmuje Maryję jako Matkę na wzór św. Jana. Po drugie w przedstawionych tekstach widoczny jest aspekt ewangelizacyjny, tak aktualny w dzisiejszych czasach. Maryja niesie Chrystusa, przez co głosi Dobrą Nowinę o Zbawieniu wszystkich ludzi. Po trzecie Maryja ma jaśnieć obecnością Pana, czystością wiary, dobrymi czynami. Zasługą biskupa Mediolanu jest fakt, że potrafił on dobrze sformułować te porównania i przedstawić je tak, że będą one podstawą do świadomego rozwijania nauki o Maryi.
The Incarnation of the Son of God and Mary’s virginity are the foundation of Christian Christology. This truth was strongly emphasized in ancient times. Its importance alsostems from the fact that thanks to it man enters into a special relationship with God, and ultimately into the process of God’s fulfillment of human existence. In the above text, an attempt was made to present the teaching of Saint Ambrose concerning important aspects of the truth about Mary’s virginity and its connection with the mystery of the Incarnation.The presented statements allow us to conclude that our Author notices the specificity of these events. Firstly, he wants to emphasize that only the Son of God became incarnate,and therefore the second Person of the Holy Trinity. He also sees that Jesus Christ is both the Son of God the Father and the son of the Virgin Mary of the line of David. Secondly, Mary’s virginity is also closely related to the mystery of salvation, as it is, in a sense, a model of an attitude open to salvation. Mary’s virginity is the prototype of the Church, which, like Her, owes its fertility in giving birth to God’s children not to human strength, but to pure faith, trust and total dedication to God.
Źródło:
Teologia w Polsce; 2023, 17, 1; 153-174
1732-4572
Pojawia się w:
Teologia w Polsce
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Faszination „Monk“: Richard Voß’ Novelle Der Mönch von Berchtesgaden (1891) in ihren Beziehungen zu Matthew Gregory Lewis’ Roman The Monk (1796) und Ambrose Bierce’ Erzählung The Monk and the Hangman’s Daughter (1892)
Fascination „Monk”: Richard Voss’s novella The Monk of Berchtesgaden (1891) in its relationship to Matthew Gregory Lewis’ novel The Monk (1796) and Ambrose Bierce’s tale The Monk and the Hangman’s Daughter (1892)
Autorzy:
Baumann, Christiane
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/559970.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Wrocławski. Oficyna Wydawnicza ATUT – Wrocławskie Wydawnictwo Oświatowe
Tematy:
Richard Voss
Matthew Gregory Lewis
Ambrose Bierce
naturalism
monk
literary history
Opis:
Bestselling author Richard Voss was one of the literary pioneers of naturalism in the German Empire. Until the 1880s he wrote numerous naturalistic works. Among those works there is the now forgotten tale Der Mönch von Berchtesgaden which had been translated into English by Ambrose Bierce. Bierce’s version The Monk and the Hangman’s Daughter became successful. The new punch line of the translation indicates that Bierce was familiar with Voss’s most important literary source: Matthew Gregory Lewis’s famous novel The Monk. The essay examines the so far unnoticed connection between those three texts and Lewis’s impact on the naturalistic period.
Źródło:
Orbis Linguarum; 2019, 53; 5-25
1426-7241
Pojawia się w:
Orbis Linguarum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bitwy pod Fredericksburgiem i Gettysburgiem w świetle Sztuki Wojny Sun Tzu
Autorzy:
Mazurak, Zbigniew
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/607539.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
Tematy:
Gettysburg
Fredericksburg
Robert Lee
Ambrose Burnside
Civil War
Sun Tzu
wojna secesyjna
Opis:
What do the Civil War battles of Fredericksburg and Gettysburg have to do with the Art of War, the military strategy treatise written by ancient Chinese general Sun Tzu (ca. 544 – ca. 496 BC)? Very much, in fact. The Art of War’s timeless advice and principles can explain the results of battles and entire wars in every historical period, including the 19th century. The unorthodox way of war advocated therein allowed Sun Tzu, the commander of the army of Wu, to defeat a much larger army of the neighboring state of Chu, but due to a lack of English translation until 1910 was unknown to the English-speaking world, including Generals Ambrose Burnside and Robert Lee, who, ignorant of its sage advice, made catastrophic blunders at Fredericksburg and Gettysburg, respectively. Burnside attempted a rapid crossing of the Rappahannock river at Fredericksburg, but pontoon bridges did not arrive in time, so the element of surprise was lost, and even when they did, he hesitated to cross until December 1862 when Confederates had already dug themselves in at Marye’s Heights; he sent his men like swarming ants towards the Confederate trenches on the heights, losing thousands of them. Lee evidently didn’t learn from his enemy’s mistakes and repeated them at Gettysburg in July 1863. Although no river crossing was involved, Lee wrongly abandoned his original plan to capture Harrisburg and Camp Curtin (which would have been a huge prestigeous blow to President Lincoln and might have encouraged a European recognition of the Confederacy) and, upon hearing that Union divisions were at Gettysburg, he moved his entire army there. At Gettysburg, he first issued unclear orders to subordinate Gen. Richard Ewell, then, the next day, clarified these by ordering multiple suicidal assaults on fortified Union positions on Cemetery Ridge. Sun Tzu counseled against attacking an enemy’s strong positions and especially against charging uphill to attack. He also stressed the importance of clarity of orders and of not trying the same type of attack over and over again. As Burnside’s and Lee’s examples show, generals who ignore Sun Tzu’s advice do so at their own peril.
Można zadać pytanie, co bitwy wojny secesyjnej pod Gettysburgiem i Fredericksburgiem mają wspólnego z traktatem strategii wojskowej napisanym przez starożytnego chińskiego generała Sun Tzu (ca. 544 – ca. 496 p.n.e.). Okazuje się, że bardzo dużo. Dzieło to zawiera ponadczasowe porady, dzięki którym można wyjaśnić wyniki bitew i wojen w każdym okresie historycznym, łącznie z XIX w. Ze względu na brak tłumaczenia na język angielski do 1910 r. traktat ten był nieznany dla świata zachodniego, w tym dla generałów Ambrose’a Burnside’a i Roberta Lee. Dowódcy ci, nie znając jego porad, doświadczyli katastrofalnych porażek militarnych. Burnside próbował szybkiego przekraczania rzeki Rappahannock pod Fredericksburgiem, ponieważ we właściwym czasie nie zostały dostarczone dla armii mosty pontonowe. Zamiar się nie powiódł i element zaskoczenia został utracony. Generał Lee niewiele się nauczył na błędach przeciwnika i powtórzył je pod Gettysburgiem w lipcu 1863 r.
Źródło:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia; 2014, 69
0239-4251
Pojawia się w:
Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio F – Historia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Obraz chrześcijańskiego władcy w listach św. Ambrożego
An image of Christian emperor in the letters of st. Ambrose
Autorzy:
Wysocki, Marcin
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/612536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
Ambroży z Mediolanu
listy
cesarz
chrześcijaństwo
wiara
Ambrose of Milan
letters
emperor
Christianity
faith
Opis:
St. Ambrose of Milan was the first of the great bishops of the western part of the Empire, who lived and held his pontificate, when the Christian religion has become religio licita, and even for a short period of time he could enjoy the status of Christianity as religio regalis. The position which he held gave him an opportunity, or even necessity, frequent contacts with the rulers of the Empire. Therefore, both the personal experience of the secular power, the function exercised by him before he became a bishop, religious and social circumstances, but also pastoral reasons influenced the fact that he formed the image of a Christian emperor, that Ambrose tried to show to his flock, but most of all to the emperors with whom he shared his concern for the Christian world. The article shows the image of a Christian emperor in the letters of St. Ambrose.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2014, 61; 171-177
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Grzeszna kobieta (Łk 7, 36-50) jako obraz Kościoła w nauczaniu św. Ambrożego
Sinful woman (Lk 7:36-50) as an image of the Church in the teaching of st. Ambrose
Autorzy:
Kamczyk, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/613279.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
św. Ambroży
Kościół
eklezjologia
egzegeza alegoryczna
miłosierdzie
St. Ambrose
Church
ecclesiology
allegorical exegesis
mercy
Opis:
St. Ambrose belongs to these Fathers of the Western Church, who in their thoughts used biblical motifs using the allegorical exegesis. It was of particular significance to him to teach about the Church. While approaching the matter of the Church he referred to an interesting image from the Gospel of St. Luke, relating to a sinful woman who washed and wiped the feet of Jesus in the house of Simon, the Pharisee. In this figure different motifs of contemporary eccesiology are combined. The Church stands as one body composed of many members following together to Jesus and bowing in front of him. He is a dispenser of grace. His primary tasks are to glorify the God, transmit the Gospel and the works of mercy.
Źródło:
Vox Patrum; 2017, 67; 177-195
0860-9411
2719-3586
Pojawia się w:
Vox Patrum
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Chociaż jesteś cesarzem, powinieneś bardziej być poddany Bogu” (Ep. 10*,8)
„Even if you are emperor, that is all the more reason for being obedient to God” (Ep 10*,8)
Autorzy:
Ludewicz, Michał Jan
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/595398.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Opolski. Redakcja Wydawnictw Wydziału Teologicznego
Tematy:
Ambroży
władza cesarska
Cesarstwo Rzymskie
Walentynian
Teodozjusz
Ambrose
imperial power
Roman Empire
Valentinian
Theodosius
Opis:
The aim of this paper is to present St. Ambrose`s reflections upon imperial power. The bishop of Milan did not write any systematic work on that topic. Actually it is possible to discover his opinion on this question, since there is much concern about it in his letters and speeches. For Ambrose imperial power was the basis of social order. The source of the emperors special position in the society derives from God’s will. Piety, fidelity, care for the church and welfare of his subjects were the main features of a good ruler, who should be encouraged in his duty by prayers and the obedience of his subjects.
Artykuł przedstawia poglądy św. Ambrożego na temat władzy cesarskiej. Wprawdzie biskup Mediolanu nie stworzył całościowej koncepcji funkcjonowania cesarza w chrześcijańskim społeczeństwie Imperium Romanum, jednak analiza pozostawionych przez niego mów i listów pozwala odtworzyć jego najbardziej znaczące poglądy w tej kwestii. Ambroży podkreślał boskie pochodzenie władzy cesarskiej, będącej gwarantem porządku w ziemskiej społeczności. Idealny cesarz, zdaniem biskupa, powinien cechować się pobożnością, bojaźnią Bożą i pokorą oraz troszczyć się o pomyślność swoich poddanych. Wobec cesarza trwającego w wyznawaniu prawowiernej doktryny poddani mieli określone obowiązki. Powinni oni wspierać swojego władcę modlitwami i okazywać mu posłuszeństwo. 
Źródło:
Studia Teologiczno-Historyczne Śląska Opolskiego; 2019, 39, 1; 117-129
0137-3420
Pojawia się w:
Studia Teologiczno-Historyczne Śląska Opolskiego
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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