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Tytuł:
Divine Wrath in Ancient Egypt
Autorzy:
Joseph, Amgad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484103.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Tematy:
ancient Egypt
divine wrath
religion
mythology
Opis:
This article aims at examining the theme of divine wrath according to Egyptian religious beliefs, in connection with deities and worshippers. It is a matter of theological concern to examine the theme of divine wrath in various texts describing the rage of deities. The paper thoroughly discusses the theme of divine wrath, its addressees, effects, purposes, provocations, and the possibility of avoidance and pacification, as well as the linguistic expressions of wrath. It discusses the notion of wrath, its perceived consequences and infliction on the deities, living humans and the deceased. It also examines divine wrath in relation to the experience of suffering and affliction as well as that of protection and welfare. The analysis provides information on the core of the Egyptian religion investigated from the perspective of wrath.
Źródło:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences); 2018, 31; 27-65
2084-6762
2449-9579
Pojawia się w:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Starożytności egipskie w XIX wieku, na podstawie twórczości Davida Robertsa i XIX-wiecznej prasy angielskiej
Egyptian antiquities in the 19th century, on the basis of works by David Roberts and 19th century British press
Autorzy:
Kwiatkowska-Baster, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/218126.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Stowarzyszenie Konserwatorów Zabytków
Tematy:
David Roberts
starożytny Egipt
ancient Egypt
Opis:
Starożytny Egipt i materialne przejawy jego kultury od najdawniejszych czasów wzbudzały zainteresowanie badaczy i podróżników. Już Herodot, Diodor Sycylijski i Strabon próbowali stworzyć opis krainy o liczącej ponad dwa i pół tysiąca lat historii. Późniejsze stulecia przynosiły raczej wypaczony obraz popadającej w zapomnienie cywilizacji, aż do czasu relacji badaczy z afrykańskiej ekspedycji Napoleona. Jednak dopiero książki, a najszerzej zyskujące w XIX wieku coraz większą popularność czasopisma rozpowszechniły wiedzę na temat egipskich starożytności. Wśród nich najwięcej miejsca nowo odkrywanej kulturze poświęciły ukazujące się w Londynie "Ilustrated London News" oraz "The Graphic", opisując odsłaniane spod piasku najznakomitsze zabytki, relacjonując wydarzenia związane z przewożeniem wielu z nich do Europy i Ameryki, piętnując bezmyślną dewastację dzieł sztuki o bezcennej wartości. Panorama Egiptu powstawała niezależnie w dziełach artystów - malarzy i rysowników, wśród których wyróżniają się prace Davida Robertsa, posiadające wręcz dokumentalną wartość.
Ancient Egypt and material aspects of its culture have excited interest among scientists and travellers since time immemorial. Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus and Strabo already tried to create a description of the land with over two and a half thousand years of history. Later centuries brought a rather distorted picture of a civilisation slowly sinking into oblivion, until the time of Napoleon's African expedition and the reports of his scientists. However, it was books, and especially magazines which gained increasing popularity in the 19th century that popularized the knowledge concerning Egyptian antiquities. Among those the "Illustrated London News" and "The Graphic", published in London, devoted most space to the newly-discovered culture describing the magnificent monuments revealed in the sand, relating events connected with transporting many of them to Europe and America, and stigmatising thoughtless devastation of priceless works of art. The Panorama of Egypt was created independently in works of numerous painters and graphic artists, among which the works by David Roberts stand out as being of almost documentary value.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Konserwatorskie; 2011, 29; 77-90
0860-2395
2544-8870
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Konserwatorskie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wykorzystanie żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie do początku okresu późnego
Use of iron in ancient Egypt until the beginning of the late period
Autorzy:
Napierała, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27312680.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
iron
metallurgy
ancient Egypt
archaeometallurgy
iron artefacts
Opis:
The purpose of this article is to present the use of iron in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. The presentation of the development of metallurgy of this metal will be possible through the analysis of the preserved objects and their fragments, which show the subsequent stages of learning about the new raw material and the gradual adoption of various methods of iron processing. Due to the fact that no traces of iron processing workshops have survived from the times preceding the Late Period, the analysis of the preserved iron artifacts will enable the reconstruction of subsequent stages of the development of this metal metallurgy. Equally important as objects are the sources from which the Egyptians could obtain iron and the routes by which they imported it, because their presence is one of the basic requirements for metallurgy to develop and spread. I in studying the development of iron treatment the texts in which there is terminology describing iron will be also helpful. Furthermore, by reviewing the contexts of its use, it will be possible to enrich knowledge about the metallurgy of this metal. The analysis of the above points will allow to present a complete picture of iron metallurgy in Egypt.
Źródło:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2022, 27; 131-161
0239-8524
2450-5846
Pojawia się w:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przełom VII w. p.n.e. w metalurgii żelaza w starożytnym Egipcie
Breakthrough of the 7th century BC in the metallurgy of iron in ancient Egypt
Autorzy:
Napierała, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/27313244.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
iron
metallurgy
archaeometallurgy
ancient Egypt
metallurgical workshop
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present a breakthrough time for iron metallurgy, which was the beginning of the Late Period, in particular the reign of the XXVI Dynasty. Presentation of this issue will be possible through the analysis of preserved artifacts from this period It shows the variety of used forms of objects and the methods of iron processing. The key to this article is the presence of iron processing workshops in the Greco-Egyptian centers, which are the oldest – discovered evidence of the processing of this metal in Egypt. The analysis of the workshops themselves, the tools used there and the remnants of metalworking preserved will be helpful in studying the development of iron metallurgy in the discussed period. An important part of the work is also an attempt to answer the questions: where did the impulse that introduced workshop iron processing in Egypt come from, and whether the Nubians or maybe foreigners, e.g. the Greeks appearing at the end of the Third Intermediate Period and at the beginning of the Late Period in the country on the Nile? The analysis of the above points will emphasize the groundbreaking nature of the discussed topic.
Źródło:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2023, 28; 273-297
0239-8524
2450-5846
Pojawia się w:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Egyptian Orangery of Stanislaw and Anna Malachowski in Konskie
Autorzy:
Sliwa, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/702928.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
ANCIENT EGYPT
EGYPTIANIZING ARCHITECTURE IN KONSKIE
POLISH ARCHITECTURE
Opis:
There is an interesting yet forgotten work of Egyptianizing architecture situated on the premises of a vast park-palace complex in Konskie (a city in central Poland, between Kielce and Opoczno). It is an orangery/hothouse (54,75 x 7,25 m) that was built in the years 1825-1830 on commission for Stanislaw and Anna Malachowski, the owners of the property at that time. The creator of the building was Francesco Maria Lanci (1799-1875), a young Italian architect who had been invited to develop the palace complex. Following that commission, Lanci spent the rest of his career in Poland, where he created numerous neo-Gothic and neo-Renaissance works. Using a knowledge of the basic forms of Egyptian architecture that he drew from French treatises written after Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, Lanci employed monumental pylons, statues of Memnons in niches, composite capitals, cavetto cornices, a winged sun disc and masks derived from transformed Hathor capitals. In many places he also designed pseudo-hieroglyphic inscriptions. It may be presumed that the investor demanded such Egyptian forms, since Stanislaw Malachowski (1770-1849) was strongly involved with the Freemasons after 1790. The orangery in Konskie is quite well preserved (with a style-less annex added on the northern side in 1969), but neglected, and surely demands the thoughtful care of a conservator.
Źródło:
Meander; 2006, 61, 1-2; 122-130
0025-6285
Pojawia się w:
Meander
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wstępne uwagi o językowym obrazie stwórcy w Tekstach Piramid – najstarszej religijnej „księdze” świata
Preliminary Remarks on Linguistic View of the Creator in the Pyramid Texts – the World Oldest Religious “Book”
Autorzy:
Popielska-Grzybowska, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/911181.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015-02-05
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
ancient Egypt
Pyramid Texts
creator
linguistic worldview
religion
Opis:
The author of the paper will attempt to scrutinise, with reference to contextual arguments, a linguistic image of the Egyptian creator in the Old Kingdom religious texts which will be analysed with use of linguistic worldview method. An important inspiration for the author were the studies of Slavonic antiquity conducted by V.V. Ivanov and V.N. Toporov within the structural paradigm using the notion of opposition and the Egyptological, philosophical, anthropological and linguistic studies of J.P. Allen, J. Assman, H. Altenmüller, E. Hornung, P. Tillich, P. Wheelwright and R.A. Rappaport, and Polish scholars – T. Dobrzyńska, M. Makuchowska and the late philosopher L. Kołakowski. The paper is, however, solely an introduction to a further study. The author of the paper is making efforts to define an image of the creator expressed through and in the Egyptian language, reconstituted from fragmentary verbal messages, pictures recorded and preserved in language. It seems crucial that the Egyptian creator-god as “completed one”, comprising in himself all living beings, is embodied in his children and the whole created world.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Spotkania Językoznawcze; 2015, 30
2082-9825
2450-0259
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Spotkania Językoznawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
New evidence for the emergence of a human-pet relation in early Roman Berenike (1st–2nd century AD)
Autorzy:
Osypińska, Marta
Osypiński, Piotr
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1682953.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018-07-09
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Tematy:
Roman Egypt
pets cemetery
ancient cats
ancient dogs
ancient pets
animals in ancient Egypt
Opis:
Animals were as inextricable a part as they were indicative of the system of common ancient Egyptian beliefs. Their special role was manifested in a rich iconography and in multitudes of animal mummies deposited in the major sacral complexes. Seen in this light, the cemetery of small animals of 1st–2nd century AD date, excavated since 2011 in the Red Sea port town of Berenike, comes across as entirely unique, notwithstanding the spiritual aspects of cats, dogs and monkeys. Contrary to Egyptian animal burials of all periods associated with human ones, the Berenike inhumations were not intended as afterlife companions of their last owners; neither were they ever mummified. Recent results of research present the variety of species kept in the households and insight into their behaviour. Pathological changes on one of the dog skeletons suggest a deadly condition, that is, osteosarcoma. The Berenike data also shed new light on the distribution of the cat beyond Egypt and a rising preference for keeping the animal as a pet in Europe and the Middle East.
Źródło:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean; 2017, 26(2); 167-192
1234-5415
Pojawia się w:
Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagadka Beroesa
The secret of Beroes
Autorzy:
Bourkane, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1041669.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Bolesław Prus
historical novel
positivism
spiritualism
ancient Egypt
Opis:
The sketch concerns spiritualism and mediumship in the novel Faraon by Bolesław Prus. Object of analysis is especially Beroes, Chaldean magician and sage, who is one of the characters appearing in presented world. The main question in the aricle is, why Prus, positivist writer, decided to introduce to his novel such uncanny hero and such untypical problems.
Źródło:
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka; 2017, 31; 321-332
1233-8680
2450-4947
Pojawia się w:
Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
"You Were Strangers in the Land of Egypt" (Exod 22:20): Notes on the Attitude(s) towards Foreigners in Ancient Egypt
Autorzy:
Taterka, Filip
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43469351.pdf
Data publikacji:
2024
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
ancient Egyptian identity
foreigners in ancient Egypt
social changes
ancient xenophobia
Opis:
The article discusses various attitudes towards foreigners that can be perceived in ancient Egyptian material. It is argued that there was no single and unchangeable attitude towards foreigners throughout ancient Egyptian history, but instead that Egyptian attitudes to foreigners changed over time due to various historical and social factors. It is also argued that these attitudes reflected a constant negotiation between the traditional and stereotypical perception of foreigners as enemies of the Egyptian state and more nuanced approaches in which foreigners could have a number of roles to play in Egyptian society, which often led to significant transformations of Egyptians’ self-identity. Therefore, the traditional image of ancient Egypt as a highly xenophobic culture is called into question.
Źródło:
The Biblical Annals; 2024, 14, 1; 115-146
2083-2222
2451-2168
Pojawia się w:
The Biblical Annals
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Libyan Oracle of Zeus Ammon
Autorzy:
Nodzynska, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/702595.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
'KING'S ORACLE'
ANCIENT EGYPT
ZEUS AMMON IN SIWA OASIS
Opis:
The oracle procedure employed in the sacral complex of Zeus Ammon in Siwa oasis apparently did not differ from that of the standard Egyptian barque procession. This procession, taking place during the god's symbolic journey from Aghurmi to the Umm Ubayda temple, during which questions were asked and answers received, was open to all pilgrims. Archaeological finds, as well as literary tradition concerning Alexander the Great's visit, suggest the possibility of private consultation: viz., a 'king's oracle' following a different, unknown ritual.
Źródło:
Meander; 2006, 61, 1-2; 113-121
0025-6285
Pojawia się w:
Meander
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The emergence and development of architecture on the casemate foundation platforms in the Nile Delta
Autorzy:
Małecka-Drozd, Natalia
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/442463.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Jagielloński. Instytut Archeologii
Tematy:
ancient Egypt, the Nile Delta, town, architecture, foundation methods
Opis:
Foundation platforms with casemate construction appeared in Egypt in the middle of the second millennium BC, but the most complete development of them is related to the first millennium BC. At this time, casemate technique became widespread and extremely influential in the urban landscape. Given the area where most casemate platforms have been identified, the diversity of structures which were erected on such foundation or the range of chronology of these layouts, the complexity of the discussed issue should be mentioned here. This highlights the necessity of recognizing why this form of foundation came into being and how it developed. The factors which are to be included in this analysis are: construction quality of casemate platforms, natural conditions and political circumstances in which they could be raised and, moreover, religious beliefs or social and demographic changes. This multifaceted subject allows us to realize how complex cultural phenomenon Egyptian civilization was and what information could be obtained thanks to an analysis of its urban architecture.
Źródło:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie; 2012, 4; 69-96
0137-3285
Pojawia się w:
Recherches Archéologiques Nouvelle Serie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pain Infliction, Inflictors and Healers in Egyptian Religious, Magical and Literary Perceptions
Autorzy:
Joseph, Amgad
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/484033.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Kultur Śródziemnomorskich i Orientalnych PAN
Tematy:
ancient Egypt
pain
religious texts
magical texts
medical texts
literary texts
Opis:
This paper aims at discussing the aetiology, etymology, characteristics and phraseology of pain feeling, infliction and healing in ancient Egyptian religious, magical and literary texts. It examines the roles of the inflictors of pain and their effect on those who were vulnerable to their infliction. It also discusses the roles of the pain healers. Furthermore, it explains the notion of pain infliction and analyses the types of pain, revealing its experience in ancient Egypt. It discusses how it felt, was conceptualised, generated, assessed, how deities, demons, dead and living individuals inflicted and healed it. In relevant contexts, it discusses the places where pain was inflicted and the consequences of such infliction.
Źródło:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences); 2018, 31; 67-99
2084-6762
2449-9579
Pojawia się w:
Études et Travaux (Institut des Cultures Méditerranéennes et Orientales de l’Académie Polonaise des Sciences)
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Preliminary report on engineering properties and environmental resistance of ancient mud bricks from tell el-retaba archaeological site in the nile delta
Autorzy:
Welc, Fabian
Trzciński, Jerzy
Zaremba, Małgorzata
Rzepka, Sławomir
Szczepański, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2025359.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
ancient Egypt
mud bricks
physical parameters
compressive strength
Nauki o Ziemi
Opis:
The archaeological site Tell el-Retaba in north-eastern Egypt, about 35 km to the west of Ismailia city, is located in the middle of Wadi Tumilat, a shallow valley running from the Nile Delta to the Bitter Lakes, along which flows the Suez Canal. In ancient times the valley was a route between Egypt and Syro-Palestine, strongly fortified in the New Kingdom times (16th–11th century BC). Mud bricks were analyzed from two parts of the Wall 1 (core of grey-brown bricks and inner extension of green bricks) in a fortress which existed during the Ramesses II times. Grain-size composition of the studied bricks was almost identical in both parts of the wall, suggesting the same source material for a production of brick. However, significant differences were observed in physical and mechanical properties (uni-axial compressive strength) in both types of bricks. Bricks from the core had lower bulk density, higher porosity and soak faster, whereas their resistance parameters were much lower than those of the bricks from the inner extension. The reason for such large differences in brick properties was a technology of their production, particularly proportion of components, water volume added during brick formation or density degree. Brick preparation and in consequence, physical-mechanical properties had direct influence on preservation of defensive structures during environmental changes related to changes of groundwater and surface water levels or of precipitation. Ancient Egyptians responsible for construction works in mud brick structures of the fortress must have had good knowledge and experience. This could be observed particularly for the heaviest and most important construction element that is the defensive wall, founded on well-densified deposits. It was also testified by higher resistance of green bricks from the inner extensions, which probably originated slightly later and were intended to reinforce a weaker core built of grey-brown bricks.
Źródło:
Studia Quaternaria; 2016, 33; 47-56
1641-5558
2300-0384
Pojawia się w:
Studia Quaternaria
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Żelazo meteorytowe w starożytnym Egipcie przed okresem późnym
Meteoritic iron in ancient Egypt before the Late Period
Autorzy:
Napierała, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2044201.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-12-30
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
iron
meteoritic iron
iron artefacts
archaeometallurgy
ancient Egypt
bia metal (bjA)
Opis:
The aim of the article is to present an unusual raw material, which is the meteorite iron and its specific status in the culture of ancient Egypt. The presentation of this extraordinary material, highlighting the features allowing to recognize it, the interpretation of the artifacts made of it (taking into account the physicochemical analyzes), and the development of the results of experimental works recreating the methods of its processing allow us to obtain the necessary information about the delineation of meteorite iron metallurgy in ancient Egypt up to the beginning of the Late Period. An important source for achieving the article’s goal are also texts. Text analysis highlights the ambiguity of the terminology used to describe meteorite iron. By reviewing the contexts of its use, they allow us to enrich knowledge about its metallurgy and help to characterize the status of this metal in the consciousness of the Egyptians.
Źródło:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia; 2021, 26; 241-279
0239-8524
2450-5846
Pojawia się w:
Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Homoseksualizm w starożytnym Egipcie
Homosexuality in Ancient Egypt
Autorzy:
Ćwiek, Andrzej
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1603027.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021-06-15
Wydawca:
Katolicki Uniwersytet Lubelski Jana Pawła II
Tematy:
starożytny Egipt
homoseksualizm
teksty
ikonografia
Horus
Seth
ancient Egypt
homosexualism
texts
iconography
Opis:
Zagadnienie homoseksualizmu w starożytnym Egipcie od kilkudziesięciu lat jest przedmiotem badań naukowych. Zmieniał się zarówno stosunek do przedmiotu badań, jak i ich metodologia. Autor przedstawia krytyczny przegląd literatury przedmiotu, uzupełniony o własne interpretacje. Omawia najważniejsze źródła, stosunkowo nieliczne, a często niejednoznaczne. Wśród źródeł pisanych są teksty religijne i literackie, m.in.: opowiadanie Horus i Seth, historia króla Nefer-ka-Ra i „generała” Sa-seneta, wzmianki w maksymach Peteh-hetepa, Księdze Umarłych („spowiedź negatywna” w rozdziale 125), Tekstach Sarkofagów i sennikach. Analiza tekstów ujawnia wiele kwestii dyskusyjnych dotyczących kontekstu przekazów, a także frazeologii i właściwego znaczenia terminów odnoszących się do seksualności. Wyraźnie wyróżniają się dwie kategorie: gwałt homoseksualny, mający na celu zdominowanie i upokorzenie wroga, i relacja emocjonalna, prowadząca do zachowań o charakterze seksualnym. Źródła ikonograficzne są jeszcze mniej liczne, a ich interpretacja mocno dyskusyjna. Należą do nich przede wszystkim przedstawienia Ni-anch-Chenemu i Chenemu-hetepa we wspólnym grobowcu w Sakkarze, wizerunki par jednopłciowych, graffiti i rysunki na ostrakonach, ukazujące (homoseksualne?) pary w trakcie stosunku płciowego. Znaczna część źródeł jest niejednoznaczna (a w przypadku żeńskiego homoseksualizmu po prostu niepewna). Dane na temat stosunku starożytnych Egipcjan do relacji homoseksualnych są co najmniej ambiwalentne. Niewątpliwie były one społecznie postrzegane jako niewłaściwe, ale nie były penalizowane.
The issue of homosexuality in ancient Egypt has been studied for less than a century. Both the attitude towards, and the methodology regarding, this issue changed constantly over time. The author presents a critical review of the literature, together with some original interpretations. The most important sources, which are relatively not numerous and often ambiguous, are described. The written sources include religious and literary texts e.g. the tale Horus and Seth, the story of King Nefer-ka-Ra and “General” Sa-senet, mentions in the instructions of Peteh-hetep, the Book of the Dead (the “negative confession” in the Chapter 125), the Coffin Texts and dream-books. Analysis of the texts reveals many controversial questions concerning the context of the message, as well as the phraseology and proper meaning of the terms related to the issue of sexuality. Two categories clearly appear: homosexual rape, with the intention to dominate and humiliate an enemy, and a emotional relationship leading to sexual acts. The iconographic sources are less numerous, and their interpretations much disputable. They include the images of Ni-ankh-Khenemu and Khenemu-hetep in their shared tomb at Saqqara, the depictions of same-sex couples, graffiti, and drawings on ostraca depicting (homosexual?) couples having sex. A large part of the sources in unequivocal, and in the case of lesbian love simply vague. Data on the attitude of the ancient Egyptians towards homosexual relations are ambivalent at best. They were considered socially incorrect but not penalized.  
Źródło:
Verbum Vitae; 2021, 39, 1; 49-74
1644-8561
2451-280X
Pojawia się w:
Verbum Vitae
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 37

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