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    Tytuł:
    Changes of thermal conditions in the Polish Tatra Mountains
    Autorzy:
    Żmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/294625.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2009
    Wydawca:
    Stowarzyszenie Geomorfologów Polskich
    Tematy:
    thermal conditions
    trend
    Polish Tatra Mts.
    Opis:
    The purpose of the report is to determine trends in thermal conditions in the Polish part of the Tatra Mountains. The study makes use of the data from the weather stations in Zakopane and on Kasprowy Wierch Mt. from the years 1951–2006, and mainly from 1966–2006. Various thermal characteristics were considered. The increase of the rate of upward trend in temperature in the Tatras at the turn of the 21st century, as well as the change of the seasonal distribution of the warming in comparison with the preceding long-term periods, have been documented. In 1966–2006, significant trends in the changes of the mean, maximum and minimum temperatures have been observed in the Tatras in summer (respectively, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.03–0.04 centigrade per annum). Certain symptoms of increase of the thermal continentality have also been observed (increase of the annual amplitude of temperature). Besides, important features of changes in thermal conditions at the turn of the 21st century include an increase in the number of hot days, and even appearance of the very hot days at the foothills of the Tatras, increase of the number of frost days and decrease of the number of ice days in the high mountain part of the Tatras, as well as increase of accumulated heat of the growing season and an increase of daily amplitude of temperature across the entire profile of the Tatras.
    Źródło:
    Landform Analysis; 2009, 10; 140-146
    1429-799X
    Pojawia się w:
    Landform Analysis
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wybrane cechy zmienności zachmurzenia nad Polską
    Chosen feature of variability of cloudiness over Poland
    Autorzy:
    Zmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2078772.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 2014, 56; 231-249
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Warunki topoklimatyczne Ponidzia Pińczowskiego - teoretyczne, metodyczne i praktyczne aspekty badań
    Topoclimatological conditions of the Ponidzie Pinczowskie - theoretical, methodical and practical aspects of research
    Autorzy:
    Zmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/86030.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Polska Asocjacja Ekologii Krajobrazu
    Tematy:
    Polska
    Ponidzie
    topoklimat
    temperatura powietrza
    wilgotnosc powietrza
    Źródło:
    Problemy Ekologii Krajobrazu; 2006, 16, 1
    1899-3850
    Pojawia się w:
    Problemy Ekologii Krajobrazu
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Krótkie cykle zmian warunków termicznych w Polsce w latach 1951-1990
    Short cycles of changes of thermal conditions in Poland in the years 1951-1990
    Autorzy:
    Zmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085360.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1997
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Opis:
    The paper constitutes a continuation of the studies of spatial differentiation of the short-term air temperature changes in Poland. The study was undertaken with the aim of identification of the cyclical changes of temperature depending upon the season of the year. The starting point for the inquiry was the set of monthly average air temperatures for the years 1951-1990, coming from 58 weather stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Management. The basis for statistical inference was constituted by the chronological sequences of consecutive seasonal three-month averages (Spring: March through May; Summer: June through August; Autumn: September through November, and Winter: December through February). The actual cycles of the air temperature were determined with the method of J.Boryczka, the so called "true cycles" method of identification of the dense spectra of oscillations. The results obtained from the study indicate that the short-term changes of air temperature are one of the features of thermal relations in Poland. The determined spectra of oscillations contain, depending upon the season of the year, between three and eight rhythms statistically significant at the confidence level of 0.95. The most frequently repeated cycles are the approximately 2-, 3-, 4- and 7-year ones. Among the cycles determined the strongest one, i.e. the one with the biggest amplitude and the multiple correlation coefficient, is the 7.7-year cycle for Spring and Winter and the 3.8-year cycle for Summer. Autumn is the season of the year with the greatest differentiation of individual cycles, though for the majority of weather stations the strongest cycle is the 7.0-year one. The scope of changes of the seasonal averages of air temperature values in the cycles identified is the biggest during Winter. The amplitude of temperature in the 7.7-year cycle amounts to 2.8-4.3 degrees, while in the strongest cycles of Spring, Summer and Autumn it does not exceed 2 degrees. The cycles identified do not always appear in the chronological series of temperature over the whole area of Poland. There is quite important spatial differentiation of appearance of individual cycles. The most "stable" with respect to periodical changes of air temperatures is Winter, while the least "stable" - Autumn and Summer. The distribution of parameters of individual cycles (parameters of the regression sinusoids), i.e. of length, amplitude and phase, indicates also their spatial differentiation. In spite of the fact that the paper presents the analysis of the spatial distribution of just the strongest cycles on the area of Poland, significant differences appeared.
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 1997, 20; 79-92
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Współczesne zmiany klimatu wysokogórskiej części Tatr
    Contemporary climate changes in the high mountain part of the Tatras
    Autorzy:
    Zmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2084525.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Tematy:
    zmiany klimatyczne
    Tatry
    gory
    temperatura powietrza
    opady atmosferyczne
    trend
    warunki termiczne
    Opis:
    The purpose of the report is to determine trends in thermal and pluvial conditions in the high mountain part of the Tatras. The study makes use of the data from the weather stations on Kasprowy Wierch Mt. from the years 1951-2006, and mainly from 1966-2006. Various thermal and pluvial characteristics were considered. The increase of the rate of upward trend of temperature in the Tatras at the end of the 20th century and at the beginning of the 21st century, as well as the change of the seasonal distribution of the warming in comparison with the preceding long-term periods, have been documented. Certain symptoms of increase of the thermal and pluvial continentality have also been observed. The contemporary air temperature increase in the high mountain part of the Tatras is not followed by significant changes of the precipitation amount and nature.
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 2011, 47; 217-226
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Cykliczne zmiany temperatury powietrza w Polsce
    The cyclical changes of air temperature in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Zmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085190.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2001
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Opis:
    The dissertation takes up the problem of homogeneity of the air temperature field in Poland in terms of cyclical fluctuations. The thermal conditions within the area of Poland were described through the chronological series of the monthly a verages of air temperature, registered at 58 stations of the Institute of Meteorology and Water Economy in the years 1951-1990. The spatial differentiation was determined of the periods, amplitudes, and phases of the identified short-term fluctuations of air temperature, and the synchronicity of these fluctuations on the area of Poland was demonstrated. An objective of the study was constituted, as well, by the identification of the natural causes of the periodicity of air temperature changes - demonstration of the synchronicity (correlation) of the cycles of air temperature, atmospheric circulation, and solar activity. An attempt was also undertaken of determining the share of the short-term variability in the observed trends of air temperature in Poland. The significant cyclical components identified on the basis of the data from the years 1951-1990 were made use of in the forecast of air temperature in Poland for the decades to come.
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 2001, 28; 212-222
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Pole ciśnienia nad Europą i północnym Atlantykiem w sezonach i latach o anomalnym zachmurzeniu nad Polską
    Pressure patterns over Europe and the Northern Atlantic in seasons and years with anomalous cloudiness over Poland
    Autorzy:
    Żmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/337846.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2005
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
    Tematy:
    Europa
    pole ciśnienia
    Polska
    północny Atlantyk
    zachmurzenie
    cloudiness
    Europe
    Polska
    pressure pattern
    Northern Atlantic
    Opis:
    Wielkość zachmurzenia nad Polską (poza obszarem gór) opisano średnimi sezonowymi i rocznymi wielkościami zachmurzenia z 48 stacji synoptycznych, obliczając na ich podstawie średnią obszarową wielkość zachmurzenia w kolejnych latach okresu 1951-2000. Określono wielkości anomalne zachmurzenia, stosując podział zbioru oparty na przedziałach kwantylowych. Za anomalne przyjęto te pory roku i lata, w których wielkość zachmurzenia przekraczała kwantyl 90% lub była mniejsza niż określona przez kwantyl 10%. Dokonano analizy pola ciśnienia nad północnym Atlantykiem i Europą na poziomie morza w porach roku i latach o anomalnych wielkościach zachmurzenia nad Polską. Do opisu ciśnienia atmosferycznego użyto średnich sezonowych i rocznych jego wartości, określonych w odniesieniu do punktów węzłowych siatki z obszaru φ 30°-70°N i λ 40°W-60°E. Krok siatki wynosi 5° szerokości i 10° długości geograficznej. Wskazano obszary wystąpienia największych różnic między średnim ciśnieniem w sezonach i latach o anomalnym zachmurzeniu nad Polską i ciśnieniem średnim wieloletnim (1951-2000).
    The cloudiness over Poland (except the mountains) was described using seasonal and annual average cloudiness level records from 48 synoptic stations. These were used as bases for calculating the spatial average cloudiness for consecutive years 1951-2000. Anomalous magnitude of cloudiness was determined using the division of series based on quantile interval. It was assumed that the anomalous seasons and years were the ones, in which the cloudiness exceeded the 90 % quantile or was below the value defined by the 10 % quantile. The analysis of the pressure pattern at the sea level for the North Atlantic and Europe in seasons and years with anomalous cloudiness over Poland was carried out. To describe air pressure pattern, its seasonal and yearly average values were used. The values were taken from the nod-points of the grid from the area φ 30°-70°N and λ 40°W-60°E. The grid span was 5° latitude and 10° longitude. The areas of biggest differences between mean pressure in seasons and years with anomalous cloudiness and long-term pressure records (1951-2000) were denoted.
    Źródło:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie; 2005, T. 5, z. spec.; 393-410
    1642-8145
    Pojawia się w:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wieloletnie zmiany zasobów termicznych w okresie wegetacyjnym i aktywnego wzrostu roślin w Polsce
    Long-term changes of thermal resources in the vegetative period and the active growth of plants in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Żmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/338291.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy
    Tematy:
    okres aktywnego wzrostu roślin
    okres wegetacyjny
    Polska
    sumy efektywne temperatury
    zmiany
    changes
    effective sums of temperature
    Polska
    period of active plant growth
    Opis:
    W pracy podjęto zagadnienie współczesnych zmian zasobów termicznych w sezonie wegetacyjnym w Polsce. Zasoby termiczne określono na podstawie sum nadwyżek średnich dobowych wartości temperatury powietrza powyżej progu 5°C i 10°C (tzw. sumy efektywne temperatury). Wykorzystano dane codzienne z lat 1951-2006 z 10 stacji synoptycznych IMGW z obszaru Polski nizinnej. Posłużono się także serią uśrednioną obszarowo. Określono zakres zmian oraz wieloletnie trendy i fluktuacje zasobów termicznych. Najmniejsze sumy efektywne temperatury w okresie wegetacyjnym pojawiały się w różnych regionach Polski w różnych latach, natomiast skrajnie duże występowały na przeważającym obszarze Polski i koncentrowały się na przełomie XX i XXI wieku. Wykazano istotny wzrost zasobów termicznych oraz przestrzenne zróżnicowanie tempa tego procesu na obszarze Polski. Sumy temperatury powyżej progu 5°C wzrastały w Polsce w tempie 4,0°C na rok, a powyżej 10°C - 2,6°C na rok.
    This paper deals with the problem of contemporary changes of thermal resources in the vegetative period in Poland. Thermal resources were specified using the sums of surpluses of mean daily air temperature values above the threshold of 5°C and 10°C (the so called effective sums of temperatures). Daily data from the period 1951-2006 used in the study come from ten synoptic IMGW stations in Polish lowlands. Spatially averaged data series were also used. The range of changes and long-term trends and fluctuations of thermal resources were established. The smallest sums of effective temperatures in the growing season occurred in different regions of Poland and during different periods while extremely high ones appeared in most parts of our country and were concentrated at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries. The results show a significant increase in thermal resources and spatial differentiation of the rate of this process in Poland. Temperature sums above the threshold of 5°C increased in Poland at a rate of 4.0°C per year and those above the 10°C threshold - at a rate of 2.6°C per year.
    Źródło:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie; 2012, 12, 2; 377-389
    1642-8145
    Pojawia się w:
    Woda-Środowisko-Obszary Wiejskie
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zmienność termicznego okresu wegetacyjnego w Polsce w drugiej połowie XX wieku
    Variability of thermal vegetative period in Poland in the second half 20th century
    Autorzy:
    Zmudzka, E.
    Dobrowolska, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085174.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2001
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 2001, 29; 127-136
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zmiany okresu wegetacyjnego w Polsce
    Changes of length of the vegetative period in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Olszewski, K.
    Zmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085366.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1997
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Opis:
    It is commonly accepted that the vegetative period is the part of the year during which the mean daily air temperature attains at least 5°C. The report here summarized refers to the study based upon the monthly averages of air temperature from the period 1931-1990, measured at nine weather stations, representing various geographical conditions in Poland. The average dates of the beginning and end of the vegetative period confirm the regularities in the spatial distribution of these characteristics over the area of Poland, which are known from the literature of the subject. The vegetative period starts, generally, at the turn of April, and ends at the turn of November (Tables 1 and 2, Figs. 1 and 2). Length of the vegetative period ranges from 190-200 days in the north-eastern Poland to more than 230 days in the western part of the country. It is the shortest in the mountains, lasting approximately 185 days (Table 3, Figs. 1 and 3). During the 60-year period under study the earliest start of the vegetative period in the lowland part of Poland occurred on January 30th (in 1990), while the latest - on April 25th (1941, 1955). The respective extreme dates for the mountainous areas were March 25th (1934) and May 5th (1980). Thus, within the area of Poland it may happen that vegetation starts to grow already in the last week of January, but it may also start to grow as late as in the first week of May. The dates of the end of the vegetative period for the lowland Poland (Table 2, Figs. 1 and 2) range from October 9th (1946, 1976) to December 3rd ( 1951 ). In mountains the vegetative period ended the earliest on the last day of September ( 1931) and the latest - on November 18th (1963). Thus, the end of the vegetative period may occur in Poland between the last week of September and the first week of December. The length of the vegetative period (Table 3, Figs. 1 and 3) ranges from 170 days (1941) to 291 days - the latter being the absolute maximum of the period under study- in 1990. Hence, the difference between the extreme lengths of the vegetative period amounts to 121 days. In the mountains, though, the shortest vegetative period lasted 159 days (1931), while the longest - 221 days ( 1934). The analysis of the coefficients of correlation (Table 4) of the dates of the beginning and end of the vegetative period with its length showed that the length of this period is more strongly linked with the date of beginning than with the date of end. This is most probably connected with the fact that the starting date of the vegetative period in consecutive years displays greater variability than the ending date. Equations of linear regression (Table 5) indicate that the length of the vegetative period increases at the rate of 1 to 3 days per decade. This is is most probably connected with the acceleration of the start of vegetation by approximately 0.5 to 1.5 days per decade, coupled with the delay of its termination by approximately 0.5 to 1.5 days per decade. The analysis of the periodical changes (Fig. 4) showed that the 7-year cycle of the starting dates of vegetation is worth special attention, along with the 3- and 4-year cycles of the termination dates. The true length of the 7-year cycle for the start of the vegetative period gets bigger as we go from the west (7.6 years) to the east (7.9 years) of the country. The spectra of oscillations of the growing season's end are, on the other hand, characterized by high uniformity over the area of Poland.
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 1997, 20; 93-103
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Badania topoklimatyczne Zakładu Klimatologii
    The topo-climatic research at the department of climatology
    Autorzy:
    Kicinska, B.
    Olszewski, K.
    Zmudzka, E.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085187.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2001
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Opis:
    An important stream of research conducted at the department of Climatology of the University of Warsaw is constituted by the study of climate on a local scale. These studies serve not only the didactic purposes (a significant part of these studies is carried out in the framework of the student exercises), but also bring a rich study materiai, systematically made use of in the research work, of both applied and methodological nature. Until the end of the 1980s the primary areas of interest were Warsaw and its surroundings, and the north-eastern Poland (the region of the Great Masurian Lakes, the Biebrza river swamps, and the Łomża Landscape Park of the river Narew Valley). During the 1990s the topo-climatic research was deployed on a bigger scale, constituting the element of the comprehensive studies associated with protection of nature - elaboration of plans of protection of the National Parks (e.g. the Wigry Lake national Park, or the Stołowe Mountains National Park). In the recent years, in connection with the new formula of the field exercises in the general physical geography, including climatology, the Nida River Basin became another focus of interest. The comprehensive field work: topo-climatic mapping and the meteorological observations conducted in the different regions - landscapes of Poland, allowed for characterisation of the typical conditions in the individual units, and also contributed to the introduction of definite complements into the topo-climatic classification applied, which enhanced the level of precision of the delimitations performed according to it.
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 2001, 28; 181-191
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Wpływ rzeźby i pokrycia terenu na zróżnicowanie klimatu lokalnego okolic Pińczowa
    Impact of relief and land cover on the differences in the local climate of the Pinczow region
    Autorzy:
    Zmudzka, E.
    Kicinska, B.
    Olszewski, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2085244.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2000
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Opis:
    In the 1990s, the Chair of Climatology of Warsaw University conducted studies of the local climate in the Nida Basin (vicinity of Pińczów). Compared to the neighbouring areas, the researched area is characterised by specific climatic features. At the same time, this is a region with marked differences in the climatic conditions on the local scale. This results from the diversity of substratum formations, presence of large forest complexes, water bodies and areas transformed by man. The study comprised mapping, which produced a map of topoclimates in the 1 :25000 scale. In addition, meteorological observations were carried out, which allowed to develop a qualitative profile of thermal and humidity conditions in the individual units. The impact of the relief and land cover on the spatial differentiation of climate constituents in various synoptic situations was also defined. The main characteristic feature of the region's relief is the wide Nida Valley. As a concave landform, it is susceptible to the downflow of chilled air from the neighbouring areas, as a result forming pockets of chilled air to the point of reaching an inversion of temperature. At the same time, the wet soils occurring in the valley's bottom are characterised by good thermal conductivity, which can result in delaying the beginning of the occurrence of ground thermal inversion and reducing diurnal amplitude of ground and air temperature. The Pińczów and the Wodzisław hummocks surrounding the valley do not represent so spatially condensed topoclimatic units, which is due to the varied exposure and steepness of slopes, as well as to its surface formations. It is primarily the slopes of the Pińczów Hummock that enjoy favourable thermal conditions. The spacious forest complexes, which occupy large areas on the slopes of both hummocks and smaller ones in the Nida Valley, provide an additional diversity to the topoclimatic conditions.
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 2000, 27; 99-129
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Źródło wilgoci w barchanach Sahary Zachodniej
    Th e sources of moisture in the barchans of Western Sahara
    Autorzy:
    Dluzewski, M.
    Zmudzka, E.
    Woronko, D.
    Biejat, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2084353.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
    Tematy:
    Sahara
    wilgotnosc
    osady wydmowe
    warunki meteorologiczne
    transport eoliczny
    barchany
    Maroko
    Opis:
    The aim of the study was to determine the impact of climatic and meteorological conditions on aeolian sand transport within barchans. The study area was located at Western Sahara, around the towns of Tarfaya and Laâyoune. Particular attention was paid to the factors that increase the moisture content of the surface and subsurface layers of sand dunes. It could be one of the important factors to have an influence on threshold wind velocity. Western Sahara dune fields are situated in the zone of the dominant wind direction from the northern sector, which determines the barchan dunes shape and orientation, as well as the supply of moisture from the Atlantic Ocean. The results of investigations confirm that dunes receive quite a lot of moisture from rainfall and such phenomena as fog as well. Studies have confirmed that the water supply from the fog is comparable to, or even exceeds the amount of water from rainfall in the area. Wetted surface layer reduces the transport of aeolian material, even in case of a wind speed greater than 4-5 ms⁻¹. The presence of fog and dew does not affect the moisture of the deeper sand layers, which occurs after rainfall. Analysis of aeolian sand transport within the barchan dunes in the areas such a Western Sahara, should not be therefore limited to the measurement of wind speed and its direction. It must include the investigations on other meteorological elements, especially air temperature and humidity conditions, responsible for the amount of atmospheric deposits on the dune surface.
    Źródło:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne; 2012, 49; 47-58
    0208-4589
    Pojawia się w:
    Prace i Studia Geograficzne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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