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Tytuł:
Heavy Metal Contamination of Surface Water and Groundwater in and Around Gejiu Tin Mine, Southwest China
Zanieczyszczenie wód powierzchniowych i podziemnych metalami ciężkimi w kopalni Gejiu Tin, południowo-zachodnie Chiny i jej okolicach
Autorzy:
Cheng, X.
Qi, W.
Danek, T.
Matysek, D.
Huang, Q.
Zhao, X.
Zhou, Z.
Fang, R.
Zou, L.
Xu, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/317873.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Przeróbki Kopalin
Tematy:
metale ciężkie
zanieczyszczenie
kopalnia cyny Gejiu
wody powierzchniowe
wody kopalniane
heavy metals
contamination
Gejiu tin mine
surface water
mine water
Opis:
Heavy metal contamination due to mining activity is a global major concern because of its potential health risks to local inhabitants. The heavy metal contamination of surface water and ground water by mining activities in Gejiu tin-polymetallic mining area, Southwest China, was studied. Surface water and ground water were sampled and analyzed using AAS for Cr6+, Cd, As, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Se, Fe and Mn. Analysis of HCO3–, Cl–, SO42–, F– and NO3– in water samples was also undertaken by ion chromatography. It was shown that none of water samples exceeded the guideline of Cr6+, Se and Hg, while the contamination degree of heavy metals was Mn > Fe > Cd > Zn > Pb > As > Cu, all of which were serious contamination except mild contamination for Cu. The ground waters were polluted much worse than surface water.
Zanieczyszczenie metalami ciężkimi spowodowane działalnością kopalń jest światowym problemem z powodu ryzyka utraty zdrowia przez okolicznych mieszkańców. Zbadano zanieczyszczenie wód powierzchniowych oraz wód podziemnych wywołane działalnością kopalni cyny w rejonie górniczym Gejiu, południowo-zachodnie Chiny. Pobrano próbki wody powierzchniowej oraz podziemnej i zanalizowano je ze względu na obecność Cd, As, Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Se, Fe oraz Mn. Analizy HCO3–, Cl–, SO42–, F– oraz NO3– w próbkach wody również zostały przeprowadzone za pomocą chromatografii jonowej. Ukazano, że żadna z badanych wód nie przekroczyła dopuszczalnych poziomów dla Cr6+, Se oraz Hg. Jednakże poziom zanieczyszczenia metali ciężkimi tj. Mn > Fe > Cd > Zn > Pb > As > Cu był wysoki, za wyjątkiem niewielkiego przekroczenia norm dla Cu. Wody podziemne były znacznie bardziej zanieczyszczone niż wody powierzchniowe.
Źródło:
Inżynieria Mineralna; 2016, R. 17, nr 1, 1; 93-98
1640-4920
Pojawia się w:
Inżynieria Mineralna
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Identification of a linear epitope in the capsid protein of goose astrovirus with monoclonal antibody
Autorzy:
Dai, G.
Huang, X.
Liu, Q.
Li, Y.
Zhang, L.
Han, K.
Yang, J.
Liu, Y.
Xue, F.
Zhao, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16647377.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
epitope
goose astrovirus
capsid protein
monoclonal antibody
Opis:
Goose astrovirus (GoAstV) is a novel avastrovirus that typically causes gosling gout and results in 2 to 20% mortality. GoAstV capsid protein is the sole structural protein, which is responsible for viral attachment, assembly, maturation as well as eliciting host antibodies. However, the epitopes within capsid protein have not been well studied. In this study, a monoclonal antibody, named 1D7, was generated against GoAstV capsid protein by hybridoma technology. Western blot results showed that this MAb could react with recombinant capsid protein expressed in E. coli. Also, it recognized the precursor of capsid protein, VP90 and VP70, in GoAstV-infected cells. Besides, excellent specificity of MAb 1D7 was further demonstrated in indirect immunofluorescence assay and immunohistochemical analysis. Epitope mapping results revealed that MAb 1D7 recognized the epitope 33QKVY 36 within Cap protein. Sequence alignment indicated that 33QKVY 36 is a conserved epitope among the isolates of goose astrovirus type 2 (GoAstV-2), suggesting the potential for its use in GoAstV-2 specific diagnostic assay. These findings may provide some insight into a function of the GoAstV capsid protein and further contribute to the development of diagnostic methods for GoAstV infection.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2022, 25, 4; 579-587
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
An improved resonant thermal converter based on micro-bridge resonator
Autorzy:
Dong, L.
Han, J.
Zhang, P.
Zhao, Z.
Cheng, B.
Han, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/220878.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
thermoelectric transfer difference
micro-bridge resonator
thermal converter
bifilar heater
Opis:
This paper presents the design, fabrication and testing of an improved thin-film thermal converter based on an electro-thermally excited and piezo-resistively detected micro-bridge resonator. The resonant thermal converter comprises a bifilar heater and an opposing micro-bridge resonator. When the micro-bridge resonator absorbs the radiant heat from the heater, its axial strain changes, then its resonant frequency follows. Therefore the alternating voltage or current can be transferred to the equivalent DC quantity. A non-contact temperature sensing mechanism eliminates heat loss from thermopiles and reduces coupling capacitance between the temperature sensor and the heater compared with traditional thin-film thermal converters based on thermopiles. In addition, the quasi-digital output of the resonant thin-film thermal converter eliminates such problems as intensity fluctuations associated with analogue signals output by traditional thin-film thermal converters. Using the fast-reversed DC (FRDC) method, the thermoelectric transfer difference, which determines the frequency-independent part of the ac-dc transfer difference, is evaluated to be as low as 1.1 · 10-6. It indicates that the non-contact temperature sensing mechanism is a feasible method to develop a high-performance thermal converter.
Źródło:
Metrology and Measurement Systems; 2018, 25, 4; 715-725
0860-8229
Pojawia się w:
Metrology and Measurement Systems
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Effect of pH on surface characteristics and flotation of sulfidized cerussite
Autorzy:
Feng, Q.
Wen, S.
Zhao, W.
Liu, J.
Liu, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/110234.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
cerussite
sulfidization
excessive sulfide ions
pH
surface analysis
Opis:
The effect of pH on surface characteristic and flotation of sulfidized cerussite was studied by micro-flotation tests, dissolution experiments, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The micro-flotation tests demonstrated that higher recovery of cerussite was achieved in acidic solutions than that in alkaline solutions. Despite the addition of high collector concentrations, cerussite flotation did not improved in alkaline solutions. The dissolution performance of sulfide-treated cerussite at different pH values indicated that the lead sulfide layer on the surface of sulfide-treated cerussite could exist in acidic solutions and it was more stable at acidic pH than in alkaline solutions. This finding was proved by the SEM-EDS and XPS analyses.
Źródło:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing; 2016, 52, 2; 676-689
1643-1049
2084-4735
Pojawia się w:
Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Acer truncatum seedlings are more plastic than Quercus variabilis seedlings in response to different light regimes
Autorzy:
Guo, X.
Wang, R.-Q.
Wang, C.D.
Xu, F.
Zhao, S.
Guo, W.-H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/41339.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Dendrologii PAN
Tematy:
Acer truncatum
seedling
Quercus variabilis
Chinese cork oak
plant response
light regime
irradiance acclimation
chlorophyll fluorescence
morphology
photoinhibition
Opis:
In this study, we investigated responses of the mid-successional species Acer truncatum Bunge and the late-successional species Quercus variabilis Blume to three solar illumination conditions: (1) constant low light (CL), (2) constant high light (CH) and (3) low light first and high light afterwards (LH). The last treatment was to simulate a canopy opening. Both species exhibited increases in biomass, totally and in part, and decreases in leaf water content, specific leaf area and chlorophyll concentrations in LH treatment compared to CL treatment. For A. truncatum, exposure to high light condition (LH) increased crown area, and decreased root to shoot ratio, stem mass ratio and leaf perimeter. However, for Q. variabilis, LH treatment increased stem diameter at ground height, effective quantum yield, photochemical quenching and decreased maximum photosystem II quantum yield. The biomass allocation pattern did not change in Q. variabilis among three light conditions. With respect to newly developed leaves, no significant differences were found in leaf size of Q. variabilis between LH treatment and CH treatment while that of A. truncatum decreased in LH treatment. All chlorophyll fluorescence parameters in newly developed oak leaves in LH treatment increased compared to those of CH treatment while no difference was found for A. truncatum between LH and CH treatment. A. truncatum displayed a greater overall plasticity than Q. variabilis although the oak seedlings have a greater plasticity with respect to chlorophyll concentration and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters. A. truncatum should be a better candidate for vegetation recovery, especially in places with heterogeneous light conditions.
Źródło:
Dendrobiology; 2016, 76
1641-1307
Pojawia się w:
Dendrobiology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Generation and characterization of a monoclonal antibody against duck Tembusu virus envelope protein
Autorzy:
Han, K.
Zhao, D.
Liu, Y.
Liu, Q.
Huang, X.
Yang, J.
Bi, K.
Xu, T.
Li, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/31495.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Opis:
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is a newly emerging pathogenic flavivirus that has caused massive economic losses to the duck industry in China. Envelope (E) protein of DTMUV is an important structural protein, which is able to induce protective immune response in target animals and can be used as specific serological diagnosis tool. In this study, a novel monoclonal antibody, designated mAb 3E9, was generated against DTMUV E protein. It is positive in indirect ELISA against both His-E protein and the purified whole viral antigen. Also, this mAb showed positive reaction with DTMUV in Western blot and indirect immunofluorescence assay, and the isotype was IgG1. End-point neutralizing assay performed in BHK-21 cells revealed that the neutralization titer of 3E9 against DTMUV JS804 strain reached 1:50. Furthermore, functional studies revealed that 3E9 blocks infection of DTMUV at a step on viral attachment. The anti-E mAbs produced in the present work may be valuable in developing an antigen-capture ELISA test for antigen detection or a competitive ELISA test for antibody detection or therapeutic medicine for DTMUV in poultry.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences; 2016, 19, 4
1505-1773
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The unsteadiness of tip clearance flow and its effect to stability of transonic axial compressor
Nieustaloność przepływu w szczelinie wierzchołkowej i jej wpływ na stabilność pracy przydźwiękowej sprężarki osiowej
Autorzy:
Hu, J. F.
Zhu, X. C.
Ou-Yang, H.
Tian, J.
Wu, Y. D.
Qiang, X. Q.
Zhao, G.
Du, Z. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/281445.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Mechaniki Teoretycznej i Stosowanej
Tematy:
tip leakage flow
compressor
stability
Opis:
The steady and unsteady RANS simulations of a transonic compressor rotor (NASA rotor 37) are performed to investigate the tip clearance flow characteristic and correlations between tip leakage flow and compressor stability. For steady simulations, the results are compared with the aerodynamic probe and laser anemometer data. The speed lines and span-wise aerodynamic parameters agree well with the experimental data. On the other hand, the tip clearance flow of unsteady simulations are analysed clearly at a near stall condition. The results show that there is a mass flow rate boundary. The tip clearance flow oscillates substantially with a frequency about 50% BPF when the mass is less than that, which is caused by tip clearance flow, shock, and the interaction between them and the oncoming flow. The interface between the oncoming flow and clearance flow shifts forward, and the tip clearance flow may spill over into the adjacent blade passage as the mass flow decreases, which may results in the spike stall inception.
W pracy przedstawiono symulacje stanu ustalonego i nieustalonego przydźwiękowej sprężarki osiowej (turbina NASA 37) z zastosowaniem metody Reynoldsa uśredniania równań Naviera-Stokesa (RANS) w celu zbadania charakterystyki przepływu w szczelinie wierzchołkowej oraz określenia zależności pomiędzy stratami związanymi z upływem w tej szczelinie a stabilnością pracy sprężarki. Wyniki symulacji stanu ustalonego porównano z danymi doświadczalnymi uzyskanymi za pomocą sondy aerodynamicznej i laserowego wiatromierza. Wyznaczone wzdłuż rozpiętości sprężarki linie prędkości przepływu i jego parametry aerodynamiczne okazały się zgodne z danymi doświadczalnymi. W przypadku symulacji stanu nieustalonego, analizę przepływu w szczelinie wierzchołkowej przeprowadzono dla warunków bliskich oderwania, tj. utraty wydajności sprężarki, wyznaczając graniczny wydatek przepływu dla takiej sytuacji. Poniżej tej granicznej wartości, zmiany przepływu w szczelinie oscylują z częstotliwością sięgającą 50% częstotliwości przejścia łopatek (tzw. BPF), co jest konsekwencją interakcji wywołanej zderzeniem przepływu z falą napływową w szczelinie wierzchołkowej. Powierzchnia tej interakcji przesuwa się do przodu, a sam przepływ może rozpaść się na fragmenty znajdujące ujście w kanałach przyległych łopatek. Zjawisko to zachodzi przy malejącym wydatku, a to z kolei może indukować oderwanie przepływu skokowymi zmianami mocy współpracującego silnika.
Źródło:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics; 2013, 51, 2; 431-438
1429-2955
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Vibration reduction design with hybrid structures and topology optimization
Autorzy:
Huo, F.
Yang, D.
Zhao, Y.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/260590.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Politechnika Gdańska. Wydział Inżynierii Mechanicznej i Okrętownictwa
Tematy:
hybrid structure
vibration reduction
materials selection
topology optimization
Opis:
The hybrid structures show excellent performance on vibration reduction for ship, aircraft and spacecraft designs. Meanwhile, the topology optimization is widely used for structure vibration reduction and weight control. The design of hybrid structures considering simultaneous materials selection and topology optimization are big challenges in theoretical study and engineering applications. In this paper, according to the proposed laminate component method (LCM) and solid isotropic microstructure with penalty (SIMP) method, the mathematical formulations are presented for concurrent materials selection and topology optimizations of hybrid structures. Thickness distributions of the plies in laminate components are defined as materials selection design variables by LCM method. Relative densities of elements in the components are defined as topology design variables by SIMP method. Design examples of hybrid 3-bar truss structures and hybrid floating raft with vibration reduction requirements verified the effectiveness of the presented optimization models.
Źródło:
Polish Maritime Research; 2016, S 1; 10-19
1233-2585
Pojawia się w:
Polish Maritime Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Low-temperature pyrolysis of oily sludge : roles of Fe/Al-pillared bentonites
Autorzy:
Jia, H.
Zhao, S.
Zhou, X.
Qu, C.
Fan, D.
Wang, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/204636.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
pyrolysis
oily sludge
Fe/Al pillared bentonites
aliphatic hydrocarbons
Lewis acidity
Opis:
Pyrolysis is potentially an effective treatment of oily sludge for oil recovery, and the addition of a catalyst is expected to affect its pyrolysis behavior. In the present study, Fe/Al-pillared bentonite with various Fe/Al ratios as pyrolysis catalyst is prepared and characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption, and NH3-TPD. The integration of Al and Fe in the bentonite interlayers to form pillared clay is evidenced by increase in the basal spacing. As a result, a critical ratio of Fe/Al exists in the Fe/Al-pillared bentonite catalytic pyrolysis for oil recovery from the sludge. The oil yield increases with respect to increase in Fe/Al ratio of catalysts, then decreases with further increasing of Fe/Al ratio. The optimum oil yield using 2.0 wt% of Fe/Al 0.5-pillared bentonite as catalyst attains to 52.46% compared to 29.23% without catalyst addition in the present study. In addition, the addition of Fe/Al-pillared bentonite catalyst also improves the quality of pyrolysis-produced oil and promotes the formation of CH4. Fe/Al-pillared bentonite provides acid center in the inner surface, which is beneficial to the cracking reaction of oil molecules in pyrolysis process. The present work implies that Fe/Al-pillared bentonite as addictive holds great potential in industrial pyrolysis of oily sludge.
Źródło:
Archives of Environmental Protection; 2017, 43, 3; 82-90
2083-4772
2083-4810
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Environmental Protection
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Numerical approach in recognition of selected features of rock structure from hybrid hydrocarbon reservoir samples based on microtomography
Autorzy:
Kaczmarek, Ł. D.
Zhao, Y.
Konietzky, H.
Wejrzanowski, T.
Maksimczuk, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/178817.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
Tematy:
compression test
flow paths
porosity
sandstone
Opis:
The study employs numerical calculations in the characterization of reservoir sandstone samples based on high-resolution X-ray computed microtomography. The major goals were to determine porosity through pore size distribution, permeability characterization through pressure field, and structure impact on rock strength by simulation of a uniaxial compression test. Two Miocene samples were taken from well S-3, located in the eastern part of the Carpathian Foredeep. Due to the relation between sample size and image resolution, two X-ray irradiation series with two different sample sizes were performed. In the first approach, the voxel side was 27 µm and in the second it was up to 2 µm. Two samples from different depths have been studied here. Sample 1 has petrophysical features of conventional reservoir deposits, in contrast to sample 2. The approximate grain size of sample 1 is in the range 0.1–1.0 mm, whereas for sample 2 it is 0.01–0.1 mm with clear sedimentation lamination and heterogenic structure. The porosity, as determined by µCT, of sample 1 is twice (10.3%) that of sample 2 (5.3%). The equivalent diameter of a majority of pores is less than 0.027 mm and their pore size distribution is unimodal right-hand asymmetrical in the case of both samples. In relations to numerical permeability tests, the flow paths are in the few privileged directions where the pressure is uniformly decreasing. Nevertheless, there are visible connections in sample 1, as is confirmed by the homogenous distribution of particles in the pore space of the sample and demonstrated in the particle flow simulations. The estimated permeability of the first sample is approximately four times higher than that of the second one. The uniaxial compression test demonstrated the huge impact of even minimal heterogeneity of samples in terms of micropores: 4–5 times loss of strength compared to the undisturbed sample. The procedure presented shows the promising combination of microstructural analysis and numerical simulations. More specific calculations of lab tests with analysis of variable boundary conditions should be performed in the future.
Źródło:
Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica; 2017, 39, 1; 13-26
0137-6365
2083-831X
Pojawia się w:
Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Bench- and pilot-scale investigation of integrated removal of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and mercury in a wet limestone scrubber
Badania laboratoryjne i pilotowe nad zintegrowanym oczyszczaniem spalin z dwutlenku siarki, tlenków azotu i rtęci w układach mokrego odsiarczania spalin
Autorzy:
Krzyżyńska, R.
Zhao, Y.
Hutson, N. D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1819582.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Politechnika Koszalińska. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
dwutlenek siarki
mokre odsiarczanie spalin
tlenki azotu
tlenki rtęci
sulfur dioxide
wet flue gas desulfurization
nitrogen oxides
oxides of mercury
Opis:
The reduction of sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and mercury (Hg) emissions is an important concern to environmental pollution. During recent years, the relevance of these pollutants to societal environmental issues and human health concerns has become increasingly apparent. Additionally, regulations such as the European Union directive on Large Combustion Plants (LCP, 2001/80/EC), the directive on Industrial Emissions (IED) and the United States Clean Air Transport Rule (CATR) require further emission reduction of these pollutants [5, 7, 19]. SO2, NOx and Hg are primarily released during coal combustion processes in the energy sector. Coal is main fuel of the Polish power sector - more than 90% of Polish power stations are coal-fired [13]. In the absence of national policies and binding international agreements concerning the limitation or reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, world coal consumption is projected to increase approximately 56% from 2007 to 2035 [11]. Increasing demand for energy to fuel electricity generation and industrial production in the region is expected to be met in large part by coal. Coal-fired generation increases by an annual average of 2.3%, making coal the second fastest-growing source for electricity generation in the IEA projection [11]. The environmental and health issues motivate the development of "clean coal technologies" with capture and sequestration of CO2, and also the development of flue gas cleaning technologies from coal-fired boilers. EU Directive LCP, became effective in 2016 and required to limit NOx and SO2 to 200 mg/Nm3 concentrations from large coal-fired boilers. This demands require a further investment in secondary methods of NOx cleaning, [7, 15] because commercially available primary methods of NOx reduction are not able to obtain these emission limits. United States Environmental Protection Agency has recently proposed the Clean Air Transport Rule (CATR) (to replace EPA's 2005 Clean Interstate Rule). CATR requires reduction of NOx and SO2 emissions - 71% for SO2 and 52% for NOx - from 2005 levels [5]. Because of these large emission reduction requirements, a significant increase in the use of wet-FGD technology is expected over the next decade. EPA has also indicated an intention to regulate emission of Hg and other hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) from coal-fired electric utility boilers [21]. Most Polish coal-fired utility boilers use the primary methods of NOx control, as low-NOx burners or the modification of combustion processes, but they are not able to reduce NOx emission to that required by the LCP directive level. Commercially available secondary methods of NOx control are selective catalytic reduction (SCR) using ammonia and selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) using urea. Additional methods of secondary NOx control are sorption methods and electro-beam technologies [4, 6, 20, 22]. Another option is multipollutant control, in which a minimum of two pollutants can be captured by one device. Different types of multipollutant control techniques have been intensively developed over the last several years [1, 4, 8÷10, 12, 14]. The concept of multipollutant control in a wet scrubber seems to be one of the most interesting and is the subject of intensive reseach [1, 8, 10, 12]. Wet scrubbers are the most popular flue gas desulphurization system worldwide, for example, in the US 86% of all installed flue gas desulphurization systems are wet scrubbed, and almost 70% of those wet scrubbers use the limestone process [17]. This paper presents results on the simultaneous removal of SO2 with NOx and Hg in a wet limestone scrubber. Experiments were performed at bench and pilot-scale on simulated coal-fired flue gas. Sodium chlorite, as the most effective among tested oxidant additives, was used in most experiments to enhance the effectiveenss of the wet limestone scrubber. The research is focused on achieving maximum NOx, Hg and SO2 removal efficiencies from flue gas, which may aid in the full fillment of regulatory requirements. Parameters that can affect the removal process and which might be present in real conditions are also examined.
Redukcja emisji dwutlenku siarki (SO2), tlenków azotu (NOx), a także rtęci (Hg) jest istotnym problemem ochrony środowiska. Związane jest to z coraz większą świadomością społeczeństwa o zagrożeniach, jakie niesie ze sobą zanieczyszczenie powietrza, troską o zdrowie oraz z dyrektywami unijnymi jak LCP-2001/80/EC, IED w Europie czy CATR w USA, które wymuszają dodatkowe ograniczenia tychże substancji [5, 6, 19]. Powyższe aspekty motywują do rozwoju tzw. "czystych technologii węglowych", a także technologii ograniczania emisji zanieczyszczeń z kotłów opalanych węglem. Dyrektywa LCP (Large Combustion Plants Directive) nakłada obowiązek oczyszczenia spalin z dużych obiektów energetycznych do poziomu 200 mg NOx/Nm3 i 200 mg SO2/Nm3 po 2016 r. [7]. Dyrektywa IED (Industrial Emissions Directive) dotycząca emisji przemysłowych, zaostrza jeszcze powyższe limity po roku 2016 (2020 w Polsce) [19]. Dyrektywy te praktycznie nakładają obowiązek modernizacji lub zainstalowania nowoczesnych, wysokosprawnych instalacji odsiarczania i odazotowania na większość polskich elektrowni [15]. Dlatego też, oprócz dalszego rozwoju komercyjnie dostępnych technologii takich jak SCR (Selektywna Redukcja Katalityczna) i SNCR (Nieselektywna Redukcja Katalityczna), opracowywane są również inne techniki oczyszczania spalin z NOx, do których należą m.in. techniki "multipollutant" (zintegrowanego oczyszczania), które są przedmiotem badań autorów niniejszej publikacji. W prezentowanych badaniach podjęto próbę opracowania metody redukcji emisji SO2, NOx i Hg w układach mokrego odsiarczania spalin. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań laboratoryjnych i pilotowych. Celem pracy było uzyskanie wysokich, redukcji emisji zanieczyszczeń oraz zbadanie i ustalenie optymalnych warunków prowadzenia procesu (stężenie jonów ClO2- w zawiesinie sorpcyjnej, wpływ SO2 i NOx w gazach spalinowych oraz pH cieczy sorpcyjnej). Badania przeprowadzono w skali laboratoryjnej i pilotowej na gazach Symulujących składem gazy spalinowe z procesu spalania węgla. Proces usuwania zanieczyszczeń przebiegał w absorberach symulujących mokre absorbery odsiarczania spalin, zasilanych wodną zawiesiną węglanu wapnia. Badania pilotowe przeprowadzono w absorberze trzykolumnowym z wieżą natleniającą Badania laboratoryjne wykazały bardzo wysoką skuteczność usuwania SO2, NOx i Hg ze spalin, przy niskim stężeniu ClO2- w zawiesinie sorpcyjnej (0.005M). Hg i NO zostały całkowicie usunięte ze spalin, natomiast absorpcja NOx (w postaci NO2) wynosiła ok. 50%. Większe stężenia ClO2- w zawiesinie nie wpływały na poprawę efektywności procesu. Wstępne badania pilotowe wykazały niższe, lecz obiecujące skuteczności usuwania zanieczyszczeń (~70% Hg, ~30% NO, ~15% NOx). Wykazano, że obecność SO2 w spalinach jest bardzo istotnym parametrem wpływających na skuteczność usuwania NOx (NO i NO2) i Hg. Z kolei brak SO2 w spalinach powodował drastyczny spadek skuteczności usuwania zanieczyszczeń. Wykazano, że niewielka ilość SO2 w gazach spalinowych jest niezbędna do uzyskania wysokich redukcji stężeń NOx (NO i NO2) i Hg, natomiast zbyt wysokie stężenie SO2 w spalinach powoduje dezaktywację reakcji Hg-NaClO2-NO-NaClO2 i wpływa negatywnie na sam proces oczyszczania. Udowodniono również, że chloryn sodu jest skutecznym związkiem utleniającym NO i Hg0 w absorberze w zakresie pH 4.0÷7.0.
Źródło:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska; 2011, Tom 13; 22-49
1506-218X
Pojawia się w:
Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Study of flow softening mechanisms of a nickel-based superalloy with o phase
Autorzy:
Lin, Y. C.
He, D.-G
Chen, M. S.
Chen, X.-M.
Zhao, C.-Y.
Ma, X.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/958203.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
alloys
hot deformation
flow softening behavior
microstructural evolution
Opis:
The flow softening behaviors of a nickel-based superalloy with o phase are investigated by hot compression tests over wide ranges of deformation temperature and strain rate. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD). optical microscopy (OM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are employed to study the flow softening mechanisms of the studied superalloy. It is found that the flow softening behaviors of the studied superalloy are sensitive to deformation temperature and strain rate. At high strain rate and low deformation temperature, the obvious flow softening behaviors occur. With the increase of deformation temperature or decrease of strain rate, the flow softening degree becomes weaken. At high strain rate (1s-1), the flow softening is mostly induced by the plastic deformation heating and flow localization. However, at low strain rate domains (0.001-0.01s-1), the effects of deformation heating on flow softening are slight. Moreover, the flow softening at low strain rates is mainly induced by the discontinuous dynamic recrystallization and the dissolution of 6 phase (Ni3Nb).
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2016, 61, 3; 1537-1546
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Influence of Flash Lamp Annealing on the Optical Properties of CIGS Layer
Autorzy:
Prucnal, S.
Jiao, F.
Reichel, D.
Zhao, K.
Cornelius, S.
Turek, M.
Pyszniak, K.
Drozdziel, A.
Skorupa, W.
Helm, M.
Zhou, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1199248.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014-06
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
Tematy:
88.40.jn
61.72.Cc
78.55.Hx
Opis:
Copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGS) becomes more significant for solar cell applications as an alternative to silicon. The quality of the layer has a critical impact on the final efficiency of the solar cell. An influence of the post-deposition millisecond range flash lamp annealing on the optical and microstructural properties of the CIGS films was investigated. Based on the Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy, it is shown that flash lamp annealing reduces the defect concentration and leads to an increase of the photoluminescence intensity by a factor of six compared to the nonannealed sample. Moreover, after flash lamp annealing the degradation of the photoluminescence is significantly suppressed and the absolute absorption in the wavelength range of 200-1200 nm increases by 25%.
Źródło:
Acta Physica Polonica A; 2014, 125, 6; 1404-1407
0587-4246
1898-794X
Pojawia się w:
Acta Physica Polonica A
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Hierarchical sliding mode control for a class of SIMO under-actuated systems
Autorzy:
Qian, D.
Yi, J.
Zhao, D.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/971008.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Badań Systemowych PAN
Tematy:
control approaches
control applications
sliding mode control
underactuated systems
Opis:
A hierarchical sliding mode control approach is proposed for a class of SIMO under-actuated systems. This class of under-actuated systems is made up of several subsystems. Based on this physical structure, the hierarchical structure of the sliding surfaces is designed as follows. At first, the sliding surface of every subsystem is defined. Then the sliding surface of one subsystem is defined as the first layer sliding surface. The first layer sliding surface is used to construct the second layer sliding surface with the sliding surface of another subsystem. This process continues till the sliding surfaces of the entire subsystems are included. According to the hierarchical structure, the total control law is deduced by the Lyapunov theorem. In theory, the asymptotic stability of the entire system of sliding surfaces is proven and the parameter boundaries of the subsystem sliding surfaces are given. Simulation results show the feasibility of this control method through two typical SIMO under-actuated systems.
Źródło:
Control and Cybernetics; 2008, 37, 1; 159-175
0324-8569
Pojawia się w:
Control and Cybernetics
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Identification of Ship Maneuvering Model Using Extended Kalman Filters
Autorzy:
Shi, C.
Zhao, D.
Peng, J.
Shen, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/116777.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Morski w Gdyni. Wydział Nawigacyjny
Tematy:
Manoeuvring
Ship Manoeuvering Model
Kalman filter
extended Kalman filter (EKF)
Ship Manoeuvrability
ship handling simulator
Turning Circle Test
Zig-Zag Test
Opis:
Ship maneuvering models are the keys to the research of ship maneuverability, design of ship motion control system and development of ship handling simulators. For various frames of ship maneuvering models, determining the parameters of the models is always a tedious task. System identification theory can be used to establish system mathematical models by the system’s input data and output data. In this paper, based on the analysis of ship hydrodynamics, a nonlinear model frame of ship maneuvering is established. System identification theory is employed to estimate the parameters of the model. An algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter theory is proposed to calculate the parameters. In order to gain the system’s input and output data, which is necessary for the parameters identification experiment, turning circle tests and Zig-zag tests are performed on shiphandling simulator and the initial data is collected. Based on the Fixed Interval Kalman Smoothing algorithm, a pre-processing algorithm is proposed to process the raw data of the tests. With this algorithm, the errors introduced during the measurement process are eliminated. Parameters identification experiments are designed to estimate the model parameters, and the ship maneuvering model parameters estimation algorithm is extended to modify the parameters being estimated. Then the model parameters and the ship maneuvering model are determined. Simulation validation was carried out to simulate the ship maneuverability. Comparisons have been made to the simulated data and measured data. The results show that the ship maneuvering model determined by our approach can seasonably reflect the actual motion of ship, and the parameter estimation procedure and algorithms are effective.
Źródło:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation; 2009, 3, 1; 105-110
2083-6473
2083-6481
Pojawia się w:
TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 33

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