Autor: Woźniakowska, Dagmara - Katalog OPAC zbiorów

Skocz do pozycji: 1.

Tytuł:: Przestępczość nieletnich dziewcząt we współczesnej w Polsce
Girls’ Delinquency in Contemporary Poland
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698973.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2006
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępczość nieletnich dziewcząt
badania aktowe
czyn zabroniony
girls’ delinquency
juvenile delinquency
prohibited act
Opis:: The aim of the research was to learn about juvenile girls in Poland: who they are, what we know about their families, what kind of prohibited acts they commit. Another goal was to confront the results of the survey with the common beliefs. The society is convinced that girls became more cruel and violent and even petit crimes are committed more often. The research results do not confirm such a proposition.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 375-387
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 2.

Tytuł:: Cudzoziemcy jako sprawcy poważnych przestępstw w Polsce – raport z badań
Foreigners as the perpetrators of serious crimes in Poland – research report
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/565581.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Akademia Bialska Nauk Stosowanych im. Jana Pawła II w Białej Podlaskiej
Tematy:: cudzoziemcy
migracja
przestępczość
zabójstwo
pobicie
rozbój
foreigners
migration
crime
homicide
battery
robbery
Opis:: Artykuł przedstawia fragment raportu z najnowszej analizy statystyk przestępczości cudzoziemców (obejmującej lata 2000-2012). Podstawą raportu są statystyki Komendy Głównej Policji oraz Ministerstwa Sprawiedliwości. Przestępczość cudzoziemców w Polsce charakteryzuje duża dynamika. Po 1989 r. przestępczość cudzoziemców w Polsce rosła aż do roku 1997, a od 1998 następuje widoczny spadek. Do roku 2006 spadek ten jest dość gwałtowny, a później następuje stabilizacja. Analiza statystyk cudzoziemców podejrzanych o popełnienie przestępstwa i skazanych za te czyny pokazuje, że obecnie w Polsce zagrożenie przestępczością obcokrajowców jest znikome. W latach 2004-2012 udział cudzoziemców w ogóle przestępczości wynosi nieco ponad 1%. Odsetek skazań za najpoważniejsze przestępstwa pozostaje jeszcze niższy.
The article presents the fragment of the report on the latest analysis of the statistics of foreigner crime (2000-2012). The basis of the report are the statistics of the Police Headquarters and the Ministry of Justice. Foreigner crime in Poland is characterized by high dynamics. After 1989 criminality of foreigners in Poland increases until 1997, and since 1998 seriously declines. By 2006 this decline is quite rapid but later one can observe a stabilization. Analysis of the statistics of suspects and sentenced foreigners show that currently in Poland a threat of foreigner crime is insignificant. In the years 2004-2012, percentage of foreigners in the general number of suspects is just over 1%. The proportion of convictions for the most serious crimes remains even lower.
Źródło:: Rozprawy Społeczne; 2016, 10, 1; 44-56
2081-6081
Pojawia się w:: Rozprawy Społeczne
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 3.

Tytuł:: 20 years on the path – the criminal careers of Polish juvenile girls
20 lat na ścieżce – kariery kryminalne polskich nieletnich dziewcząt
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1375486.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2020-09-28
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: juvenile delinquency
juvenile girls
criminal career
life-course criminology
gender
developmental criminology
przestępczość nieletnich
nieletnie dziewczęta
kariera kryminalna
kryminologia drogi życiowej
płeć
kryminologia rozwojowa
Opis:: The ongoing research conducted at the Department of Criminology at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences into juvenile delinquency resulted in establishing a database of persons who appeared before family and juvenile court for a punishable offence before 2000. The database enabled the continuation of research into the fate of juvenile girls, including and offered a unique insight into the lives of those individuals who continued to break the law in their adulthood. Court files studies were the basis of the analysis of juvenile girls’ offending at the time. Since then, the convictions of the juveniles in question has been verified three times: in 2011 (, in 2016 (for the period 2011-2015) and in 2018 (for the years 2016 and 2017). 836 juvenile girls remained that qualified for the research covering the period 2017-2019. From among this group 167 females were convicted of a criminal offence as adults, which is every fifth juvenile female in the study. For the sake of the research the research team decided to do in-depth research on the group of women that committed at least three offences in their adulthood, for which they had at least two convictions. Such established framework yielded 64 records (7.7% of the total juveniles in the research).
The ongoing research conducted at the Department of Criminology at the Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences into juvenile delinquency resulted in establishing a database of persons who appeared before family and juvenile court for a punishable offence before 2000. The database enabled the continuation of research into the fate of juvenile girls, including and offered a unique insight into the lives of those individuals who continued to break the law in their adulthood. Court files studies were the basis of the analysis of juvenile girls’ offending at the time. Since then, the convictions of the juveniles in question has been verified three times: in 2011 (, in 2016 (for the period 2011-2015) and in 2018 (for the years 2016 and 2017). 836 juvenile girls remained that qualified for the research covering the period 2017-2019. From among this group 167 females were convicted of a criminal offence as adults, which is every fifth juvenile female in the study. For the sake of the research the research team decided to do in-depth research on the group of women that committed at least three offences in their adulthood, for which they had at least two convictions. Such established framework yielded 64 records (7.7% of the total juveniles in the research). Rezultatem badań nad przestępczością nieletnich, prowadzonych w Zakładzie Kryminologii Instytutu Nauk Prawnych PAN jest baza danych osób, które odpowiadały przed sądem dla nieletnich w roku 2000. Istnienie owej bazy daje unikalną możliwość kontynuacji badań dalszych losów nieletnich dziewcząt, wglądu w życie tych, które popełniały przestępstwa jako osoby dorosłe. Analiza przestępczości nieletnich dziewcząt została oparta na materiale zebranych w aktach sądowych i dotyczyła spraw, które trafiły do sądu dla nieletnich w roku 2000. Od tej pory ewentualne skazania kobiet z tej grupy zostały sprawdzone trzykrotnie: w latach 2011, 2016 (dla okresu 2011–2015) oraz w roku 2018 (dla okresu 2016–2017). Na 836 dziewcząt z pierwotnej bazy, 167 (czyli co piąta) było skazanych w dorosłości za popełnienie przestępstwa. Na potrzeby badań zespół badawczy zdecydował o pogłębionej analizie akt karnych kobiet, które jako dorosłe popełniły co najmniej trzy czyny, z które zostały skazane co najmniej dwukrotnie. Dotyczyło to 64 kobiet (7,7% wszystkich z pierwotnie badanej grupy).
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2020, XLII/1; 117-138
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 4.

Tytuł:: Cudzoziemcy jako sprawcy znęcania się i zgwałcenia w kontekście przemocy „honorowej”
Foreign Nationals as Perpetrators of Physical Abuse and Rape in the Context of Honour Based Violence
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698636.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2016
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: cudzoziemcy
sprawca znęcania się
sprawca zgwałcenia
przemoc
kryminologia
foreign nationals
physical abuse
rape
violence
Opis:: The number of foreign nationals convicted of physical abuse in the period spanning 2004–2012 was around a dozen cases a year. The percentage of convicted foreign nationals in comparison with Poles indicted with the offence described in the provisions of Article 207 of the Polish Penal Code, was very low, i.e. 0.1%, throughout all the years studied. In the years 2004–2012, foreign nationals in Poland were convicted of 145 physical abuse offences. The perpetrators originated from 34 countries. Most of them came from Ukraine (24%), followed by Russia (12%) and Germany (7%). In the period under study, 8 convictions were secured for Armenian nationals, and 6 for Rumanian and Turkish, respectively. It should be noted that in the case of physical abuse, the aggrieved parties were mainly family members, spouses, and partners, but also children and the elderly, as well as the persons physically dependent on others for assistance in their activities of daily living (e.g. persons with disabilities). The relevant statistical data may readily be augmented by the materials gathered in the course of analysing the court’s records. Among the persons indicted for physical abuse, women are seldom the perpetrators, as only two were found in the cases analysed (28 offenders were male). The aggrieved parties were not their partners, though, but dependent individuals. The most numerous groups of perpetrators found in the court files included Russians (7 offenders) and Ukrainians (5). 7 offenders were EU citizens. Single cases were represented by other nationalities (2 Armenians, 2 Azerbaijanis, 2 Tunisians, 1 Belarussian, and 1 Iraqi). Much as in the case of other aggressive acts, numerous instances of physical abuse were related to their perpetrators’ inebriation. 18 offenders (i.e. almost 2/3 of the indicted ones) were under the influence of alcohol. The main motive of domestic violence was (besides alcohol abuse which seemed to directly trigger the outbursts of violent behaviour), some sort of conflict between family members in conjunction with an inability to alleviate it or resolve by other means. In the case of persons applying for a refugee status, long-term frustration was also found to be a contributing factor. Immediate family members of, i.e. wife, partner, children, and stepchildren aged 1–17 usually fall victim to domestic violence. In the case files under examination, a majority of the wronged women were of Polish nationality (23), 4 were Chechens, and one was an Azeri woman. In the majority of cases, where the perpetrator came from a country where Islam is the dominant religion (the perpetrator’s religious denomination was not mentioned in all the cases) and the victim was a Polish woman, it was hard to determine whether domestic violence has cultural reasons. These cases in no way differed from those in which the perpetrators were men of European origin. The actual percentage of foreign nationals convicted of rape in relation to the total number of convictions secured in pursuance of the provisions of Article 197 of the Polish Penal Code varies in the respective years of the period under study, ranging from 0.5% (in 2008) to over 2% (in 2012). The number of such convictions with regard to Polish nationals has been steadily decreasing, while remaining fairly stable in the case of foreign nationals (ranging from 4 to 17 per year). In the period spanning 2004–2012, foreign nationals in Poland were convicted of 88 rapes, their perpetrators originating from 29 countries. Over nine years, usually only one or two instances of convictions for rape were related to respective nationalities. Most convictions involved Ukrainians (20%), Bulgarians (17%), and Germans (8%). Romanian citizens were convicted in five cases, while Armenians and Russians 4 times each. A rich source of data on the perpetrators are the court records of criminal cases. In those studied, 18 perpetrators were revealed, all men. It would be rather hard to speculate, though, on any apparent regularity regarding their nationality. In that particular group, the most numerous were the Ukrainians (3). Otherwise, the group comprised single representatives of Russia (Chechen extraction), Tunisia, Morocco, Belarus, Syria, Algeria, Iran, Armenia, and the United States. Six offenders were EU citizens. The reason for a sexual assault was primarily the drive to satisfy one’s sexual desire, which in more than half of the cases was also related to alcohol abuse by the perpetrator. The statistics on the total number of rape offences committed by foreign nationals also differ in terms of the actual location where the rape was perpetrated. The majority (10) of offences described in the records studied took place in apartments and houses (as indeed it usually happens in all cases of reported rape in Poland), but open public spaces (e.g. streets, fields, woodland areas) made up an equally significant category (10 cases). In all cases the aggrieved parties were women, all of them of Polish nationality. They were mostly young or very young women. The youngest victim (of attempted rape) was 11 years old, while the oldest was 32. As with most cases of rape, one rule seemed to prevail throughout, i.e. first and foremost the victims of rape were personally known to the perpetrator. Out of the 20 identified victims, 12 knew the rapist, and 6 of them were members of the perpetrator’s family. In terms of the analysed records, minor victims appeared relatively numerous, also in view of the fact that the two perpetrators raped several girls. In no instance of rape of very young girls was the cultural aspect ever mentioned. In none of those cases was a young girl forced into marriage, or was cultural consent granted to having a sexual intercourse with a minor. Summing up the issue of foreign nationals as the perpetrators of physical abuse and rape, especially in the context of honour based violence, it is clear that currently such acts do not seem to have been committed mainly by the Muslims. Since foreign nationals residing in Poland mostly come from the neighbouring countries (predominantly Ukraine), they are by far the most visible as offenders. As far as the cases of rape are concerned, as referenced in the criminal records under study, the perpetrators’ mode of operation did not differ with respect to their nationality. In the case of foreign offenders, a substantial number of rape victims were very young girls, although this was in no way related to cultures that accept and promote child marriage or forced unions. All the perpetrators originated from our own cultural background.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2016, XXXVIII; 321-345
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 5.

Tytuł:: Profesor Dobrochna Wójcik
Professor Dobrochna Wójcik
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698874.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: Dobrochna Wójcik
prawnicy polscy
dorobek naukowy
bibliografia
academic achievements
Polish lawyers
bibliography
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 35-45
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 6.

Tytuł:: Prawne możliwości walki ze zjawiskiem stalkingu - czy w prawie polskim konieczna jest penalizacja prześladowania?
Fight against stalking-legal options. Is there a necessity of stalking penalization in Polish law?
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698484.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2009
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: stalking
przemoc wobec kobiet
polityka kryminalna
criminalization
crime prevention
Opis:: The article concerns the phenomenon of stalking, or emotional persecution. It also presents legal solutions concerning stalking in the countries where this type of behavior is penalized, and includes a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of criminalization of stalking in Poland. In contrast with the admiration, stalking is a behavior which a victim does not wish. Stalking is an English verb denoting a quiet human or animal tracking in order to capture or kill. In accordance to the definition of an American psychologist J. Reid Meloy, stalking is a form of malicious and repeated harassing and annoying of another person which increases his or her feeling of threat. Stalking, just like domestic violence, and mobbing are classified as so-called "emotional violence", by which we understand “interference in the psyche of another person directed against his or her emotions, resulting both immediate and delayed negative effects”. Emotional violence is never a single event. Stalking most often exhibits in such behaviors as: calls, silent calls, night calls, wandering in the vicinity of victim's home, making contact through a third party, questioning about the victim in his or her surroundings, persisting at the door / home / work, sending letters, e-mails, text messages, and gifts, placing postal orders in victim's name, tracking and following the victim, slander (distributing false information and rumors), burglary to victims house or car, stealing victim's belongings, harassing victim's family and friends, as well as attacking and assaulting them. The main problem with providing an adequate legal protection to a victim of a stalker lies in the fact that some of these behaviors are criminal, and some are not prohibited by law, nevertheless if repeated, they carry severe consequences for the victim which cannot be counteracted by means of criminal law. The tragedy of stalking victims lies in the fact that a persecutor may intimidate his victims and force them to change habits and plans, to live in constant fear. Stalker often causes huge mental suffering through actions which, under Polish law, are legally indifferent. What is also important is that actions of a stalker do not have to result from his or her wrongful intentions or desire to annoy the victim (in many law systems malicious intention of the stalker is a sine qua non for criminalization of stalking). Sometimes the persecutor acts with good intentions (the desire to win the love of a loved one), nevertheless behavior of the stalker is frightening for the victim. Results of a study taken to estimate the scale of stalking differ between countries where such studies have been conducted. This discrepancy is probably influenced by the definition assumed by researchers, research methodology, sample size and selection, but also by the different temperament of the inhabitants of these countries.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2009, XXXI; 173-208
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 7.

Tytuł:: Przestępczość kobiet i dziewcząt – wybrane teorie kryminologiczne
Women and Girls Crime: Selected Criminological Theories
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698900.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępczość kobiet
przestępczość dziewcząt
teorie kryminologiczne
teorie antropologiczne
teorie biochemiczne
teoria napięcia strukturalnego
teorie zróżnicowania kulturowego
teoria naznaczenia społecznego
teorie uczenia się zachowań przestępczych
teorie kontroli
teorie zintegrowane
women crime
girls crime
criminological theories
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 239-252
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 8.

Tytuł:: Nieletnie dziewczęta 10 lat później - badania katamnestyczne
Juvenile girls 10 years later – a catamnestic study
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698989.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2011
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: przestępczość nieletnich
przestępczość dziewcząt
badania katamnestyczne
kariery kryminalne
juvenile girls
criminology
crime
Opis:: History of criminal studies dates back to the 1930s. However, since 1990s it has been going through a revival. Presently, it is called developmental criminology or life-course criminology. The object of the study was to trace further criminal histories of under-age girls who committed a punishable offence in 2000. Between 2003 and 2005, files of 873 under-age girls were examined . In 2010 it has been 10 years since the studied girls had a court trial. The youngest ones were 23, the oldest ones 27 – and adult women are most frequently sentenced between the age of 23 and 27. The first stage of the study was to apply to National Criminal Registry for information if the perpetrators of criminal deeds committed in 2000 broke the law within the next 10 years as adults, if they were sentenced, if so – how many times, and for what types of crimes. The second stage was to analyse the data from the Registry according to a questionnaire. The third stage was to compare the results with the data obtained previously in the study of the under-age: the crimes which had been committed as well as social and family backgrounds. Data concerning education, profession and work history are hardly present in the Reg-istry. The only information available is profession. It is impossible to obtain information how many sentenced women actually worked as adults. 7 of them (6%) declared “unemployed” so we know they were unemployed but it is unknown if they actually had any profession. Un-doubtedly more than a half of the sentenced women (52%) had no profession. Those who had a profession were cooks (9%), shop assistants (6%) and dressmakers (5%. Three persons (2,7%) were technicians (graduated from technical colleges) of economy and administration, sales, and environment protection. Most women (61%) were sentenced only once, 19 of them twice (17%). Two “record holders” were convicted 11 times during the 10 years. In the adult life, just like previously, most offences are against property. 39% are deeds of exclusively such nature, 23% are offences against property related to other types of offences (e.g. against life and health, safety in transport, documents or related to drug possession and trafficking). In total In total, 62% of crimes were against property. Second noticeable category of crimes (which was not committed by under-age girls) were crimes against transport safety (13,5%). Crimes against health and life were 13% of the overall number. Definitely more adult women than under-age girls commit crimes against document credibility (8%). There are also more punishable deeds related to drug production, trafficking and possession (7%). The study confirms legitimacy of risk factors known for a long time.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2011, XXXIII; 163-195
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 9.

Tytuł:: Nękanie emocjonalne (stalking) w doświadczeniu studentów Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
Autorzy:: Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1788424.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2021-06-22
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: stalking
przemoc
przemoc emocjonalna
nękanie
nękanie emocjonalne
uporczywe nękanie
harassment
violence
emotional violence
emotional harassment
Opis:: The study was conducted in 2013 on a sample of 359 students of the University of Warsaw. 144 persons (40.1%) of respondents admitted that they at least once in their life were victims of stalking. At the time of the survey 7.5% of the respondents were experiencing stalking. The study led to the results quite similar to previous studies of this social group, conducted in the United States and Europe. They confirmed the findings that the early adulthood is associated with new challenges in conjunction with an intense social life and attempts of looking for a partner. All there carry the risk of stalking victimization. In contrast with other studies, Polish students are usually stalked by their friends and colleagues, much less by the former and current partners.
Badania przeprowadzone w roku 2013 na próbie 359 studentów Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. 144 osoby (40,1%) badanych przyznało, że byli przynajmniej raz w życiu ofiarami nękania na tle emocjonalnym. W chwili przeprowadzania badania 7,5% respondentów doświadczało stalkingu. Badanie przyniosło wyniki dość zbliżone do wcześniejszych badań tej grupy społecznej, prowadzonych w Stanach Zjednoczonych i Europie. Potwierdziły się spostrzeżenia, że okres wczesnej dorosłości związany z nowymi wyzwaniami życiowymi w połączeniu z intensywnym życiem towarzyskim i próbami poszukiwania partnera niesie ze sobą ryzyko wiktymizacji stalkingiem. W przeciwieństwie o innych badań, polscy studenci najczęściej są nękani przez znajomych i kolegów, znacznie rzadziej przez byłych i obecnych partnerów. Prześladowanie jest najczęściej krótkie i wydaje się, że w wielu wypadkach nie na tyle poważne, by pokrzywdzeni szukali pomocy na zewnątrz. Swoim problemem z innymi osobami podzieliła się zaledwie co trzecia osoba pokrzywdzona, przy czym niezwykle rzadko zwracali się oni do organów wymiaru sprawiedliwości. W większości przypadków stalker sam zaprzestawał swojej działalności. Na uwagę zasługuje także fakt, że w przypadkach gdy prześladowanie nie stanowi dla ofiary zagrożenia, a jest jedynie uciążliwe, respondenci jako najwłaściwszą reakcję wskazywali karę ograniczenia wolności i grzywny, a nie (jak sugeruje to konstrukcją przepisu polski ustawodawcza) karę pozbawienia wolności. The study was conducted in 2013 on a sample of 359 students of the University of Warsaw. 144 persons (40.1%) of respondents admitted that they at least once in their life were victims of stalking. At the time of the survey 7.5% of the respondents were experiencing stalking. The study led to the results quite similar to previous studies of this social group, conducted in the United States and Europe. They confirmed the findings that the early adulthood is associated with new challenges in conjunction with an intense social life and attempts of looking for a partner. All there carry the risk of stalking victimization. In contrast with other studies, Polish students are usually stalked by their friends and colleagues, much less by the former and current partners.
Źródło:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2016, 23; 42-56
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 10.

Tytuł:: Przestępstwo nielegalnego przekroczenia granicy w ujęciu historycznym, teoretycznym i praktycznym
The Crime of Illegal Border Crossing in History, Theory and Practice
Autorzy:: Klaus, Witold
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698618.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2015
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: nielegalne przekraczanie granicy
przestępstwo
illegal border crossing
crime
Opis:: Historical analysis of the issue of illegal crossings of national borders shows that theinstruments of criminal law reactions are more characteristic for totalitarian countriesthan democratic ones. In the case of Poland, over the course of the last few decadesa substantial change has taken place in the goal of protecting borders. Until the endof the 1980s, attempting to prevent its own citizens from leaving was the priority,while now the border controls are concentrated on stopping citizens from third-worldcountries entering.The offence stipulated in article 264 paragraph 2 of the Criminal Code penalises anact involving perpetrators illegally crossing Polish borders and do so by using specifiedforms of actions in the form of deceit, violence, threats or in co-operation with otherpeople. Awareness of the perpetrator in relation to the eventual location of the bordermust be based on their knowledge in this field. Here it should refer to normalisedpatterns and the so-called good model citizen, who should possess knowledge bothrelated to cultural norms and to certain facts (e.g. the layout of Poland’s borders). Thismodel is well enough confirmed in the case of Polish citizens. But it is harder to applydirectly to foreigners, specifically those coming from another cultural background.Due to this, determining the guilt of foreigners when it comes to committing crimeson the territory of our country relies on checking and accounting for the concretepersonal facts of the perpetrator, specifically their level of familiarity with Polish legaland socio-cultural norms, while taking into consideration their education, nationalorigin, profession, etc. A lack of appropriate awareness about the perpetrator, resultingfrom a lack of proper knowledge and information, would be the same as making anerror about the factual or legal meaning of the act. The effect of such an error wouldbe an inability to assign intentional fault to the perpetrator for committing the givenact. From 1 July 2015, in agreement with article 28 paragraph 1 of the Criminal Code,a person who remains in justified error about the circumstances constituting thehallmarks of a criminal act, has not committed a crime at all.The authors of the article draw attention to the most commonly occurring forms ofactivities by perpetrators from article 264 paragraph 2 of the Criminal Code, namely theillegal crossing of borders in co-operation with other people. This co-operation must beunderstood as various forms of collaboration between various people while committinga crime, often fulfilling various roles in this procedure. There is little to dispute the factthat responsibility for this will be assumed by an appropriate accomplice, and thereforethe agreement of several people in relation to the shared committing of a crime. Toconclude, all parties must have awareness that other people will be participating incommitting the crime, and articulate their will (intention) in the joint action. A lack ofagreement in this sense would therefore exclude any collaboration.From a procedural point of view, for an illegal border crossing to qualify as a crime,and not a misdemeanour, the fact must be proven that the accused crossed the border “in co-operation with other people”. In the opinion of the article’s authors, withoutproof of such circumstances, one cannot talk about a crime being committed at all. Perusal of court records raises objections about how this provision is being used inpractice. In none of the analysed recorded situations did border controls attempt toprove the circumstances of co-operation as a reasonable premise for accepting a groupcrossing the border. In some cases, the issue seems questionable.It is clear that the Polish state, in the name of its own interests, tries to ensure theflow of migrants is legal and controlled. But doubt from the article’s authors inspiresmaking use of the instruments of criminal law to aid this goal. Punishments, whichmight be placed upon perpetrators of illegal border crossing crimes, do not play a rolein most cases. One cannot speak about retaliation (because it is not an act which wouldarouse any social emotions and demand retaliation), nor speak about the resocialisationof perpetrators (since it is hard to treat the fact of crossing a border as violatingfundamental social values, and moreover the perpetrator is a foreigner and it is not inthe interest of the Polish state to reintroduce them to society but to expel them fromthe republic’s territory). Finally, it seems fruitless to argue about the preventative roleof punishments, since this perfectly serves the administration’s reaction (in the formof the practice of using detention and expulsion from institutions as well as a ban fromentering Poland’s territory).The position that it is not necessary to launch criminal proceedings againstthose people smuggled across the border was expressed in the so-called Declarationfrom Doha accepted in 2015, issued as a summary of the 13th UN Congress. In itsverdicts, the EU Court of Justice draws attentions to how it is inappropriate to imposepunishments on illegally-residing third world citizens that deprive their freedom solelyon the grounds that they have stayed without a valid reason in the territory of that state,contravening orders to leave that territory in a specified timeframe.In relation to the above, it is the belief of the authors that a justified recommendationwould be to withdraw from the frequently-used article 264 paragraph 2 of the Criminal Code, so that proceedings can be conducted in cases related to the illegal crossing ofborders.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2015, XXXVII; 191-222
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Związki między wiktymizacją oraz ubóstwem i wykluczeniem społecznym
Relations of victimisation to poverty and social exclusion
Autorzy:: Klaus, Witold
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699027.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2012
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: bieda a przestępczość
polityka kryminalna
wiktymizacja
criminology
crime
poverty
victimology
victimization
social exclusion
Opis:: Since the emergence of criminology as a science, one of the main problems taken up by criminologists was the relations between poverty and crime. Initially, the studies aimed to work out actions to prevent crime and to protect the rest of the society from the marginalized, the excluded and the poor. It was pointed out that that the group called the underclass was marked by criminal deeds of its members, alcohol abuse, family disruption, single parenting, dependence on social security, and physical abuse in families. Only until later, with the development of victimology, the other side started to be observed – the description of the underclass is true as much in the case of perpetrators as it is in the case of victims. It has been proved that poverty and marginalization are related to a higher risk of becoming a victim of a crime. In case of poverty and social exclusion, one can speak of a cause-effect relationship but undoubtedly this can work in both directions – poverty usually adds to social exclusion while social exclusion (particularly more severe, like e.g. ostracism) can lead to poverty. Already at the time of emergence of victimology it was observed that victimization does not concern all members of a society to the same degree. Some social groups become crime victims more often than others. Certain categories of people were recognized as particularly vulnerable to wrongful deeds. In 1947 Hans von Hentig drafted up the first categorisation of persons who were at an increased risk of victimization. It included particular categories of people whose psychological, physical, and behavioural features predispose them to the role of a victim. The author listed larger social groups (eg. young people or women) but also such groups which are included in the context of social exclusion today. He claimed that, among others, mentally ill, retarded, substance dependant are particularly vulnerable to victimisation because their limited perception of situation makes them an easier target to theft, con or fraud. He listed immigrants who are in cultural conflict and rejected by the majority as „aliens”, the poor, and people with emotional problems as all these weaknesses could be easily used by criminals. Other minorities faced similar problems. Social inequality touches upon them in a greater degree and this increases the risk of victimisation. Today, we speak of victimisation of minorities also in the context of prejudice-motivated crimes and the elderly are one of the most vulnerable groups. Benjamin Mendelsohn accented not individual features of victims but their behaviour in cer-tain situational context. According to the author, persons whose behaviour infringes principles of social co-existence and, as a consequence, who put themselves at risk of marginalization, are exactly those who can easily become victims. Living apart from the society and contrary to its rules after all influences the risk of victimization.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2012, XXXIV; 43-89
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Zakład Kryminologii INP PAN z perspektywy współczesnej
Department of Criminology of the Institute of Law Studies in a Modern Perspective
Autorzy:: Buczkowski, Konrad
Klaus, Witold
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698876.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2008
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: Instytut Nauk Prawnych Polskiej Akademii Nauk
Zakład Kryminologii INP PAN
Institute of Law Studies of the Polish Academy of Sciences
Department of Criminology of the Institute of Law Studies
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 49-63
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Skocz do pozycji: 13.

Tytuł:: Sprawozdanie z VIII konferencji Europejskiego Towarzystwa Kryminologicznego. Edynburg, 2-5 września 2008 roku
Autorzy:: Buczkowski, Konrad
Czarnecka-Dzialuk, Beata
Ostaszewski, Paweł
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26917654.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022-02-22
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Źródło:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2008, 17; 55-75
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Kryminologia a polityka kryminalna – wokół myśli i dokonań Profesora Jerzego Jasińskiego - 12 maja, 2009 r., Warszawa
Autorzy:: Wójcik, Dobrochna
Kossowska, Anna
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Ożarowska-Wolder, Maryla
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/26917650.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2022-02-17
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Źródło:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny; 2009, 18; 56-112
2084-5375
Pojawia się w:: Biuletyn Kryminologiczny
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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Tytuł:: Stalking w Polsce. Rozmiary-formy-skutki. Raport z badania nt. uporczywego nękania
Stalking in Poland. Scale,forms, consequences. A report from a survey on stalking
Autorzy:: Siemaszko, Andrzej
Woźniakowska-Fajst, Dagmara
Gruszczyńska, Beata
Marczewski, Marek
Ostaszewski, Paweł
Powiązania:: https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698963.pdf
Data publikacji:: 2010
Wydawca:: Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:: stalking
przemoc wobec kobiet
criminology
Opis:: The phenomenon of stalking had not been studied extensively and the real scale, its forms, and consequences had remained unknown. For this reason, in December 2009, the Minister of Justice requested the Institute of Justice to conduct a research concerning stalking. It was performed by TNS OBOP in December last year on a representative, random sample of households. Over 10 thousand respondents were questioned in computer assisted telephone interviews. This is ten times more than in typical public opinion polls which undoubtedly increases credibility of the results. Every tenth respondent (9,9%) appeared to have experience stalking. This is more than expected. It these results were to be extrapolated on the whole Polish population over 18 (and there are significant ground for such extrapolation as the sample was representative), it could be estimated that as much as 3 million of adult Poles have experienced stalking. In almost half of the cases, stalking happened repeatedly and 80% of victims experienced stalking within past five years. On the average, stalking lasted for less than a year, most often from a week to three months, but as much as 15% of victims were stalked for at least three years. Every fifth person declared they are still stalked at the moment. The most common methods of stalking were: spreading slander, lies and gossip (70% of responses), getting in touch with the aid of third parties (55%), threats or blackmail and “telephone persecution” (almost half of responses). Every third victim indicated also accosting or threatening family members, physical stalking (persistent following) and unwanted correspondence. It needs to be emphasised that stalking most often appeared in more than one form at a time (e.g. following – phone calls - getting in touch with the aid of third parties). As much as three quarters of victims regarded staling as serious, one third as very serious. These extremely high percentages prove that stalking is a considerable problem – almost a social one. This is confirmed by its effects declared by respondents. Almost 70% of victims experienced negative effects of stalking. More than a half reported psychological problems (depressed mood or depression, anxiety) every fourth physical ones (pains, aches, nausea, eating disorders). Because of these, 45% of the victims sought medical consultation which proves how serious the problems were. One third of the harmed declared financial or general consequences (cost of legal fees, need to change their lifestyle, change of telephone number, sometimes even change of residence). Although as expected most perpetrators were persons known by the victims (a current or ex-partner in every fourth case), a significant number of strangers needs to be reported (one quarter). Almost 40% of stalking victims asked for help, out of which only a half to prosecution organs – this is as little as 20%.
Źródło:: Archiwum Kryminologii; 2010, XXXII; 45-80
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:: Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:: Biblioteka Nauki

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