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Tytuł:
Entropy Production in the Stationary Eutectic Growth
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355900.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
regular eutectics growth
entropy production
criterion of minimum entropy production
Growth Law
Opis:
The entropy production per unit time is calculated for the regular lamellae -, and for the regular rods formation, respectively. The entropy production is a function of some parameters which define the eutectic phase diagram, coefficient of the diffusion in the liquid, and some capillary parameters connected with the mechanical equilibrium located at the triple point of the solid/liquid interface. Minimization of the entropy production allowed to formulate mathematically the so-called Growth Law for both envisaged eutectic morphologies.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2020, 65, 1; 403-416
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pattern Selection in the Eutectic Growth - Thermodynamic Interpretation
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352184.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
criterion of lower minimum entropy production
structural competition
marginal stability
irregular growth
microsegregation
Opis:
The (Zn) – single crystal strengthened by the E = (Zn) + Zn16 Ti eutectic precipitate is subjected to directional growth by the Bridgman’s system and current analysis. Experimentally, the strengthening layers (stripes) are generated periodically in the (Zn) – single crystal as a result of the cyclical course of precipitation which accompanies the directional solidification. These layers evince diversified eutectic morphologies like irregular rods, regular lamellae, and regular rods. The L – shape rods of the Zn16 Ti – intermetallic compound appear within the first range of the growth rates when the irregular eutectic structure is formed. Next, the branched rods transform into regular rods and subsequently the regular rods into regular lamellae transitions can be recorded. The regular lamellae exist only within a certain range of growth rates. Finally, the regular rods reappear at some elevated growth rates. A new solution to the diffusion equation is provided to describe the micro-field of the solute concentration in the liquid adjacent to the front of the growing eutectic structure. The solution is based on the mass balance in the considered system. Moreover, the existence of the protrusion of the leading eutectic phase over the wetting one is required by the mass balance. The appearance of the d – protrusion in the growing eutectic is well confirmed by the experimental observations of the frozen solid/liquid interface.The mentioned solution satisfies the concept of the eutectic coupled growth according to which undercooling of the leading phase is less than undercooling of the wetting eutectic phase. Also, the Ti – solute micro-segregation / redistribution is analyzed within the matrix of the single crystal. The micro-segregation is described as a result of the solution to the adequate, newly developed differential equation. The definition for the solute redistribution is given by the subsequently / separately formulated relationship. This definition takes into account both extent -, and intensity of the solute redistribution. Finally, the entropy production is calculated for the regular lamellae -, and for the regular rods formation, respectively. The entropy production is a function of some parameters which define the eutectic phase diagram, coefficient of the diffusion in the liquid, and some capillary parameters connected with the mechanical equilibrium located at the triple point of the solid/liquid interface. Branches formation is related to the marginal stability. A new criterion is formulated and subjected to successful verification. It is: in the structural – thermodynamic competition the winner is this kind of the pattern for which minimum entropy production has a lower value.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2020, 65, 2; 653-666
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Complex Reagent Efficiency in Reduction of Copper from the Slags in Conditions of the Smelter & Refinery Plant - Głogów
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Migas, P.
Bydałek, A. W.
Najman, K.
Senderowski, C.
Kwapisiński, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382620.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
solidification process
copper droplets
complex reagent
slag
thermo-chemical treatment
krzepnięcie
miedź
odczynniki
żużel
obróbka cieplno-chemiczna
Opis:
The copper droplets contained in the post-processing liquid slag are subjected to the treatment by the complex reagent. The complex reagent has been recently elaborated and patented in frame of the Grant No. PBS3/A5/45/2015. In particular, the complex reagent is dedicated to the post-processing slags coming from the Smelter and Refinery Plant, Głogów, as a product of the direct-to-blister technology performed in the flash furnace. The recently patented complex reagent effectively assists not only in agglomeration, and coagulation but also in the deposition of the copper droplets at the bottom of crucible / furnace as well. The treatment of the post-processing slags by the complex reagent was performed in the BOLMET S.A. Company as in the industrial conditions which were similar to those usually applied in the KGHM – Polish Copper (Smelter and Refinery Plant, Głogów). The competition between buoyancy force and gravity is studied from the viewpoint of the required deposition of coagulated copper droplets. The applied complex reagent improves sufficiently the surface free energy of the copper droplets. In the result, the mechanical equilibrium between coagulated copper droplets and surrounding liquid slag is properly modified. Finally, sufficiently large copper droplets are subjected to a settlement on the crucible / furnace bottom according to the requirements.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2018, 18, 3; 86-90
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Determination of the Technological Parameters Process for Continuously Cast Brass Ingot
Autorzy:
Bydałek, A. W.
Kwaśniewski, P.
Schlafka, P.
Wołczyński, W.
Najman, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381120.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
brass
continuous casting
recycling
mosiądz
odlewanie ciągłe
recykling
Opis:
This article discusses issues related to continuous casting of brass. The tested material was CuZn39Pb2 brass with the use of continuous casting and different parameters of the process. The position consists of a melting furnace with a graphite refining pot of about 4000 cm3 chuting capacity, a graphite crystallizer of 9,5 mm nominal diameter, a primary and secondary cooling system and an extracting system as well. The analysis was carried out in terms of technological parameters of the process and type of charge. Highlighted: feedrate ingot, number of stops, and technological temperatures. The surface quality of the obtained ingots and the structure were analyzed. The most favorable conditions were indicated and technological recommendations indicated. They have been distinguished for ingots for plasticity and other technologies. Favorable casting conditions are low feed and low temperature. Due to the presence of impurities coming from the charge it is disadvantageous to have Ni greater than 0.053% by mass, and Fe more than 0.075% by mass. It is recommended to maintain a high zinc content in the melt which is associated with non-overheating of the metal during casting and earlier melting.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2018, 18, 1; 9-14
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Development of the Jackson and Hunt Theory for Rapid Eutectic Growth
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353984.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Jackson and Hunt theory
diffusion equation
coupled eutectic growth
Aziz’s theory
oscillatory mode of eutectic growth
Opis:
A development of the Jackson-Hunt’s theory is delivered. Contrary to Jackson-Hunt’s theory for ideally coupled growth the current description is dealing with the coupled eutectic growth which is more realistic than an ideal course of eutectic structure formation. Thus, the undercooling of every eutectic phase is not equal to each other. A new boundary condition is introduced to solve the diffusion equation. According to this condition, the eutectic concentration is always maintained at the triple point of the solid / liquid (s/l) interface. Therefore, the solution to diffusion equation is given separately for both lamellae. The mass balance is satisfied by the current solution. Both thermodynamic equilibrium and mechanical equilibrium are assumed to be situated at the triple point of the s/l interface, only. A protrusion of the leading phase over the wetting phase is defined mathematically due to the mass balance fulfilment. The current description is associated with the asymmetrical phase diagrams. Finally, the current description is applied to interpretation of the rapid eutectic growth. Therefore, Aziz’s concept for the changes of partition ratio versus growth rate is introduced into the description. As a result, the rapid formation of the eutectic structure is described by the oscillatory mode. Interpretation of the oscillatory mode of the eutectic structure formation is illustrated in the arbitrary eutectic phase diagram. The eutectic structure, obtained through the detonation gas spraying onto the steel substrate (rapid solidification) is delivered to illustrate the present description.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 1; 65-72
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamic Mode of Copper Recovery from the Post-Processing Slags
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Bydałek, A. W.
Migas, P.
Tarasek, A.
Najman, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352769.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
post-processing slag
complex reagent
copper recovery
arc furnace
rotating tilted electrode
Opis:
The post-processing slags containing about 0.8 wt.% of copper were subjected to the treatment of a complex reagent. The chemical composition of the complex reagent has been elaborated and patented in frame of the Grant No. PBS3/A5/45/2015. The slags had an industrial origin and were delivered by the Smelter and Refinery Plant, Głogów, as a product of the direct-to-blister technology performed in the flash furnace assisted by the arc furnace. An agglomeration of copper droplets suspended in the liquid slag, their coagulation, and deposition on the bottom of furnace were observed after the treatment this post-processing slag by the mentioned reagent. The treatment of the post-processing slags by the complex reagent was performed in the arc furnace equipped with some additional electrodes situated at the furnace bottom (additional, in comparison with the arc furnace usually applied in the Smelter and Refinery Plant, Głogów). The behaviour of the copper droplets in the liquid slag within the competition between buoyancy force and gravity was studied from the viewpoint of the required deposition of coagulated copper droplets. The applied complex reagent improves sufficiently the surface free energy of the copper droplets. In the result, the mechanical equilibrium between coagulated copper droplets and surrounding liquid slag is properly modified. Eventually, sufficiently large copper droplets are subjected to a settlement on the furnace bottom according to the requirements. The agglomeration and coagulation of the copper droplets were significantly improved by an optimized tilting of the upper electrodes and even by their rotation. Moreover, the settlement was substantially facilitated and improved by the employment of both upper and lower system of electrodes with the simultaneous substitution of the variable current by the direct current.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 4; 1923-1930
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Mathematical predictions of brass/steel ingot structures
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Ivanowa, A. A.
Kwapisiński, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/135307.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Akademia Morska w Szczecinie. Wydawnictwo AMSz
Tematy:
steel forging ingot
brass continuously cast ingot
structural transformations
crankshaft for ship engines
mathematical prediction of structural zones
numerical calculation of heat transfer
Opis:
Metallographic studies performed on a cross-section of static steel ingot allow the observation of the following morphological zones: a) columnar grains (treated as austenite single crystals), b) zone of the columnar into equiaxed grains transformation (CET), and c) equiaxed grains at the ingot axis. These zones are reproduced theoretically by the numerical simulation. The simulation is based on the calculation of both the temperature field in a solidifying large steel ingot and the thermal gradient field obtained for the same boundary conditions. In particular, a new, innovative method based on the mathematical treatment applied to different functions resulting from both the aforementioned fields, are used in the structural predictions. The method developed, firstly for the massive steel ingot, has subsequently been applied to theoretically predict the structural zones in continuously cast brass ingots. In the case of continuously cast brass ingots three different morphologies were revealed experimentally: a) columnar structures, b) equiaxed structures preceded by the CET (sharp transition), and c) single crystals situated axially. The above model for the structural zones prediction is useful in plastic deformation design for: a) steel forging ingots assigned for the crankshafts applied to the ship engines, and b) continuously cast brass ingots assigned for special applications in the shipbuilding industry.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie; 2018, 56 (128); 47-54
1733-8670
2392-0378
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nature of Segregation in the Steel Static and Brass Continuously Cast Ingots
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356511.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
macro-segregation maps
brass ingots morphology
marginal stability criterion
Growth Law for columnar structure
formation
Opis:
Experimental observations of the steel morphology as well as measurements of the solutes concentration in the macro-scale were made on the basis of the vertical cut at the mid-depth of the 15-tons steel forging ingot serially produced in one of the steel plant in Poland. Experimental observations of the morphology accompanied by the measurements of the Peclet Number were also made on the cross-section of the continuously cast brass ingots serially produced in the copper / brass industry in Poland. The performed measurements allowed to work out some maps of the alloying elements segregation for the longitudinal section of the steel static ingot and a Growth Law for the columnar grains formation in the brass ingots. The marginal stability criterion has been applied to the last mentioned development / description. Some suggestions for the micro-segregation measurement mode in the columnar structure are derived.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 4; 1915-1922
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optimisation of a Production System in the Process of Remelting of Post-Reduction Slag by Applying New Physical and Chemical Conditions
Autorzy:
Bydałek, A. W.
Wołczyński, W.
Wędrychowicz, M.
Holtzer, M.
Basiura, B.
Palimąka, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/379861.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
product development
quality management
decopperisation process
flash smelting slag
production system optimisation
rozwój produktu
zarządzanie jakością
proces odmiedziowania
żużel zawiesinowy
Opis:
Production processes at KGHM are complex and require from customers products of constantly higher quality at relatively lowest prices. Such situation results in an increase of the importance of optimisation of processes. As products and technologies change rapidly, technologists at the plant in Głogów have less time to achieve optimisation basing on own experiences. Analysing a particular process, we can e.g. detect occurring disturbances, find factors having an influence on quality problems, select optimal settings or compare various production procedures. Analysis of the course of production process is the basis of process optimisation. One optimisation in case of the process of decopperisation of flash slag can be a change of a technological additive to a less energy-consuming one, and its final result can be an improvement of the productivity index, a change of the relation between final effects and born expenditures, as well as optimisation of production costs.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2018, 18, 4; 5-8
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pattern Selection in the Frame of Thermodynamic Similarity between Eutectics: Cu-Cu2O and (Zn)-Zn16Ti – Experiment
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/353292.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
minimum entropy production
regular eutectics
irregular eutectics
droplets coagulation
thermodynamic competition
Opis:
Coagulation and solidification of the copper droplets suspend in the liquid slag are usually accompanied by the appearance of the Cu-Cu2 O eutectic. Locally, this eutectic is created in the stationary state. Therefore, frequently it has a directional morphology. Since the E = (Zn) + Zn16 Ti – eutectic is similar in the asymmetry of the phase diagram to the Cu-Cu2 O – eutectic, the (Zn) single crystal strengthened by the E = (Zn) + Zn16 Ti precipitate is subjected to directional growth by the Bridgman’s system and current analysis. Experimentally, the strengthening layers (stripes) are generated periodically in the (Zn) – single crystal as a result of the cyclical course of precipitation which accompanies the directional solidification. These layers evince diversified eutectic morphologies like irregular rods, regular lamellae, and regular rods. The L – shape rods of the Zn16 Ti – intermetallic compound appear within the first range of the growth rates when the irregular eutectic structure is formed. Next, the branched rods transform into regular rods and subsequently the regular rods into regular lamellae transitions can be recorded. The regular lamellae exist only within a certain range of growth rates. Finally, the regular rods re-appear at some elevated growth rates. The entropy production per unit time and unit volume is calculated for the regular eutectic growth. It will allow to formulate the entropy production per unit time for both eutectic structure: rod-like and lamellar one.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2018, 63, 3; 1555-1564
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Analysis of the Possibility of Calculating the Charges on the Example of Brasses
Autorzy:
Biernat, S.
Bydałek, A. W.
Wołczyński, W.
Najman, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/356905.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
quality management castings
alloy
brass
calculating
batch
Opis:
This paper describes the subject of brasses and the method of their production from the secondary raw materials. It focuses on two very important aspects extremely important for today’s world. The first of them is the theme of rational management of materials, particularly metallic scrap. The second issue is the growing importance of products made of brass, which in recent times get also special recognition in medicine. This article presents a proposal for a methodology for calculating the metal charge for brasses of two or more components. It turns out that by using suitable mathematical calculations one can accurately determine the amount of metal charge to obtain a product having the desired chemical composition and desired mechanical properties. Mathematical calculations are also presented in the graphical form for the visualization of dependency and a better explanation of the accepted approach.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 4; 2165-2170
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Assessment of the Harmfulness of the Slags from Copper Smelting Processes, in an Aspect of their Management
Autorzy:
Holtzer, M.
Bydałek, A.
Wołczyński, W.
Kmita, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/382572.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
innovative technology
slag copper
leaching
environmental protection
technologia innowacyjna
żużel
ługowanie
ochrona środowiska
Opis:
There are two methods to produce primary copper: hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical. Copper concentrates, from which copper matte is melted, constitute the charge at melting primary copper in the pyrometallurgical process. This process consists of a few stages, of which the basic ones are roasting and smelting. Smelting process may be bath and flash. Slag from copper production, on the end of process contain less 0,8%. It is treat as a waste or used other field, but only in a few friction. The slag amount for waste management or storage equaled 11 741 – 16 011 million tons in 2011. This is a serious ecological problem. The following slags were investigated: slag originated from the primary copper production process in the flash furnace of the Outtokumpuja Company in HM Głogów 2 (Sample S2): the same slag after the copper removal performed according the up to now technology (Sample S1): slag originated from the primary copper production process in the flash furnace of the Outtokumpuja Company in HM Głogów 2, after the copper removal performed according the new technology (Sample S3). In practice, all tested slags satisfy the allowance criteria of storing on the dumping grounds of wastes other than hazardous and neutral.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2017, 17, 3; 191-195
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Copper droplets agglomeration/coagulation in the conditions similar to industrial ones
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Sypien, A.
Tarasek, A.
Bydałek, A. W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/352214.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
thermo-chemical treatment
copper droplets
post-processing slag
coagulation
Opis:
The studied copper droplets suspension in the liquid slag came from the direct-to-blister technology developed in the KGHM - Polska Miedź S.A. plants. A treatment by the stimulators and reagents was performed in the conditions delivered / ensured by the BOLMET S.A., Wiechlice. These conditions were similar to those usually applied to the industrial process. Particularly, this treatment was similar, to some extent, to that known for the electric arc-furnace technology employed in the Smelter and Refinery Plant, Głogów. An effectiveness of the newly developed and patented complex chemical/reagent for the copper removal from slag was tested during the treatment. The effect of the liquid slag stirring on the copper droplets self-cleaning was also analysed. The performed test confirmed the effectiveness of the studied complex reagent in agglomeration, coagulation and sedimentation of the copper droplets.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 1; 289-296
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Inverse Model for the Solute Micro-Field Formation during Self-Propagating High Temperature Reaction
Autorzy:
Wołczyński, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/351234.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
diffusion equation
diffusion barrier
self-propagating synthesis
Opis:
A new thermodynamic description for the self-propagating high temperature synthesis (SHS - reaction) is presented in the “inverse” version. This description is worked out for the diffusion barrier, thickness of which is at the limit, i.e. its value is infinitesimally small. The solution to the diffusion equation delivered in the description can be easily extended for the diffusion barrier of a greater thickness. The Ni/Al multi-layers system is treated as a virtual eutectic alloy solidifying with the rate equal to that involved by the self-propagating reaction. It is suggested to inverse the curves obtained for solidification in order to characterize the melting completed by the formation of the AlNi - intermetallic phase required in the self-propagating synthesis.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 1; 141-147
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Method and Apparatus for Assessing the Properties of Slags
Autorzy:
Biernat, S.
Bydałek, A. W.
Wołczyński, W.
Holtzer, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/381284.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
environmental protection
innovative materials
innovative casting technologies
laboratory station
slags
ochrona środowiska
innowacyjne materiały odlewnicze
technologie innowacyjne
stanowisko laboratoryjne
żużle
Opis:
A special Slag-Prop Cu database has been developed to archive data from laboratory and industrial tests related to post-reduction slags. In order to enrich the data areas, it was decided to design a system for measuring the temperature of the liquid slag and its viscosity. Objectives of research work are to gather information on the properties of post-slags such as the temperature of liquid slag and its viscosity. The discussed issues are especially important in the foundry practice. Designed research stand and using of database applications can greatly facilitate the work of metallurgists, foundrymen, technologists and scientists. The viscosity measurement was developed and presented earlier. The author's analytical methodology was supplemented by a thyristor measuring system (described in the article). The system temperature measurement can be performed simultaneously in 3 ways to reduce the measurement error. Measurement of the voltage mV - using the Seebeck effect can be measured throughout the entire range of thermocouple resistance, up to 1300 °C. Direct temperature measurement ⁰C - measurement only below 1000 ⁰C. Additional measurement - the measurement can also be read from the pyrometer set above the bath. The temperature and the reading frequency depend on the device itself. The principle of measurement is that in a molten metal / slag crucible, we put a N-type thermocouple. The thermocouples are hung by means of a tripod above the crucible and placed in a crucible. The thermocouple is connected to a compensating line dedicated to this type of thermocouple. The cable is in turn connected to a special multimeter that has the ability to connect to a computer and upload results. Temperature measurement can be performed simultaneously in 3 ways to reduce the measurement error. The Sn-Pb alloy has been subjected to testing for proper operation of the device. In this foot should be observed the supercooling of the liquid, which initiates the crystallization process and in which latent heat begins to exude raising the temperature until the coagulation temperature is reached.
Źródło:
Archives of Foundry Engineering; 2017, 17, 3; 13-18
1897-3310
2299-2944
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Foundry Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 50

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