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    Wyświetlanie 1-28 z 28
    Tytuł:
    Conserved Cys residue influences catalytic properties of potato endo-(1→3)-β-glucanase GLUB20-2
    Autorzy:
    Witek, Agnieszka
    Witek, Kamil
    Hennig, Jacek
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1040688.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Biochemiczne
    Tematy:
    GLUB20-2
    inhibition
    endo-(1→3)-β-glucanase
    Solanum tuberosum
    structure-function relationships
    substrate specificity
    Opis:
    The synthesis and degradation of (1→3)-β-glycosidic bonds between glucose moieties are essential metabolic processes in plant cell architecture and function. We have found that a unique, conserved cysteine residue, positioned outside the catalytic centre of potato endo-(1→3)-β-glucanase - product of the gluB20-2 gene, participates in determining the substrate specificity of the enzyme. The same residue is largely responsible for endo-(1→3)-β-glucanase inhibition by mercury ions. Our results confirm that the spatial adjustment between an enzyme and its substrate is one of the essential factors contributing to the specificity and accuracy of enzymatic reactions.
    Źródło:
    Acta Biochimica Polonica; 2008, 55, 4; 791-797
    0001-527X
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Biochimica Polonica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Spór o podstawy teorii czynności mowy
    THE DISPUTE OVER THE FOUNDATIONS OF SPEECH ACT THEORY
    Autorzy:
    Witek, Maciej
    Malinowski, Jacek
    Piłat, Robert
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/51532158.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Szczeciński. Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu Szczecińskiego
    Opis:
    The book develops a theory of complete linguistic signs, which, according to the author, offers a novel solution to two different though closely related issues in the area of speech act theory: the nature of speech acts and the semantics/ pragmatics interface. Chapter One discusses two competing approaches to the issue of the nature of speech acts: Austinian and Gricean. Underlying the Austinian tradition is the idea of illocutionary acts as conventional actions brining about changes in the world of normative facts. According to the Gricean paradigm, in turn, most illocutionary acts are communicative rather than conventional and, as such, consist in the speaker’s expressing and the hearer’s recognizing complex propositional attitudes. The controversy over the nature of speech acts, therefore, comes down to the question of whether the illocutionary force of an act depends on its conventionally determined normative effect or, rather, on the propositional attitude expressed by the speaker. The author offers a critical analysis of four infl uential accounts of illocutionary acts developed, respectively, by Austin, Strawson, Searle, and Bach and Harnish. Discussing Austin’s theory, he defi nes the category of conventionally determined interactional effects of illocutionary acts. He argues that the interactional effect of an act – which, using Austin’s own words, can be defi ned as a conventionally invited response or sequel – is to be distinguished both from its normative effect and its merely perlocutionary consequences. With these distinctions in hand, the author distinguishes between two readings of Austin’s conception of illocutionary interaction: the traditional one, which underlines the normative import of illocutionary acts, and the alternative one, which puts stress on their interactional effects. In the paragraph devoted to Strawson’s conception, the author draws a contrast between two accounts of communicative intentions: iterative and refl exive. He observes that the iterative account – which is adopted by Strawson – invites an infi nite regress problem. The author argues that what Strawson calls the intended response to or effect of an act can be interpreted as its interactional rather than merely perlocutionary effect. Consistently, contrary to Searle’s criticism of Strawson’s view, the central intention underlying an illocutionary act can be called interactional rather than merely perlocutionary. Considering Searle’s conception, the author notes that it results from the traditional reading of Austin’s views; as the corollary of this, the conception fails to offer an adequate account of illocutionary interaction. In the paragraph devoted to Bach and Harnish’s theory, the author notes that they assume the refl exive account of communicative intentions. With this account in hand, the author argues that communicative intentions can be regarded as thinkable and psychologically real mental states. The author observes, however, that the view offered by Bach and Harnish – the central part of which is the so-called speech act schema – neglects the interactional dimension of illocutionary communication. Chapter Two is devoted to the issue of the semantics/pragmatics interface which is one of the main topics in post-Gricean pragmatics. The issue is closely connected with the problem of linguistic underdeterminacy. According to the linguistic underdeterminacy view, there is a gap between the primary meaning of a communicative act and the conventional meaning of the sentence employed. Therefore, contrary to the Gricean model of communicative competence, the hearer’s ability to determine what the speaker primarily means involves not only the hearer’s semantic knowledge of linguistic conventions, but also his or her pragmatic beliefs about context. The author offers a comprehensive survey of the many forms of linguistically underdetermined utterances and distinguishes four basic types of linguistic underdeterminacy: lexically caused, syntactically caused, semantically caused and pragmatically caused. Next, he observes that the discovery of the phenomenon under discussion gives rise to the dispute between literalism and contextualism. According to the former, the idea of semantically determined truth conditions of utterances plays an indispensable role in our theorizing about interpretative process. From the contextualist point of view, in turn, this idea is to be rejected as either useless (weak or quasi contextualism) or unintelligible (strong or radical contextualism). The author offers a critical analysis of two contextualist and two literalist models of communicative competence generated, respectively, by the relevance theory (weak contextualism), Recanati’s conception of local pragmatic processes (strong contextualism), Bach’s conception of impliciture, and the refl exive truth-conditions theory. He argues that the relevance theory, which draws a distinction between implicated conclusions and implicated premises, blurs the distinction between what the speaker means and what he or she presupposes or, in other words, between the communicated content of an utterance and the cognitive context of its production. Considering Recanati’s conception, the author develops its radically contextualist interpretation that involves the view called meaning elimanativism. He also observes that the rejection of the idea of stable conceptual meanings can be traced back to Austin’s conception of semantic conventions. Next, the author extends Bach and Harnish’s original conception of the speech act schema to allow for the phenomenon of linguistic underdeterminacy. He argues that the resulting model is literalist in spirit rather than in letter. Finally, combining the ideas put forth by Garcia-Carpintero, Perry and Korta, the author constructs a version of the refl exive truth-conditions theory. Adopting this theory, one can demonstrate that all the forms of linguistic underdeterminacy have lexical causes and as such can be accounted for along the literalist lines. In the author’s opinion, the refl exive truth-conditions theory provides an attractive alternative to the dominant contextualist view. The main aim of Chapter Three is to develop the theory of complete linguistic signs and use it to solve the issues and problems discussed in the previous chapters. The author starts with an observation that underlying the dispute between the Austinian and Gricean traditions is the homogeneity assumption, according to which acts equivalent in respect of their illocutionary force make up homogenous classes. Both the parties in the dispute tacitly assume, for example, that all the acts classifi ed as requests owe their force either to conventional or mental factors. The author claims that this assumption is false and has to be replaced with the heterogeneity assumption, according to which acts equivalent in respect of their illocutionary force fail to form homogenous classes; for example, some acts are evaluated as requests by conventional criteria, whereas others are so classifi ed because of the mental states of the speakers. Contrary to the received view, therefore, the convention/intention distinction cuts across the taxonomy of illocutionary acts. Next, the author observes that underlying the dispute over the semantics/pragmatics interface is the internalist assumption, according to which linguistic underdeterminacy is a structural property of interpretative processes; that is to say, it is assumed that linguistic underdeterminacy consists in there being a gap between the decoded linguistic meaning of the phrase uttered by the speaker and what the hearer assumes to be the speaker’s communicated content. According to an alternative view, linguistic underdeterminacy is best understood as a structural property of speech acts conceived as complex semiotic entities to be found in the external world. Adopting such an externalist assumption, the author defi nes a distinction between externalist literalism and externalist contextualism. An example of the latter view is the theory of complete linguistic signs, which results from a contextualist interpretation of Ruth Millikan’s biological model of language. According to the author, within every complete linguistic sign one can distinguish two components: purely verbal and contextual. The contextual component of a complete linguistic sign is to be analysed in terms of local natural signs that both the speaker and the hearer can read. To produce a complete linguistic sign – and thereby to perform an illocutionary act – is to supplement the natural information carried by the environment with a linguistically coded piece of information. The author’s hypothesis – which is called the interactional effect hypothesis – is that illocutionary acts can be typed by their interactional effects; in agreement with the heterogeneity assumption, he adds that the interactional effect of an act can be determined either by the relevant conventional procedure followed by the speaker or by the speaker’s interactional intention. Finally, the author observes that all the examples of linguistically underdetermined utterances discussed in the literature can be accounted for along the externalist lines, that is, as supporting externalist rather than internalist contextualism. He puts forth the hypothesis, according to which the theory of complete linguistic signs opens the possibility of reconciling externalist contextualism and internalist literalism or, more precisely, the externalist version of the linguistic underdeterminacy view and the literalist model of communicative competence offered by the refl exive truth-conditions theory.
    Spór o podstawy teorii czynności mowy koncentruje się więc na dwóch kwestiach: zagadnieniu natury czynności mowy oraz problemie relacji między semantyką a pragmatyką. Rozstrzygnięcie pierwszej z nich polega na określeniu, które z dwóch konkurencyjnych pojęć – konwencji językowej czy intencji komunikacyjnej – odgrywa podstawową rolę w wyjaśnianiu działań językowych. Druga kwestia dotyczy zakresu kompetencji semantycznej. Celem niniejszej pracy jest rozwiązanie wyżej przedstawionej sytuacji problemowej. W proponowanych rozważaniach zmierzamy do skonstruowania teorii, na gruncie której można by rozstrzygnąć zarówno kwestię natury czynności mowy, jak i spór o relację między semantyką a pragmatyką.
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Książka
    Tytuł:
    Misje stratosferyczne Akademii Tarnowskiej. Część 1: sprzęt i oprogramowanie
    Stratospheric missions of the University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow. Part 1: hardware and software
    Autorzy:
    Antosz, Jakub
    Arabik, Regina
    Jasielski, Jacek
    Witek, Maciej
    Ciężadło, Łukasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/35535031.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2024-03-15
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Tarnowska
    Tematy:
    balon stratosferyczny
    radiosonda
    APRS
    Horus
    SSTV
    radioamator
    stratospheric balloon
    radiosonde
    radio amateur
    Opis:
    W artykule opisano proces przygotowania oraz wysyłania przez członków Studenckiego Koła Naukowego Elektroników „Amper” Akademii Tarnowskiej trzech misji balonowych. W pierwszej jego części przedstawiono ważniejsze zagadnienia związane z lotem balonu (dobór odpowiedniego osprzętu, użytego gazu czy uzyskanie niezbędnych pozwoleń). W tej części zawarto również zagadnienia związane z prognozowaniem tras przelotu, tak aby zwiększyć szanse na pozytywne przeprowadzenie całej misji. W kolejnym rozdziale opisano zarówno sprzęt projektowany przez studentów i użyty w czasie misji (radiosonda, rejestrator danych, nadajnik SSTV) jak i komercyjny (lokalizator GNSS, kamera). Kolejny rozdział opisuje oprogramowanie i osprzęt służące do monitorowania lotu balonu. W ostatnim zaprezentowano wykorzystanie systemu SondeHub. System ten umożliwia pasjonatom śledzenie tras przelotu balonów zarówno tych wysyłanych przez stacje meteorologiczne jak i amatorskich. Dodatkowo posiada system bazodanowy przechowujący komplet danych wysyłanych przez radiosondę (zarówno lokalizacyjnych jak i telemetrycznych). Artykuł stanowi notę aplikacyjną i może być pomocny dla osób chcących zrealizować własne misje stratosferyczne.
    The article describes the process of preparing and sending three balloon missions by students members of the Electronics Student Scientific Club „Amper” of the University of Applied Sciences in Tarnow. The first part describes more important issues related to the balloon flight (selection of appropriate equipment, gas used and obtaining the necessary permits). This part also describes issues related to forecasting flight routes in order to increase the chances of successfully carrying out the entire mission. The next chapter describes both the equipment designed by students and used during the mission (radiosonde, data recorder, SSTV transmitter) and factory-made commercial equipment (GNSS locator, camera). The next chapter describes the software and hardware used to monitor the balloon’s flight. The last one describes the use of the SondeHub system. This system allows enthusiasts to track the flight paths of balloons, both those sent by weather stations and amateur ones. Additionally, it has a database system storing a complete set of data sent by the radiosonde (both location and telemetry). The article is an application note and may be helpful for people who want to carry out their own stratospheric missions.
    Źródło:
    Science, Technology and Innovation; 2023, 18, 3-4; 30-45
    2544-9125
    Pojawia się w:
    Science, Technology and Innovation
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-28 z 28

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