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Tytuł:
Effect of Austempering Temperature on the Microstructure and Retained Austenite of Cast Bainitic Steel Used for Frogs in Railway Crossovers
Autorzy:
Parzych, S.
Dziurka, R.
Goły, M.
Kulinowski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/354616.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
railway crossover
austempering of bainitic cast steel
heat treatment
Opis:
This work deals with the effect of austempering temperature and time on the microstructure and content of retained austenite of a selected cast steel assigned as a material used for frogs in railway crossovers. Bainitic cast steel was austempered at 400°C, 450°C and 500°C for two selected times (0.5 h, 4.0 h) to study the evolution of the microstructure and retained austenite content. The microstructure was characterized by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction analyses (XRD), and hardness tests. Phase transformations during and after austempering were determined by dilatometric methods.The increase in isothermal temperature causes an increase in time to start of bainitic transformation from 0.25 to 1.5 s. However, another increase in temperature to 500°C shifts the incubation time to as much as 11 s. The time after which the transformations have ended at individual temperatures is similar and equal to about 300 s (6 min.). The dilatation effects are directly related to the amount of bainite formation. Based on these we can conclude that the temperature effect in the case of cast steel is inversely proportional to the amount of bainite formed. The largest effect can be distinguished in the case of the sample austempered at 400°C and the smallest at 500°C. Summarizing the dilatometric results, we can conclude that an increase in austempering temperature causes an increase in austenite stability. In other words, the chemical composition lowers (shifts to lower temperatures) the range of bainite transformation. It is possible that at higher austempering temperatures we will receive only stable austenite without any transformation. This is indicated by the hatched area in Figure 4b. This means that the heat treatment of cast steel into bainite is limited on both sides by martensitic transformation and the range of stable austenite. The paper attempts to estimate the content of retained austenite with X-ray diffraction.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2020, 65, 4; 1463-1468
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ceny sprzedaży drewna w użytkowaniu przedrębnym w drzewostanach sosnowych w zależności od ich wieku
Prices of timber sales in the intermediate harvest in Scots pine stands depending on their age
Autorzy:
Mandziuk, A.
Parzych, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979471.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Panstwowe Gospodarstwo Lesne Lasy Panstwowe
drzewostany sosnowe
wiek drzewostanu
uzytkowanie przedrebne
surowce drzewne
drewno
sortymenty drewna
ceny sprzedazy
site class index
timber price
assortments
intermediate harvest
Opis:
The research concerned the implementation of tasks in the field of harvesting timber in 2008−2012 in pure pine stands aged 10−140. Numerical data from the SILP database were used for calculating the average price of timber in the intermediate harvest. The data on the volume harvested covered late cleaning, early thinning and late thinning. The assortment structure concerned the following groups of large− (WA0, WA1, WB0, WB1, WC0, WC1 and WD), medium− (S10, S11, S2A, S2B, S3A, S3B and S4) as well as small−sized (M1 and M2) assortment groups. The data on the size and value of wood assortments sold across the country concerned the year 2011 and were used to calculate the average price of wood in age subclasses according to the site quality described with site index class. Subsequently, for each site quality class polynomial equations of the trend line was determined and average timber price for each age subclass was calculated for small−, medium− and large−sized assortments. The analysis showed that S2 is the most frequently harvested assortment in the intermediate cuts in Scots pine stands, whose share depending on the site quality class is at the level of 65.7−72.7% of total harvest. The share of small−sized assortments decreases with age in all site quality classes. The opposite tendency is seen for large−sized assortments, whose share decreases with the deterioration of the site quality. Fraction of medium−sized assortments reaches its peak at the age of ca 45 in IA site index class and the shift in the peak with age is associated with the deterioration of the site quality. The higher the site quality, the higher the prices of assortments in the intermediate harvest. This trend occurs in all age subclasses.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 11; 883-891
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Społeczne potrzeby i preferencje w zakresie wypoczynku na terenach chronionych na przykładzie rezerwatu przyrody "Nad Tanwią"
Social needs and preferences in the field of leisure in protected areas – 'Nad Tanwia' nature reserve case study
Autorzy:
Mandziuk, A.
Kikulski, J.
Parzych, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985758.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
lasy
obszary chronione
rezerwaty przyrody
rezerwat Nad Tanwia
wypoczynek
potrzeby spoleczne
preferencje spoleczne
forms of leisure
social needs
protected areas
forests
Opis:
Forests covered by various forms of nature protection are a popular resting place for the society. The choice of a certain place for the leisure depends not the attractiveness of the area, but also on its availability, the condition of the infrastructure, and on the preferences of tourists. The aim of the research was to determine the significance of the ‘Nad Tanwią’ nature reserve (‘NT’ NR) for tourism and recreational purposes. The following aspects were considered: the motives of arrival, forms of spending free time, frequency of visits and length of stay. The ‘NT’ NR is a landscape reserve with an area of 41.33 ha located in the Józefów Forest District (SE Poland). The research material consisted of the data from questionnaires collected in the survey conducted from May to September 2017 in the ‘NT’ NR. The research covered a group of 341 respondents. For statistical analysis we used Friedman ANOVA (with Davenport’s modification), chi−square function in the logarithmic form (so−called G function), Mann−Whitney and Kruskal−Wallis tests. The visitors most often came to the ‘NT’ NR mainly due to the need to rest (61% of respondents), interesting landscape (57%) and the proximity of the reserve from their place of residence (39%). Most tourists spent time on walks (50% of the time), trips (21%) and cycling (17%). The respondents visited the examined area on average over 11 times, and the average length of their stay was 3 days. Statistically significant differences in the needs and preferences depending on the social characteristics of the respondents were obtained. Inhabitants of the cities declare a greater need for tourism and recreation comparing to the rural residents. The ‘Nad Tanwią’ nature reserve is frequented by local population, therefore their needs in this area should be met. Hence the need for further research is to learn about their preferences in terms of necessary of infrastructure and tourist information. These factors contribute to the greater development of tourism and recreation, and ‘NT’ NR could be an example of a sylvatouristic product of this region.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 12; 1016-1024
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Struktura sortymentowa pozyskiwanego drewna w podklasach wieku w wybranych rodzajach rębni w drzewostanach sosnowych
Assortment structure of harvested wood in age subclasses in selected cutting systems in Scots pine stands
Autorzy:
Parzych, S.
Mandziuk, A.
Wysocka-Fijorek, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/980187.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Panstwowe Gospodarstwo Lesne Lasy Panstwowe
drzewostany sosnowe
rebnie
sosna zwyczajna
Pinus sylvestris
pozyskiwanie drewna
struktura sortymentowa
management system
cutting system
assortment of wood
scots pine
Opis:
Scots pine is the dominant forest tree species in Poland covering 58.0% of the forest area and constituting 61.1% of timber resources. Theoretically, all types of cuttings can be used in pine stands, but the purpose of the paper is to analyse the share of the main groups of assortments obtained from such stands with the use of: clear, group and gradual cuttings. It should be remembered that all types and forms of cutting are ideological, and the choice of a particular system should be determined by the silviculture goal. We used the data from the years 2012−2014 to conduct the research. The analysis covered Scots pine stands from all forest districts of the State Forests National Forest Holding, in which this species had a share of 80 to 100%. We analysed clear (I), group (III) and gradual (IV) cutting systems. Over 3.1 million hectares of mono−species pine stands was analysed. Numerical data was obtained from the database of the State Forests Information System. The studies took into account the assortments that actually occurred in a given subclass of age, divided into the type of cuttings, aggregated into three categories: small, medium and large−sized timber. In Poland, in mono−species Scots pine stands, mainly I and III cutting systems (about 97% of analysed stands) were used, the remaining types of treatments were sporadic. The largest share of harvest was characterized by the pulpwood assortment in harvesting I and III and the sawmill wood in the IV cutting system. With age, a decrease in the proportion of small−sized assortments and a gradual increase in the share of large−sized assortments was observed, while in the case of medium−sized assortments, the culmination of the share occurs at the age of 35−45 years, in all the analysed cutting systems. The course of the fraction of sub−classes in the case of large and medium−sized assortments in I and III cutting systems was similar.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 09; 707-715
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Evaluation of the Wear Mechanism of High-Carbon Hardfacing Layers
Autorzy:
Winczek, J.
Gucwa, M.
Mičian, M.
Koňár, R.
Parzych, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/354160.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
hardfacing
self shielded flux cored arc welding
cast iron
erosion
wear
structure
Opis:
Materials based on cast irons are often used for protection against wear. One of the methods of creating protective surface with cast iron structures is hardfacing. The application of hardfacing with self shielded flux cored wire with high carbon content is one of the economical ways often used to protect machinery parts exposed to both abrasion and erosion. The wear resistance of hardfacings depends on their chemical composition, structure obtained after hardfacing, parameters of depositing process andspecific conditions of wear. As the base material in the investigation the steel grade S235JR was used. The wear behavior mechanism of hardfacings made with one type of self shielded flux cored wire and different process parameters were evaluated in thispaper. Structures obtained in deposition process were different in hardness, amount of carbides and resistance to wear with two investigated impingement angles. The erosion tests showed that impingement angle 30° gives lower erosion rate than angle 60°.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2019, 64, 3; 1111-1115
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wycena pozaprodukcyjnych funkcji lasu metodą warunkową na przykładzie funkcji turystycznej
Valuation of non-wood forest functions by a contingent method on the example of a tourist function
Autorzy:
Mandziuk, A.
Parzych, S.
Studnicki, M.
Radomska, J.
Gruchała, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985755.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
lasy
funkcje lasu
funkcje pozaprodukcyjne
funkcje turystyczne
wycena
metody wyceny
metoda warunkowa
non−market value
payment card
willingness−to−pay
tourism
‘nad tanwią' nature reserve
Opis:
The perception of forests has changed in recent years. The non−wood services of forests gain more and more importance. Society pays more attention to the protective and social aspects of forestry. Hence, there is the need for their valuation. The aim of the research was to determine the economic value of the tourist function of the ‘Nad Tanwią’ nature reserve (south−eastern Poland) using a contingent valuation method (CVM). The objective reserve is a strict reserve with an area of 41.3 hectares. In order to determine its tourist value we conducted a survey that included a group of 341 tourists resting in this area. The research was carried out from May to September 2017. The CVM method uses a questionnaire as a tool to show respondents’ Willingness−To−Pay (WTP). The research used a variant of the CVM method in the form of a Payment Card. We used classification and regression trees for the statistical analysis. The method compiled data on the amount of hypothetical contributions for reserve protection (WTP) and the amount of contributions in the case of doubling the respondents’ income (WTP2). As a result of data analysis, the WTP model was built. The respondents reported the need of 14 types of visits in terms of their duration, most often they preferred short visits of up to 3 days. The demand for recreation in the reserve was determined using the regression equation: Sd=(29.87679/N)–0.12102. Hypothetical propensity to pay contributions for the protection of the ‘Nad Tanwią’ nature reserve was confirmed by 46% of respondents, while the remaining ones were against paying fees for this purpose. The average fee for all visits was PLN 27.51. The value of non−market benefits per person was PLN 340/year, and for the group of respondents it was around PLN 116,000. The valuation of all functions of forests is important from a practical point of view, as it supports foresters in making decisions about the right direction of forest management. In addition, forest areas covered by various forms of nature conservation are an important place of recreation for tourists.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 12; 1025-1034
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ekonomiczne aspekty tworzenia produktów sylwaturystycznych na przykładzie Nadleśnictwa Smardzewice
Economic aspects of creating silvaturist products on the example of the Smardzewice Forest District
Autorzy:
Felczak, K.
Mandziuk, A.
Parzych, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/880738.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny. Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej w Rogowie
Tematy:
lesnictwo
lasy
turystyka
rekreacja
wypoczynek
atrakcje turystyczne
produkty turystyczne
sylwaturystyka
Nadlesnictwo Smardzewice
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej; 2018, 20, 1[55]
1509-1414
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rekreacyjna wartość Leśnego Kompleksu Promocyjnego "Lasy Olsztyńskie"
The recreactional value of the "Lasy Olsztynskie" Promotional Forest Complex
Autorzy:
Kaczynska, A.
Mandziuk, A.
Parzych, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/880313.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny. Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej w Rogowie
Tematy:
lesne kompleksy promocyjne
Lesny Kompleks Promocyjny Lasy Olsztynskie
lasy
funkcje pozaprodukcyjne
turystyka
rekreacja
wartosc rekreacyjna
metody wyceny
metoda kosztow podrozy
metoda wyceny warunkowej
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej; 2018, 20, 1[55]
1509-1414
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ zasobności drzewostanów sosnowych na ustalanie ekonomicznego wieku dojrzałości rębnej
Impact of Scots pine stand growing stock on determining the optimal economic rotation age
Autorzy:
Parzych, S.
Mandziuk, A.
Wysocka-Fijorek, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/986601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
gospodarka lesna
drzewostany sosnowe
zasobnosc drzewostanu
wiek dojrzalosci rebnej
optymalizacja
klasy bonitacji
timber price
rotation age
optimization methods timber production
site class index
Opis:
The stand volume is one of the forest inventory characteristic determined during the field work aimed at planning operations in the tree stands. Determining the optimal rotation age is an important decision issue in the forest management. In turn, the key factor that determines the choice of the method for determining the rotation age of the tree stands is the production target. Depending on the rotation age, a specific structure of quantity, quality and dimensions of particular timber assortments is obtained. It seems reasonable that the economic rotation age is one of the main criteria taken into account when planning forest management in tree stands or forest district. The aim of the paper is to assess the impact of growing stock on determining the rotation age of Scots pine stands in particular site index classes. We compared the tabular (i.e. based on data from yield tables) and real (i.e. based on data from the Information System of the State Forests) volume of pine stands. The analysis was based on the forest description data, the amount of the harvested timber and economic data: timber price as well as the costs of harvesting, skidding and production of assortments. The optimal economic rotation age was determined as the point of intersection of the curve describing the average and current increment of the value of Scots pine stands. The research showed that the rotation age of stands is related to the site index class and whether real or tabular results are analysed. The optimal rotation age for Scots pine tree stands is lower in the real data model from 10 to 23 years from that calculated on the basis of tabular data.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2018, 162, 08; 671-678
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Programowa identyfikacja wybranych zakłóceń zarejestrowanych przy pomiarze sygnału EMG
Software Identification of the Selected Interferences Registered During a Measurement of the EMG Signal
Autorzy:
Krawiecki, Z.
Szałkiewicz, S.
Hulewicz, A.
Parzych, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/377959.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Politechnika Poznańska. Wydawnictwo Politechniki Poznańskiej
Tematy:
elektromiografia
sygnał bioelektryczny
identyfikacja zakłóceń
programowanie
Opis:
W artykule opisane zostały wybrane zagadnienia związane z identyfikacją zakłóceń zarejestrowanych wraz z sygnałem bioelektrycznym z mięśni człowieka. Zaprezentowany algorytm wykrywania zakłóceń dotyczy identyfikacji składowych w widmie sygnału, które pochodzą od sieci energetycznej i urządzeń elektrycznych pracujących w otoczeniu obiektu badań. Realizacja założonego celu identyfikacji zakłóceń została wykonana poprzez opracowanie algorytmu i napisanie programu do analizy wyników pomiarów. Na przykładzie wybranych plików z wynikami pomiarów przeprowadzone zostały testy działania algorytmu identyfikacji i napisanej w środowisku Matlab aplikacji.
In the paper, the selected problems that are associated with the identification of interferences registered with a bioelectrical signal of human muscles. The presented algorithm detects interferences related to the identification component in the spectrum of the signal. These disturbances are from the power network as well as any electrical equipment. The algorithm has been designed and a software for analysis of measurement results has been made. Using the selected files concerning the results, operation tests on the algorithm and Matlab application were realized.
Źródło:
Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering; 2017, 89; 219-228
1897-0737
Pojawia się w:
Poznan University of Technology Academic Journals. Electrical Engineering
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Bainitic Steel Used for Frogs in Railway Crossovers
Autorzy:
Parzych, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/355415.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
railway crossover
bainitic cast steel
heat treatment
mechanical properties
Opis:
This work deals with the effect of heat treatment on a microstructure and mechanical properties of a selected cast steel assigned as a material used for frogs in railway crossovers. Materials used nowadays in the railway industry for frogs e.g. Hadfield cast steel (GX120Mn13) or wrougth pearlitic steel (eg. R260) do not fulfil all exploitation requirements indicated in the UIC (International Union of Railways) Decision No. 1692/96 in terms of train speed that should be reached on railways. One of the possible solution is using a cast steel with bainitic or bainitic-martensitic microstructure that allows to gain high strength properties the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of 1400 MPa, the tensile yield strength (TYS) of 900 MPa and the hardness of up to 400 BHN. The tested material is considered as an alternative to Hadfield cast steel that is currently used for railway frogs. Results of an experimental analysis of the effect of conducted heat treatment on a microstructure, the volume fraction of retained austenite and mechanical properties of bainitic steel, are shown in this paper. It was found that, the heat treatment leads to a stabilization of retained austenite in grain boundaries area of the primary austenite. Additionally, the heat treatment according to the variant #3 results with an almost 3-times higher impact toughness to that exhibited by material subjected to the other treatments.
Źródło:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials; 2017, 62, 4; 2147-2151
1733-3490
Pojawia się w:
Archives of Metallurgy and Materials
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wartość funkcji rekreacyjnej Leśnego Kompleksu Promocyjnego „Lasy Janowskie”
Value of forest recreational function of "Janowskie Forests" promotional forest complex
Autorzy:
Mandziuk, A.
Parzych, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/791612.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania Środowiskiem w Tucholi
Tematy:
lasy
funkcje lasu
walory rekreacyjne
Lasy Janowskie
rekreacja
srodowisko przyrodnicze
wycena
badania ankietowe
forest
forest function
recreational function
recreational value
Janow Forests Reserve
promotional forest complex
recreation
natural environment
valuation
questionnaire research
Źródło:
Zarządzanie Ochroną Przyrody w Lasach; 2017, 11
2081-1438
2391-4106
Pojawia się w:
Zarządzanie Ochroną Przyrody w Lasach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Economic optimization of the rotation age of stands
Autorzy:
Plotkowski, L.
Zajac, S.
Wysocka-Fijorek, E.
Gruchala, A.
Piekutin, J.
Parzych, S.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/38593.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Źródło:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry; 2016, 58, 4
0071-6677
Pojawia się w:
Folia Forestalia Polonica. Series A . Forestry
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ekologiczne aspekty wykorzystania biomasy drzewnej do celów energetycznych
Ecological aspects of using wood biomass for energy production
Autorzy:
Parzych, S.
Mandziuk, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/791385.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Wyższa Szkoła Zarządzania Środowiskiem w Tucholi
Tematy:
drewno energetyczne
bioenergia
ochrona srodowiska
odnawialne zrodla energii
biomasa
redukcja zanieczyszczen
bioenergy
environment protection
fuel wood
biomass
wood
contaminant reduction
renewable energy source
Źródło:
Zarządzanie Ochroną Przyrody w Lasach; 2016, 10
2081-1438
2391-4106
Pojawia się w:
Zarządzanie Ochroną Przyrody w Lasach
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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