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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 19
Tytuł:
Renesans przemysłu stalowego w Unii Europejskiej
Steel industry renaissance in European Union
Autorzy:
Paduch, J.
Szulc, W.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/182408.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Metalurgii Żelaza im. Stanisława Staszica
Tematy:
sektor stalowy
kryzys
przemysł
badania
rozwój
innowacje
steel sector
crisis
industry
research
development
innovation
Opis:
Omówiono sposoby przeciwdziałania trwającemu kryzysowi przemysłu stalowego w Unii Europejskiej oraz wynikające stąd zadania w obszarze badań i innowacji dla przemysłu stalowego. Kryzys finansowy z roku 2008, który przerodził się w kryzys gospodarczy o zasiągu światowym, ujawnił niedoskonałości europejskiej polityki gospodarczej. Nadmierna dbałość UE o środowisko naturalne i dążenie do zostania światowym liderem w zakresie polityki proekologicznej skutkowało zaniedbaniami w polityce przemysłowej, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do przemysłów surowcowych, w tym hutnictwa żelaza i stali. Niekorzystne skutki takiej polityki gospodarczej przyczyniły się do pogłębienia kryzysu gospodarczego. Od 2012 roku Komisja Europejska rozpoczęła działania zmierzające do zmiany tego stanu, co nazwane zostało „industry renaissance”. Obecnie przemysł europejski, w tym szczególnie budownictwo, przemysł motoryzacyjny i stalowy, zaczynają być uznawane jako wiodące sektory gospodarki, o znaczeniu strategicznym i jako siła napędowa rozwoju gospodarczego. Na tym tle pojawiły się większe niż dotychczasowe możliwości prowadzenia prac badawczo-rozwojowo-innowacyjnych dla sektora stalowego z wykorzystaniem zarówno środków europejskich (np. Horyzont 2020, Programy Operacyjne), jak i krajowych (np. programy strategiczny i sektorowy).
The ways of dealing with the ongoing crisis in the steel industry in the European Union and the consequent tasks in the area of research and innovation for steel industry were discussed. The financial crisis of 2008, which turned into an economic crisis worldwide, revealed the inadequacy of European economic policy. Excessive care of the EU about the environment and strive to become a world leader in environmental policy led to neglect in industrial policy, particularly in relation to commodity industries, including iron and steel. The adverse effects of economic policy emerged during the economic crisis. From 2012, the European Commission launched efforts to change this situation, which has been called ”industry renaissance”. Currently, the European industry, particularly construction, automotive and steel sectors, begins to be recognized as an industry for the future of strategic importance and as a driving force of economic development. On this background appeared larger than the existing ability to conduct R&D&I projects for the steel sector using both European funds (e.g. Horizon 2020, Smart Development Operational Programme) and national (e.g. Strategic programmes).
Źródło:
Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza; 2014, T. 66, nr 3, 3; 3-11
0137-9941
Pojawia się w:
Prace Instytutu Metalurgii Żelaza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Evolution of the small ball-like structures in the plasma focus discharge
Autorzy:
Cikhardtova, B.
Kubes, P.
Cikhardt, J.
Paduch, M.
Zielinska, E.
Kravarik, J.
Rezac, K.
Kortanek, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146922.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
dense plasma focus (DPF)
interferometric diagnostics
organized structures in plasma
plasmoids
Opis:
The experiments were carried out in the PF-1000 plasma-focus device at the maximum current reaching about 2 MA, at the deuterium or neon filling and with deuterium injected from a gas-puff nozzle placed on the axis of the anode face. Ball-like structures of diameters of 1–12 mm were identifi ed in interferometric and XUV pinhole camera frames. We made the statistical description of their parameters. A lifetime of the ball- -like structures was in the range from 30 to 210 ns, and in some cases even more. These structures appeared mostly at the surface of the imploding plasma shell and they did not change their position in relation to the anode end. During the evolution of these structures, interferometric fringes were observed near the surfaces of the structures only, and their internal parts were initially chaotic (without noticeable) fringes. Subsequently the number of interferometric fringes increased (the internal ‘chaotic’ area was fi lled with fringes too) and later on it decreased. The radii of the ball-like structures were mostly increasing during their existence. The maximum electron density reached the value of 1024 to 1025 m–3. The ball-like structures decayed by absorption inside the expanded pinch column and/or gradually expired in rare plasma outside of the dense plasma column.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2016, 61, 2; 155-159
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recent measurements of soft X-ray emission from the DPF-1000U facility
Autorzy:
Surała, W.
Sadowski, M. J.
Paduch, M.
Zielinska, E.
Tomaszewski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148171.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
plasma focus
X-ray emission
X-ray images
gas puffing
filaments
hot spots
Opis:
Soft X-ray imaging is a very useful diagnostic technique in plasma-focus (PF) experiments. This paper reports results of four experimental sessions which were carried out at the DPF-1000U plasma-focus facility in 2013 and 2014. Over 200 discharges were performed at various experimental conditions. Measurements were taken using two X-ray pinhole cameras with a line of sight perpendicular to the z-axis, at different azimuthal angles (about 20° and 200°), and looking towards the centre of the PF-pinch column. They were equipped with diaphragms 1000 μm or 200–300 μm in diameter and coated with filters of 500 μm Al foil and 10 μm Be foil, respectively. Data on the neutron emission were collected with silver activation counters. For time-resolved measurements the use was made of four PIN diodes equipped with various fi lters and oriented towards the centre of the PF-column, in the direction perpendicular to the electrode axis. The recorded X-ray images revealed that when the additional gas-puff system is activated during the discharge, the stability of the discharge is improved. The data collected in these experiments confi rmed the appearance of a filamentary fi ne structure in the PF discharges. In the past years the formation of such fi laments was observed in many Z-pinch type experiments. Some of the recorded X-ray images have also revealed the appearance of the so-called hot- -spots, i.e. small plasma regions of a very intense X-ray emission. Such a phenomenon was observed before in many PF experiments, e.g. in the MAJA-PF device, but it has not been investigated so far in a large facility such as the DPF-1000U. The time-resolved measurements provided the evidence of a time lapse between the X-ray emission from plasma regions located at different distance from the anode surface. The formation of distinct ‘hot-spots’ in different instants of the DPF-1000U discharge was also observed.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2015, 60, 2; 303-308
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Experiments and simulations on the possibility of radiative contraction/collapse in the PF-1000 plasma focus
Autorzy:
Akel, M.
Cikhardt, J.
Kubes, P.
Kunze, H.-J.
Lee, S.
Paduch, M.
Saw, S. H.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147275.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
plasma focus
radiative collapse
radiation losses
simulations
Opis:
Experimental studies of discharges in the plasma focus facility with neon filling and respective numerical simulations employing the radiative Lee code are reported. The pinch currents exceed the Pease-Braginskii current, which indicates that radiative losses are larger than heating and that contraction of the formed plasma should occur. Both of these effects were indeed observed. Parallel numerical simulations were crucial for the identifi cation of such an effect.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2016, 61, 2; 145-148
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Temporal distribution of linear densities of the plasma column in a plasma focus discharge
Autorzy:
Cikhardtova, B.
Kubeš, P.
Cikhardt, J.
Paduch, M.
Zielinska, E.
Kravárik, J.
Řezáč, K.
Kortanek, J.
Šíla, O.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147356.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
plasma focus (PF)
plasma pinch
plasma diagnostics
Opis:
Experiments were carried out on the PF-1000 plasma focus device, with a deuterium filling and with deuterium puffing from a gas-puff nozzle placed on the axis of the anode face. The current was reaching 2 MA. 15 interferometric frames from one shot were recorded with a Nd:YLF laser and a Mach–Zehnder interferometer, with 10–20 ns delay between the frames. As a result, the temporal and spatial distribution of the linear densities and the radial and axial velocities of the moving of plasma in the dense plasma column could be estimated.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2015, 60, 2; 315-318
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Time-integrated diagnostics of X-ray emission from PALS and PF 1000 : preliminary results
Autorzy:
Ryć, L.
Krása, J.
Juha, L.
Kaczmarczyk, J.
Paduch, M.
Parys, P.
Tomaszewski, K.
Scholz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148024.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
high-temperature plasma
semiconductor detector
thermoluminescent detector
X-ray diagnostics
Opis:
Thermoluminescent and semiconductor detectors operating in an integrating mode have been applied to the measurement of X-ray flashes of high intensity from large plasma facilities. A detection head of special kind has been developed to perform comparison measurements with the use of the detectors of both kinds.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2001, 46, suppl. 1; 41-43
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena aktywności biologicznej karboksymetylowanych pochodnych alfa-(1→3)-glukanów wyizolowanych z owocników uprawnych gatunków boczniaka (pleurotus)
Assessing biological activity of carboxymethylated derivatives of alpha-(1→3)-glucans isolated from fruiting bodies of cultivated pleurotus species
Autorzy:
Wiater, A.
Paduch, R.
Prochniak, K.
Pleszczynska, M.
Siwulski, M.
Bialas, W.
Szczodrak, J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/828789.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Technologów Żywności
Opis:
α-(1→3)-Glukany stanowią najmniej poznaną grupę polisacharydów budujących ścianę komórkową grzybów. Celem pracy była ocena aktywności biologicznej karboksymetylowanych pochodnych α-(1→3)-glukanów uzyskanych z owocników uprawnych gatunków rodzaju Pleurotus (P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor, P. erynii i P. precoce). Polisacharydy wyizolowane z owocników poddano analizom strukturalnym (FT-IR i ¹H NMR), w wyniku czego wykazano, że są one liniowymi α-(1→3)-glukanami. Po zastosowaniu metody karboksymetylacji nierozpuszczalne w wodzie α-(1→3)-glukany przeprowadzono w formy rozpuszczalne, tj. karboksymetyl-α-(1→3)-glukany (KM-α-(1→3)-glukany). Następnie analizowano ich wpływ na żywotność komórek prawidłowych CCD 841 CoTr (ludzkie komórki nabłonka jelita grubego) i CCD-18Co (miofibroblasty jelitowe) oraz komórek nowotworowych HeLa (ludzki rak szyjki macicy). Wykonano analizy aktywności metabolicznej i toksyczności (MTT i NR) oraz zdolności do redukcji wolnych rodników (DPPH). Wykazano, że żywotność komórek nowotworowych była najsilniej redukowana przez KM-α-(1→3)-glukan otrzymany z owocników P. citrinopileatus. Z kolei metodą NR wykazano, że wszystkie badane KM-α-glukany w całym zakresie stężeń powodowały statystycznie istotny wzrost żywotności komórek prawidłowych (CCD 841 CoTr i CCD-18Co). Badane KM-α-glukany nie wykazywały aktywności zmierzającej do redukcji wolnych rodników tlenowych. Na podstawie analizy wyników różnicowego barwienia fluorescencyjnego stwierdzono, że KM-α-glukan z owocników P. citrinopileatus zaburza integralność błony komórek nowotworowych. Z kolei barwienie fluorescencyjne filamentów F-aktynowych (F-aktyny) wykazało, że nie wpływał on destrukcyjnie na cytoszkielet badanych komórek.
α-(1→3)-Glucans constitute the least known group of polysaccharides that make up the fungal cell wall. The objective of the study was to assess the biological activity of carboxymethylated derivatives of α-(1→3)-glucans extracted from fruiting bodies of the cultivated species of Pleurotus (P. citrinopileatus, P. djamor, P. erynii, and P. precoce) genus. The polysaccharides extracted from the fruiting bodies were structurally analyzed (using FT-IR and ¹H NMR) and, based on the analysis results, it was proved that they were linear α-(1→3)-glucans. With the use of a carboxymethylation method, the water-insoluble α-(1→3)-glucans were converted into soluble forms, i.e. carboxymethyl-α-(1→3)-glucans (KM-α-(1→3)-glucans). Next, their effect was investigated on the viability of normal CCD 841 CoTr cells (normal human colonic epithelial cells), CCD-18Co (intestinal myofibroblasts), and HeLa tumour cells (human cervical cancer). The metabolic activity, toxicity (MTT and NR), and free radical scavenging ability (DPPH) were analyzed. It was shown that the effect of KM-α-(1→3)-glucan derived from the P. citrinopileatus fruiting bodies was the strongest as regards the reduction of the cancer cell viability. Then, the NR method used showed that all the tested KM-α-(1→3)-glucans within the entire concentration range caused the viability of normal cells (CCD 841 CoTr and CCD-18Co) to increase statistically significantly. The KM-α-glucans analyzed did not exhibit any free oxygen radical reduction activity. Based on the results of the differential fluorescent staining analysis, it was confirmed that the KM-α-glucan from fruiting bodies of P. citrinopileatus disturbed the membrane integrity of tumour cells. On the other hand, the fluorescent staining of the F-actin filaments proved that this KM-α-glucan did not have any destructive effect on the cytoskeleton of the cells studied.
Źródło:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość; 2015, 22, 1
1425-6959
Pojawia się w:
Żywność Nauka Technologia Jakość
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Progress in MJ plasma focus research at IPPLM
Autorzy:
Scholz, M.
Karpinski, L.
Krauz, V. I.
Kubeš, P.
Paduch, M.
Sadowski, M. J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147514.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
plasma focus
PF-1000 facility
magnetic probes
interferometry
neutron yield scaling
Opis:
The results of studies of the plasma dynamics and neutron emission on a PF-1000 facility in the stage of pinch formation are presented. The measurements were performed using various modifications of the calibrated magnetic probes, 16 frame interferometry, silver activation counters and photomultiplier tube (PMT) neutron probes. The current measurements at a distance of 40 mm from the axis of the electrodes was measured. This dependence agrees well with the known scaling, Yn similar to I4. The evolution plasma density during pinch formation and a neutron emission were study.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2012, 57, 2; 183-188
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recent ion measurements within the modified DPF-1000U facility
Autorzy:
Kwiatkowski, R.
Czaus, K.
Skladnik-Sadowska, E.
Sadowski, M. J.
Zaloga, D. R.
Paduch, M.
Zielinska, E.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148249.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
DPF-1000U facility
ion beams
ion energy spectra
ion pinhole images
Opis:
In this note we describe measurements of ion beams emitted along the z-axis of the DPF-1000U facility operated at 23 kV, 334 kJ, and with the initial deuterium pressure of 1.6–2 hPa. The DPF-1000U device was recently renewed and equipped with a dynamic gas-puff valve placed inside the inner electrode. The investigated ions were recorded by means of ion pinhole cameras equipped with solid state nuclear track detectors of the PM-355® (PADC) type. The energy spectra of ions were determined using a Thomson spectrometer placed on the symmetry axis at a distance of 160 cm from the electrodes outlets. The ion images recorded during discharges performed under different experimental conditions show that the ion beams have a complex structure, usually in the form of a central bunch and an annular stream composed of many micro-beams. Energies of the registered deuterons have been in the range of 30–700 keV, while the fast protons (which originated from the hydrogen remnants) had energies in the range of 300–850 keV.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2015, 60, 2; 297-302
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Energy transformation in Plasma Focus discharge with wire and liner as a load
Autorzy:
Kubeš, P.
Kravárik, J.
Klír, D.
Scholz, M.
Paduch, M.
Tomaszewski, K.
Karpinski, L.
Ryc, L.
Juha, L.
Krasa, J.
Szydlowski, A.
Romanova, V.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147107.pdf
Data publikacji:
2002
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
plasma focus
X-ray source
XUV spectroscopy
Opis:
We present the results of experiments focused on energy transformations during the implosion of the hydrogen current sheath towards an Al wire (120 ěm in diameter) positioned on the top of the inner electrode of the PF-1000 plasma focus facility at the IPPLM in Warsaw. A wire corona is formed at the current sheath impact and ~60 ns after the impact a soft X-ray pulse is emitted. Its spectrum contains AlVI-XII lines accompanied by their satellites. The amount of emitted energy is recorded by two filtered PIN diodes and thermoluminescent dosimeters and depends on symmetry of the current sheath and quality of the current sheath focus. The mean value of energy of keV photons emitted in the runs done without the wire (~1 J) is higher than the energy obtained with the wire (~0.4 J). A time delay between the impact of the current sheath and X-ray pulse, the plasma focus dynamics and soft X-ray emission are interpreted by an axial magnetic field generation and transformations.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2002, 47, 4; 151-153
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Optical emission spectroscopy of plasma streams in PF-1000 experiments
Autorzy:
Jakubowska, K.
Kubkowska, M.
Skladnik-Sadowska, E.
Malinowski, K.
Marchenko, A. K.
Paduch, M.
Sadowski, M. J.
Scholz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146628.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
dense plasma focus (DPF)
optical emission spectroscopy
deuterium Balmer series
Ar II lines
electron density
Boltzmann plot
Opis:
The optical spectroscopy in the visible range was used to determine properties of the dense magnetized plasma generated in the PF-1000, a 1 MJ plasma focus device operating in the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) in Warsaw, Poland. The experiments were performed in a vacuum chamber pumped out to the basic pressure of 2 x 10.5 hPa. The initial pressure of the pure deuterium filling was 2.9 hPa, while that of the deuterium--argon mixture was 1.07 hPa of D2 and 0.13 hPa of Ar. The deuterium-plasma emission contained the Balmer series (Dalfa, Dbeta and Dgamma) and a few distinct copper (Cu I) lines originating from the inner electrode material. The emission of the deuterium-argon plasma was rich in Ar II lines. The electron density (ne), averaged over line of sight, of order of 1016 cm.3 was calculated on the basis of the Dalfa and Dbeta emission only, because the D�ż line was strongly self-absorbed. A group of the Ar II spectral lines was used to estimate the excitation temperature (Texc = 3 eV) by means of a Boltzmann plot. Additionally, the temporal evolution of the electron density was determined on basis of the Stark broadening of the Dalfa and Dgamma lines.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2011, 56, 2; 125-129
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Measurements of electron and ion beams emitted from the PF-1000 device in the upstream and downstream direction
Autorzy:
Kwiatkowski, R.
Skladnik-Sadowska, E.
Malinowski, K.
Sadowski, M. J.
Czaus, K.
Zebrowski, J.
Karpinski, L.
Paduch, M.
Scholz, M.
Garkusha, I. E.
Kubeš, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/146626.pdf
Data publikacji:
2011
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
electron beam (EB)
ion beams
PF-1000 facility
magnetic analyzer
ion pinhole cameras (IPC)
Opis:
In this paper we report on measurements of the energy spectra and other properties of the electron and fast ion beams emitted in the upstream and downstream direction along the z-axis of a large plasma focus device PF-1000, that was operated at 21-27 kV, delivering 290–480 kJ pulse. Measurements of the electron beam (EB) properties were performed using a magnetic analyzer. Properties of the ion beams were measured by means of pinhole cameras equipped with PM-355 nuclear track detectors and placed at various angles (0, 60 and 180 centigrade) to the discharge axis. Measurements revealed a complex spatial structure of the fast ion beams. The ion measurements behind the PF-1000 collector proved that some fast deuterons are emitted also in the upstream direction. Measurements of the EBs emitted in the upstream and downstream direction revealed electron energies in the range from approximately 40 keV to approximately 800 keV. These spectra confirm that in localized regions within the PF-1000 plasma column there appear strong fields accelerating charged particles in different directions along the discharge axis.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2011, 56, 2; 119-123
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Interferometry of the plasma focus equipped with forehead cathode
Autorzy:
Kubeš, P.
Klír, D.
Rezac, K.
Paduch, M.
Pisarczyk, T.
Scholz, M.
Chodukowski, T.
Kalinowska, Z.
Hitschfel, J.
Kortanek, J.
Kravárik, J.
Ivanova-Stanik, I.
Bienkowska, B.
Karpinski, L.
Zielinska, E.
Sadowski, M. J.
Tomaszewski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147512.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
interferometry
neutron diagnostics
plasma focus discharge
Opis:
The PF-1000 plasma-focus facility in Warsaw, equipped with Mather-type coaxial electrodes working with a deuterium filling, was modified by the addition of a cathode disk in front of the anode front-plate at a distance of 3 cm. The plasma was diagnosed with temporal resolved interferometry and neutron diagnostics. The modified electrode configuration showed an increase of the current in the pinch phase and a decrease of the total neutron yield. The lower total neutron yield is caused by a lower energy of deuterons producing the observed neutrons and by a decrease of the velocity of transformations of the structures in the pinch column.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2012, 57, 2; 189-192
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The experimental and theoretical investigations of damage development and distribution in double-forged tungsten under plasma irradiation-initiated extreme heat loads
Autorzy:
Väli, B.
Laas, T.
Paju, J.
Shirokova, V.
Paduch, M.
Gribkov, V. A.
Demina, E. V.
Pimenov, V. N.
Makhlaj, V. A.
Antonov, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/148167.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
divertor material
nuclear fusion
off-normal events
thermal shock
tungsten
Opis:
The influence of extreme heat loads, as produced by a multiple pulses of non-homogeneous flow of slow plasma (0.1–1 keV) and fast ions (100 keV), on double-forged tungsten (DFW) was investigated. For generation of deuterium plasma and fast deuterons, plasma-focus devices PF-12 and PF-1000 are used. Depending on devices and conditions, the power flux density of plasma varied in a range of 107–1010 W/cm2 with pulse duration of 50–100 ns. Power flux density of fast ions was 1010–1012 W/cm2 at the pulse duration of 10–50 ns. To achieve the combined effect of different kind of plasmas, the samples were later irradiated with hydrogen plasma (105 W/cm2, 0.25 ms) by a QSPA Kh-50 plasma generator. Surface modification was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and microroughness measurements. For estimation of damages in the bulk of material, an electrical conductivity method was used. Investigations showed that irradiation of DFW with multiple plasma pulses generated a mesh of micro- and macrocracks due to high heat load. A comparison with single forged tungsten (W) and tungsten doped with 1% lanthanum-oxide (WL10) reveals the better crack-resistance of DFW. Also, sizes of cells formed between the cracks on the DFW’s surface were larger than in cases of W or WL10. Measurements of electrical conductivity indicated a layer of decreased conductivity, which reached up to 500 µm. It depended mainly on values of power flux density of fast ions, but not on the number of pulses. Thus, it may be concluded that bulk defects (weakening bonds between grains and crystals, dislocations, point-defects) were generated due to mechanical shock wave, which was generated by the fast ions flux. Damages and erosion of materials under different combined radiation conditions have also been discussed.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2016, 61, 2; 169-177
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Comparison of optical spectra recorded during DPF-1000U plasma experiments with gas-puffing
Autorzy:
Zaloga, D. R.
Skladnik-Sadowska, E.
Kubkowska, M.
Ladygina, M. S.
Malinowski, K.
Kwiatkowski, R.
Sadowski, M. J.
Paduch, M.
Zielinska, E.
Makhlaj, V. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/147780.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Chemii i Techniki Jądrowej
Tematy:
electron density
gas-puff
optical spectrum
plasma focus
plasma stream
Opis:
The results are presented of the optical spectra measurements for free plasma streams generated with the use of the modifi ed DPF-1000U machine. This facility was recently equipped with a gas injection system (the so-called gas-puff) placed on the symmetry axis behind the central opening in the inner electrode. The DPF-1000U experimental chamber was fi lled up with pure deuterium at the initial pressure of 1.6 or 2.4 mbar. Additionally, when the use was made of the gas-puff system about 1 cm3 of pure deuterium was injected at the pressure of 2 bars. The gas injection was initiated 1.5 or 2 ms before the triggering of the main discharge. The investigated plasma discharges were powered from a condenser bank charged initially to 23 kV (corresponding to the energy of 352 kJ), and the maximum discharge current amounted to about 1.8 MA. In order to investigate properties of a dense plasma column formed during DPF-1000U discharges the use was made of the optical emission spectroscopy. The optical spectra were recorded along the line of sight perpendicular to the vacuum chamber, using a Mechelle®900 spectrometer. The recent analysis of all the recorded spectra made it possible to compare the temporal changes in the electron density of a freely propagating plasma stream for discharges without and with the gas-puffing. Using this data an appropriate mode of operation of the DPF-1000U facility could be determined.
Źródło:
Nukleonika; 2015, 60, 2; 309-314
0029-5922
1508-5791
Pojawia się w:
Nukleonika
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 19

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