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    Wyświetlanie 1-12 z 12
    Tytuł:
    Philosophical Roots of Punishment in Modern Criminal Law and Its Practical Limits (with Special Regard to Foreign Cultures and Terrorism)
    Autorzy:
    Monika, Płatek,
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/902680.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Tematy:
    Hammurabi Rule
    Roots of punishment
    obedience
    level of punishment
    dehumanization tactics
    terrorism
    aviation act
    Opis:
    The article deals with three main ideas. (1) The philosophical roots of punishment in modern criminal law are the same in countries that very much differ among each other as far as the level of severity of their systems is concerned. It is therefore something else than just philosophical roots that have an impact on criminal and penal policy of a country. Those other possible elements are then discussed. (2) The philosophical roots of punishment in modern criminal law often refer to the Hammurabi rule: “eye for an eye”, and are read as a justification for severe punishment. The article questions this assumption and proposes an interpretation which seems to be much closer to Hammurabi’s original idea. (3) Countries with differences in criminal and penal policy might introduce equally wrong laws abridging the core human rights when they resort to dehumanization practices and moral disengagement. It is especially possible when fear of foreign cultures and terrorism prevails. An example of such legislation, an aviation law in German and Poland, is discussed.
    Źródło:
    Studia Iuridica; 2016, 67; 133-153
    0137-4346
    Pojawia się w:
    Studia Iuridica
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Karnoprawne modele przeciwdziałania przemocy w rodzinie
    Penal Law Models for Family Violence Prevention
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698732.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    prawo karne
    przemoc w rodzinie
    przeciwdziałanie przemocy w rodzinie
    penal law
    family violence
    family violence prevention
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 601-616
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Zgwałcenie. Gdy termin nabiera nowej treści. Pozorny brak zmian i jego skutki
    Rape : When an Old Term Acquires a New Meaning. A Consequence of False Sameness
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698782.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    zgwałcenie
    przestępstwo zgwałcenia w kodeksie karnym z 1997
    zgwałcenie w Konwencji antyprzemocowej
    autonomia seksualna
    wolność seksualna
    Konwencja antyprzemocowa
    Konwencja CEDAW
    wyrok ETPCz M.C. v. Bułgaria
    rape
    sexual autonomy
    sexual freedom
    Art. 197 of the Polish Criminal Law
    Istanbul Convention (CETS210)
    Art. 36 of CETS210
    CEDAW Convention
    ECHR M.C. v. Bulgaria
    Istanbul Convention
    Polish Criminal Law
    Opis:
    The Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combatting violence againstwomen and domestic violence (further: CETS210, Istanbul Convention, Anti-violenceConvention) became part of the Polish legal system on 1 August 2015. The IstanbulConvention incorporates a specific legal provision on rape, namely Art. 36 CETS210.It states that the Parties should take the necessary legislative or other measures toensure that the intentional conduct described in Art. 36 CETS210 is criminalised.Article 36.1a CETS210 states that rape takes place when engaging in non-consensualvaginal, anal or oral penetration of a sexual nature of the body of another person withany bodily part or object.Rape is respectively regulated in Art. 19 7 of the Polish Criminal Code 1997 (further,k.k.). However, the context of Art. 197 k.k. significantly differs from the wordingof Art. 36 CETS. Whereas Art. 36 CETS protects freedom, autonomy and sexualautonomy of the person, Art. 197 k.k. protects merely sexual freedom combined withprotecting the social customs. In order to establish the presence of rape, one needs toprove the presence of violence, psychological aggression and/or deception. Protectingsocial customs implies an additional burden because it allows evaluating the behaviourof the victim rather than the one of the perpetrator. The Istanbul Convention is orientedon eager elimination of violence against women and domestic violence. Therefore, itestablishes that the Parties should take the necessary measures to promote changesin the social and cultural patterns and behaviour of women and men with a view toeradicating prejudice, customs, traditions and all other practices which are based onthe idea of the inferiority of women or stereotyped roles for women and men (Art.12.1 CETS210). It is within this line that rape regulation should follow.The question that is tackled in this article is as follows: to what extent doesthe difference in the legal description of the act of “rape”, and the difference in protectedvalues by legal provision in Art. 36 CETS210 and in Art. 197 k.k. make an ontologicaland normative difference? Are they not possible to be reconciled? Or, is the meredifference in the words describing what “rape” not an obstacle to achieving the goalsexpected by Art. 36 CETS210?The problem is not an artificial one especially in view of the fact that the Polishlegislators did not amend the text of Art. 197 k.k. upon the ratification of CETS210. It would suggest that the Polish legislator was of the opinion that there is no definitedifference between Art. 36 CETS210 and Art. 197 k.k. The text examines what happen eswhen an old term acquires new meaning.Is Art. 197 k.k. despite the lack of amendments filling the value required by Art.36 CETS210? Or, is the sameness expected by the Polish legislator false? By demonstratingvital differences in the protected values and the action required establish ingthe presence of the rape, I call for amendments to fulfill the state legal obligations toobserve the Istanbul Convention.The article deals with the ontological difference in the legal concept behind the textof Art. 36 CETS210 and Art. 197 k.k. While Art. 197 k.k. is built on the concept of sexualfreedom, Art. 36 CETS is developed on the concept of sexual autonomy. I elaborateon that.The changes in the protected values incorporated in Art. 36 CETS210 lead toabandoning the concept of sexual freedom established in Art. 197 k.k. and adoptingthe concept of sexual autonomy. While the former concept of sexual freedom, asin Art. 197 k.k., uses violence, psychological aggression and/or deception to establishthe presence of rape, for sexual autonomy as defined in Art. 36 CETS210 the line iscrossed where the consent was not present. While sexual freedom limits freedom to torefusal, sexual autonomy demands the presence of consent. Not violence, aggressionor deception, but the lack of consents matters.The term and concept of sexual autonomy was first explored by the EuropeanCourt of Human Rights in the landmark European Court of Human Right (furtherECHR) judgment M.C. v. Bulgaria (No. 39272/98). The case is thoroughly analysedto further illuminate the difference between the two concepts behind the differentapproaches to defining “rape”.The article, however, starts with an in-depth introduction to the goal of the IstanbulConvention, which is to place the issue of rape in a proper perspective. Apart froma criminological analysis of the concept of rape, the article discusses the values protectedby, respectively, Art. 36 CETS210 and Art. 197 k.k. and compares the similarities andactual differences. A similar examination is related to the description of “rape” in Art.36 CETS and Art. 197 k.k. Last but not least, the subject is evaluated, taking the Polishcriminal dogmas into consideration.The conclusion of the examination leaves no room for assuming that Art. 197 k.k.fulfills the requirement stipulated by Art. 36 CETS210. It is, therefore necessary, toamend Art. 197 k.k.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2018, XL; 263-325
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kreowanie „groźnych, niebezpiecznych i złych”
    Creating the dangerous and the bad
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698840.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2019
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    „ustawa o bestiach”
    „Gostynin”
    dehumanizacja
    ‘Law against beasts’
    dehumanisation
    ‘Gostynin’
    Opis:
    This text analyses the effects of the demeaning construction of ‘beasts’ in the process of creating the Law of 22 November 2013 on dealing with psychotic persons endangering other people’s life, health, or sexual freedom – colloquially known as the ‘law against beasts’. The text analyses how such a label influences human, social, and legal relationships, and how it affects the implementation of constitutional, criminal, and civil law. It also confronts problems arising from the implementation of such laws.
    Tekst analizuje znaczenie dehumanizacji i kreowania „bestii”, w procesie tworzenia i stosowania prawa. Bierze za podstawę ustawę z 22 listopada 2013 r. o postępowaniu wobec osób z zaburzeniami psychicznymi stwarzających zagrożenie dla życia, zdrowia lub wolności seksualnych innych osób nazwaną potocznie „ustawą o bestiach”. Bada, jak etykieta „bestii” wpływa na relacje międzyludzkie, stosowanie Konstytucji, prawa karnego i cywilnego. Bada też praktyczne problemy, jakie rodzi stosowanie tej ustawy.  
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2019, XLI/1; 125-217
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Kryminologiczno-epistemologiczne i genderowe aspekty przestępstwa zgwałcenia
    Criminological-epistemological and gender aspects of the crime of rape
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698947.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    kryminologia feministyczna
    przemoc wobec kobiet
    wiktymizacja
    zgwałcenie
    gender and crime
    rape
    Opis:
    According to government information from November 2010, only 8% of committed sex crimes are reported in Poland. In 90% of cases, the perpetrators remain unpunished. Taking into account the statistics for 2009, 6,700 cases of sexual violence show the scale of the problem. The article tries to investigate the reasons of such situation. How does it happen that in a legal order, which since 1932 is based on extremely modern approach to the crime of rape, it remains in practice so often unpunished? The reasons of this are seen in the accepted procedure of prosecution, on the motion of the injured. This procedure results from the fact that provisions from 1932 have been accepted as they were, without a deeper reflection or analysis of the state of affairs of the time. What was acceptable in the criminological-epistemological and dogmatic perspective then, has been accepted by the legislator at present. This leaves a question why regulations from 1932 are still in force at present, with the detriment to the victims. In seeking an answer to this question, a methodology provided by feminist jurisprudence is assumed. The text also explains the very notion of feminist jurisprudence and gender analysis of law. The method allows to notice the elements earlier neglected by the law and to explain why corruption of the perpetrator reaches the victim. The development of feminist jurisprudence over the past three decades has contributed to significant enrichment of the theory of law in many countries and has led to many reforms of criminal law, including changes to the regulations concerning the rape of crime. Taking feminist criminology and feminist jurisprudence into account allows to consider the causes of placing joint responsibility for rape on a victim. It allows to demonstrate that what is hidden under the euphemism of morals and morality is also supported by laws and does not result from tradition as much as from the influence of contemporary law. The accepted procedure of prosecution of the crime is a significant element of this process. Assuming a gender perspective introduces a perspective of experiences and values essential for women to the analysis of language, evaluation and events, although it is not limited to this. The text, while analysing the determinants of regulations concerning rape, questions the basic axioms of criminal law dogma pertaining to neutrality and objectivity of criminal law. The example of regulations on rape proves that both axioms in fact sustain a loss to the benefit of the interest of the legislator who has a greater tendency to identify with a perpetrator than with a victim. The text analyses various perspectives of justifying accepted norms and indicates that higher arguments at each time serve to justify current interests. Using instruments of gender analysis of law here as well, reader’s attention is drawn to the perspective resulting from the experiences and values presented by women.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2010, XXXII; 345-378
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Prawo jako jeden z mechanizmów wzrostu przestępczości
    The law as one of the crime-inducing factors
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699200.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1985
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    prawo
    wzrost przestępczości
    prawo karne
    recydywa
    law
    increase in crime
    penal law
    recidivism
    crime-inducing
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 1985, XII; 37-45
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Dwa razy Lombroso, czyli o skutkach różnic w podejściu kryminologii pozytywistycznej i kryminologii feministycznej
    Twice Lombroso: The Consequences of the Differences in Approach Between Positivist and Feminist Criminology
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698590.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    teorie kryminologiczne
    kryminologia feministyczna
    kryminologia radykalna
    positivist criminology
    feminist criminology
    Opis:
    Dwa razy Lombroso [Twice Lombroso] considers differences in the diagnoses and conclusions pivotal to criminal law and to criminal and social policy by way of a specific example. It would seem that so long as we rely on an accepted research paradigm, we are equipped to verify not only the validity of a theory, but also the social consequences of explaining pathological behaviour and criminality in a particular way. The story of Saartjie “Sarah” Baartman illustrates how positivist and feminist methodologies in criminality result in very different views of reality. The latter forces us to consider issues that have so far been ignored in the criminological literature. The genesis and evolution of criminology has clearly contributed to the development and modernisation of criminal law theory. Discarding the theory of free will has forced theoreticians to confront social realities when considering the creation and application of the law. What has gone unnoticed, however, is that criminology has also helped justify the creation and application of special criminal law institutions from the outset. Racism, racist practices, and the exclusion of certain groups in order to show authority and justify curtailing liberties under the pretext of having to ensure safety and social order have all been vindicated and cloaked in academic respectability with the assistance of criminology. Nowadays, it is often tempting to think that there is such a thing as safety from birth or through osmosis. On the one hand, this sometimes justifies creating separate institutions with the word “criminology” in the name. On the other hand, under the pretext of treatment, therapy or eliminating threats, it can justify maintaining institutions that greatly contribute to the arbitrary exclusion of individuals who are instrumentally exploited or deemed troublesome in order to show strength or demonstrate political efficiency. The text does not attempt to create a dichotomy of good and bad criminology. It is not about demonstrating that positive criminology is archaic and feminist criminology up-to-the-minute. It is rather a scholarly reflection on knowledge standards and on the consequences and hazards that flow from recognising a given claim as scholarly. The text, then, is merely a reflection on what characterises the feminist approach to criminology and what this approach contributes to the discipline. It also attempts to look at the beginnings of the evolution of criminology from a feminist criminological perspective. By illustrating how the work of Lombroso can be examined, described and appraised in terms of positivist and feminist criminology, I try to show how different descriptions of the reality (pathology) of criminality can be arrived at depending on whether we study it on the basis of positivist criminology or whether we also approach the problem from a feminist perspective appropriate for criminology.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2014, XXXVI; 31-73
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Symulakry wymiaru sprawiedliwości wobec nieletnich w Polsce
    Simulacra of Juvenile Justice System in Poland
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698977.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    wymiar sprawiedliwości
    postępowanie w sprawach nieletnich
    przestępczość nieletnich
    przemoc
    juvenile justice system
    violence
    juvenile delinquency
    Opis:
    The article relates to the analysis of responses to violence in the everyday life of a democratic society. The evolution of the juvenile criminal justice system serves here as a litmus paper of the today's neo-liberal European countries. The article critically evaluates the arguments of F. Bailleau and Y. Cartuyvels who present the development of contemporary juvenile justice in terms of neo-liberalism. They claim it is the main reason to answer the question of how long the child should be treated as a child? However, we are still left with the question of what to do with those young people who act like offenders who demand more severe punishment. In her paper, the author presents the possible model of social control that responds to violence using the F.H. McClintoc's model adopted and modified in the model presented by D. Black in Behaviour of Law. The author argues that selecting a criminal model from among different possible models of social control might be an influence of the neo-liberal policy, yet it is not necessary. The examination of different models currently present in the society should help to answer the question of whether the present policy results from the neo-liberal policy as F. Bailleau and Y. Cartuyvels suggest? Or is it rather due to what Zygmunt Bauman named as the penal effect of globalisation? The author examines how much of the present practice within the juvenile justice fits Jean Baudrillard's era of simulacra where we offlcially tend to fight crime and do good, but in practice, as Michel Foucault pointed long time ago, the goal is somewhat different and detached from both the perpetrator and the victim? The paper also looks at how accurate in this case the analysis of Pierre Bourdieu would be that we tend to accept the perceived reality as natural, for we do not have the proper procedure to see that other solutions are also possible? At the end the paper, the author suggests what elements should be included within juvenile justice system to free it of the simulacra syndrome.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 281-297
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Rewizja poglądów na temat konfliktu jako własności. Przeszkody we wprowadzaniu procedur sprawiedliwości naprawczej i sposoby ich pokonywania z punktu widzenia polskiej praktyki prawnej
    Conflict as Property Revisited. Obstacles to Introduce Restorative Justice Procedures and Ways to Overcome Them from the Experience of the Polish Juridical Practice
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699098.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
    Tematy:
    sprawiedliwość naprawcza
    proces karny
    ofiary
    mediacja
    restorative justice
    criminal justice system
    victims
    mediation
    Opis:
    This paper concerns the road Poland is on to introduce restorative justice procedures within its criminal justice system. The author describes the difficulties Poland has already overcome and is still facing. In addition, the paper shows the possible dangers we are not willing to see yet. The restorative justice procedures are introduced in the name of victims. They are aimed at observing the victims' rights and interests within the criminal justice system. Restorative justice is also to bring back the conflicts to their owners. The new developments are aimed at achieving this goal. The author discusses the invisible aspects which, if not diagnosed, named and prevented in time, can steal again the conflict from those most involved in it. It was once stolen by lawyers, judges and prosecutors who officially acted for the victims' good and support. Today, an identical process is possible with mediator taking the lawyers place.
    Źródło:
    Archiwum Kryminologii; 2006, XXVIII; 267-279
    0066-6890
    2719-4280
    Pojawia się w:
    Archiwum Kryminologii
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Z prawem na ty
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Bojarski, Łukasz
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1790344.zip
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1790344.pdf
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1790344.mobi
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1790344.epub
    Data publikacji:
    1999
    Wydawca:
    Kantor Wydawniczy Zakamycze
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Książka
    Tytuł:
    Systemy penitencjarne państw skandynawskich na tle polityki kryminalnej, karnej i penitencjarnej
    Autorzy:
    Płatek, Monika
    Porowski, Michał
    Rejman, Genowefa
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1705607.epub
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1705607.mobi
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1705607.pdf
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/books/1705607.zip
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
    Opis:
    Summary Scandinavian countries have the reputation of being the cradle of many modern penitentiary reforms. They attract the interest of international milieu of both scientist and practitioners that deal with the execution of punishment and particularly with imprisonment. It is easy to describe a system, to state the number of institutions, and staff, and to describe the nature of the programs. Yet it does not explain the nature and the essence of the system. A simple description is not enough to understand why it is the way it is. The Scandinavian countries are characterized as core examples of welfare state with a collective desire for social growth and evolution, tolerance, pluralism, respect for the law and interpersonal respect. They are perceived as countries of collective individualism, care for children, equal status of woman and man, and efforts to reintegrate those punished by the criminal law. The book is about the penitentiary system of Scandinavian countries within the legal, criminal and penitentiary policy perspective. It is about the penitentiary systems in Sweden, Denmark, Norway and Finland. Island is mentioned, but not elaborated in the way the other countries are. The goal was not to simply present the penitentiary system of each of the countries. It was rather to find out the conditions and the processes behind its relative leniency and stability when compared to Poland or other European countries. The book searches for what is common and different among these countries and tries to answer the question - is treating these penitentiary systems, as common Scandinavian ones, justified. The goal was to understand the nature of these systems and to avoid creating a new myth of the Scandinavian penitentiary paradise. Therefore the search for the driving forces behind recent prison growth, also in Scandinavian countries, is very much present in the analysis. Last but not least, it checks to what extent the Scandinavian penitentiary experiences are of value for the Polish prison system. The author was aware that neither the description of the system nor the conclusions drawn from the study are entirely objective. Coming from Poland where law, legal practice and culture is different, affect the way the author carried out and evaluated the analysis. Comparative studies are from their very nature complicated. They are oriented not on mere description but rather explanation of the process that leads to certain social effects. They are complicated also because of the lack of proper methodology for this kind of study. It required presenting the penitentiary system within the scope of the roles criminal law plays within the system of social control. Social control is often identified in Poland with criminal law. It is just one of several tools to control social behavior. It can also be controlled by civil, conciliatory, medical, educational and other measures. This study demonstrates it. Penitentiary policy is just a part of the criminal control system and Scandinavian practice proves that it is doesn’t necessarily have to be the prevailing one. This work traces the mental, cultural, political and technical roots that helped such development. It required building up a specific methodology which covers criminal law, criminal policy as well as penitentiary policy within the axiological, historical, legal and social context. Nils Christie in one of his book warned the reader: “Det går ikke å forstå norsk kriminalitet hvis man ikke også forstår det norske samfunnet” (It is impossible to understand Norwegian criminality without understanding the Norwegian society, Hvor tett et samfunn?, 1982, p. 9). This refers to other societies as well. Small numbers of inmates, fairly rare problems with overcrowding (especially in the past), well trained staff, esthetic milieu for both staff and inmates - this is the picture Scandinavian penitentiary is well known for. They are perceived as humane in comparison with the rest of the world. For the Scandinavians, however, it is not an argument. The appalling stage of penitentiary in many countries, should not unable the elimination of problems present in the Scandinavian system. The analysis of the cultural and political mechanisms responsible for the present state of the penitentiary systems were carefully conducted to avoid creating an image of a penitentiary paradise. The sense of collective conscious which was elaborated by Durkheim is expressed not only in the law but also in the history and culture of the countries. Therefore, those elements were also included in the analysis of arguments, as they help to keep the reasonable seize of penitentiary and prevent out-casting inmates. The same analysis were essential to comprehend what makes the system tremble and what increases the number of inmates and the level of condemnation. The book has 12 chapters. It starts with the presentation of the nature of the book, it’s methodology and it’s structure. The four countries, as well as major definitions, are introduced. In Scandinavian countries the term “kriminalpolitik” includes the legislative process of deciding which behaviors are to be punished, as well as the activity of the criminal court and penitentiary practice. In Poland, there are three different concepts introduced by Emil Rappaport. The distinction is between legal, criminal, and penitentiary policy. This division is used in the book for it allowed to analyze the historical and contemporary process of establishing the concept of crime and punishment. Penitentiary policy depends also on such processes as changes in the role and goals of punishment, development of new penal measures, as well as criminalization and decriminalization. There are several crucial observations described from the beginning of this work. There is no relation between the number of crime and number of inmates. Michel Foucault’s and Nils Christie’s analysis are used to support the political dimension of the legal and criminal policy. Most people break the law, but just special few are delegated to serve the prison system. Well elaborated in the work of Vagn Greve, Britta Kyvsgaard, Thomas Mathiesen and others proves - what is often neglected elsewhere - that most inmates came from troubled milieu and face social, psychological and economical difficulties. The understanding of the above phenomena is very specific for Scandinavia. Studying the activity of Nordic institutions from the Nordic Council, via Scandinavian Research Council for Criminology up to KRUM trace the characteristics of the welfare-state societies oriented on efficacy and humanity within a system of sanctions. The Nordic cooperation on legislation, on prison-development etc explains the similarities in development and practice. It also gives good reasons to discuss the countries within the scope of one system. While it is necessary to search back in history to see the development in Norway, Denmark and in Sweden, the situation in Finland has a modern explanation. The relation between politics, culture and punishment is most noticeable with the Finnish example. It is especially interesting for Poland. There are many similarities in the history and development of the two countries. Long dependence from another country, and the shadow of communism that affected both administration and social mentality. Brutal experiences of World War II and experience of tough, rather inhumane penitentiary system still in the second half of the XXth century. All this changed in Finland, and this process is easy to follow. Keeping people in prison is costly - not only in financial, but also in humanitarian, terms. The trend present in Finland proved the power of political will, when it comes to penitentiary policy. The stunning decrease in the Finnish prison population is analyzed, based on the work of Patrik Törnudd, Tapio Lappi-Seppälä, Hanns Von Hofer and others. Technical measures are interesting, yet the most significant was the will to join the rest of Scandinavian countries and not be identified with Soviet history and policy. Culture and politics rather than dynamic and structure of criminality have an impact on criminal and penitentiary policy. The new “law and order” policy, the harsh attitude towards drug addicts and immigrants are suddenly perceived as major political problems in all four countries. This new phenomena however is not a decline of the rehabilitative ideal. This strongly distinguishes Scandinavia from other European countries and from the USA. The common goals set up for criminal policy, the common activity within criminal justice, penitentiary and criminological study are themselves a sufficient reason to write about the Scandinavian prison system. Yet, at the same time the particular solutions show different paths over the last 50 years at least, in countries like Norway and Denmark, or Finland and Sweden, in grasping the problem of drugs, immigration, morals and law. The book brings a description of the development of criminal law in each of the countries. It is an introduction to present their penitentiary system. It is preceded by a history of the Scandinavian penitentiary system, sources of social justice and equality present among Nordic societies as well moral, political and social environment enhancing auxiliary and pragmatic role of law. Protestantism, development of civil service, and general education patterns together with legal Scandinavian philosophy is taken here into consideration. The historical and social determinants play a vital role in shaping the nature of the four elaborated systems. This part puts an emphasis on dealing with imprisonment in the stage of harm awareness. On January 11,2006 the new Council of Europe Recommendation on the European Prison Rules came into force. It was strongly based on the concept of normalization introduced into Scandinavia some years ago. The presentation of each country focuses on issues concerning the social and psychological as well as financial costs of imprisonment. Scandinavian prisons are far from being perfect, but stressing the harm prisons cause is a necessary step in shaping the policy and practice which minimize it. The relation between prison and probation is very interesting for Polish practice. Its presence is a necessary condition for the system to work. Civil, law abiding, well trained, and well treated penitentiary and probation services, are a condition sine qua non for combining prison and probation services. This would not work-out well with the para-military penitentiary system - where overpopulation is a constant issue and law is treated as technical term, a union between prison staff and probation officers might bring more harm than help. This is one of the several examples discussed as a limit when considering the possible replication of Scandinavian patterns in Poland. The practice set up for conditional release, treating the law seriously, and equal care for inmates and staff are evaluated as positive examples and are strongly suggested to be followed. The closing chapter is not simply a summary. The core issues of the relative Scandinavian leniency, relative stability and recent changes in the penitentiary practice are discussed within a comparative prospect of society self-perception. The level of trust for the government, the level of happiness, and level of life quality are just a few examples used to present a broader platform to analyze the effects that the organization of penitentiary system has on society. It is once more proved that prison not only reflects the basic structure of a society, it also shapes it. The Scandinavian countries went through specific evolution from retribution, through treatment ideology, neo-classic just desert up to the neo-positivist attitude with aims at treating imprisonment as the last resort. The process was strongly determined by the concept of solidarity and common social responsibility. It might not be that strong at present yet in Poland it should help reminding the ideas practiced in early 80-ties, when the country faced prison reform. The Scandinavian analysis helps to understand how to reach positive changes and also how to keep them. It is not easy, yet the understanding of the vogue relation between criminality and imprisonment is an important component of that very process. Translated Monika Platek
    Książka prezentuje systemy Danii, Finlandii, Norwegii i Szwecji. Autorka stara się dociec: Co jest przyczyną i co tłumaczy fenomen skandynawskiej względnej łagodności oraz stabilności systemu penitencjarnego? Czy można mówić o jednolitym systemie skandynawskim? Publikacja bada również powody wzrostu populacji więziennej w Skandynawii oraz to, co z penitencjarnych doświadczeń skandynawskich wynika dla nas w Polsce, na progu nowego tysiąclecia. Czy doświadczenia skandynawskie mogą mieć charakter uniwersalny i jakie warunki muszą być spełnione, żeby można je było skutecznie replikować. Książka sięga też do kulturowych korzeni (wspólnej tradycji historycznej, wzajemnej zależności i długich okresów współpracy) i tam poszukuje wyjaśnienia stosunków panujących w polityce karnej tych państw. Zauważa, że to "kapitał społeczny" - istnienie więzi społecznych, poczucie wspólnoty, wyznawanie wspólnych wartości - w dużym stopniu pozwala na internalizacje norm i tym samym przeciwdziała naruszaniu prawa.
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Książka
    Tytuł:
    ATTEMPT TO UNDERSTAND PUBLIC-HEALTH RELEVANT SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK IN POLAND
    Autorzy:
    JARYNOWSKI, ANDRZEJ
    WÓJTA-KEMPA, MONIKA
    PŁATEK, DANIEL
    CZOPEK, KAROLINA
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1036109.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-04-14
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
    Tematy:
    medical sociology
    social distancing
    social contact patterns
    infectious disease epidemiology
    SARS-CoV-2
    media communication
    risk perception, panic
    Opis:
    Recently, the whole of Europe, including Poland, have been significantly affected by COVID-19 and its social and economic consequences which are already causing dozens of billions of euros monthly losses in Poland alone. Social behaviour has a fundamental impact on the dynamics of the spread of infectious diseases such as SARS-CoV-2, challenging the existing health infrastructure and social organization. Modelling and understanding mechanisms of social behaviour (e.g. panic and social distancing) and its contextualization with regard to Poland can contribute to better response to the outbreak on a national and local level. In the presented study we aim to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 on society by: (i) measuring the relevant activity in internet news and social media; (ii) analysing attitudes and demographic patterns in Poland. In the end, we are going to implement computational social science and digital epidemiology research approach to provide urgently needed information on social dynamics during the outbreak. This study is an ad hoc reaction only, and our goal is to signal the main areas of possible research to be done in the future and cover issues with direct or indirect relation to public health.
    Źródło:
    Society Register; 2020, 4, 3; 7-44
    2544-5502
    Pojawia się w:
    Society Register
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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