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    Tytuł:
    Decreasing the Friction Sensitivity of TATP, DADP and HMTD
    Autorzy:
    Matyáš, R.
    Šelešovský, J.
    Musil, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358197.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    primary explosive
    TATP
    HMTD
    sensitivity to friction
    desensitization
    Opis:
    The infuence of water and WD-40 oil content on the sensitivity to friction of three primary explosives, triacetone triperoxide (TATP), diacetone diperoxide (DADP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), has been investigated. All of these explosives belong to a group of improvised explosives. The possibility of desensitization of these explosives by the addition of other substances was studied. Sensitivity curves were obtained for the solid organic peroxides with various liquid contents. The sensitivity decreases signifcantly with only a small quantity of liquid − up to about 20% of the liquid. Further increase in the liquid content has a negligible further impact on the sensitivity to friction. Water and WD-40 oil were compared as desensitizating agents.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2013, 10, 2; 263-275
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Erythritol tetranitrate as a sensitizer in ammonium nitrate based explosives
    Autorzy:
    Künzel, M.
    Němec, O.
    Matyáš, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358427.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    erythritol tetranitrate
    improvised explosive
    ammonium nitrate
    slurry
    emulsion
    Opis:
    This paper focuses on ammonium nitrate based explosives sensitized with erythritol tetranitrate. Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is an ester of nitric acid and erythritol. It is a low melting crystalline solid with explosive properties similar to those of pentaerythritol tetranitrate. Experiments were conducted in order to determine any sensitizing effect this compound might have on three basic types of ammonium nitrate based mixtures – powdered, slurry and emulsion explosives. According to the results obtained, erythritol tetranitrate acts as a sensitizer giving detonator sensitivity to ammonium nitrate based explosives when incorporated therein in quantities from 10 to 20 percent.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2013, 10, 3; 351-358
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Study of TATP: Mass Loss and Friction Sensitivity During Ageing
    Autorzy:
    Matyáš, R.
    Šelešovský, J.
    Musil, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358184.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    triacetone triperoxide
    TATP
    3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8- hexoxonane
    friction sensitivity
    mass loss
    Opis:
    Triacetone triperoxide (3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexoxonane; TATP) is one of the most frequently used improvised explosives, often misused worldwide. In our previous studies, we had observed that the kind of acid used to catalyse its formation has a significant influence on TATP's properties. TATP was prepared using five different acids that are often used in improvised conditions. All of the samples were subjected to natural ageing in both open and closed vials at laboratory temperature. During ageing, TATP sublimes and decomposes. The changes in crystal size and shape after ageing were documented by optical microscopy. The mass loss was monitored about every third day during ageing. Samples prepared using sulphuric and perchloric acids lose weight more quickly than the others due to chemical decomposition. The friction sensitivity was determined for all samples before and after ageing. Neither the type of acid used nor the influence of closing the vials had any significant influence on the friction sensitivity after ageing. The friction sensitivity of all tested samples of TATP was about the same ? between that of lead azide and that of mercury fulminate.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2012, 9, 3; 251-260
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Contribution to the Synthesis of 4,10-Dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazatetracyclo[5.5.0.05,903,11]dodecane (TEX)
    Autorzy:
    Jalový, Z.
    Matyáš, R.
    Klasovitý, D.
    Zeman, S.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358018.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa-4,10-diazatetracyclo[5.5.0.05,903,11]dodecane
    TEX
    1,4-diformyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxypiperazine
    tertiary amines
    insensitive explosives
    Opis:
    The influence of the reaction conditions on 4,10-dinitro-2,6,8,12-tetraoxa- 4,10-diazatetracyclo[5.5.0.05,903,11]dodecane (TEX) yield was studied. TEX was prepared by the reaction of 1,4-diformyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxypiperazine with glyoxal in nitric acid. The influence of the acidity of reaction mixture and ratios of starting materials on the yield of TEX was examined and synthesis was optimised. The highest yield (37%) was obtained at 1,4-diformyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxypiperazine/nitric acid molar ratio 67 and sulfuric acid/nitric acid molar ratio around 0.15. Starting material 1,4-diformyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxypiperazine was prepared from formamide and glyoxal using triethylamine or other tertiary amines to adjust suitable basicity. The best yield (84%) of 1,4-diformyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxypiperazine was reached at molar ratio triethylamine/formamide equal to 0.1.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2010, 7, 3; 189-196
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Synthesis and Characterization of Polyethylene Glycol Dinitrates
    Autorzy:
    Matyáš, R.
    Šelešovský, J.
    Jalový, Z.
    Roháčová, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358415.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2011
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    polyethylene glycol dinitrate
    synthesis
    properties
    decomposition
    kinetic decomposition
    Opis:
    Polyethylene glycol dinitrates (PEGN) with molecular weights between 400 and 20 000 gźmol-1 were prepared from polyethylene glycols by esterifcation with nitric acid/sulfuric acid in dichloromethane. The products were characterized by gel permeation chromatography. The yield of PEGN increases with increasing reaction temperature (0-40 °C) however large liberation of nitrogen oxides was observed at 40 °C. No infuence of reaction temperature (0-40 °C) on the cleavage of the polyethylene glycol chain during esterifcation was observed. The dependence of melting point on the molecular weight of PEGN was determined. Polyethylene glycol dinitrates with molecular weights Mn above 454 are not sensitive to impact. Heat of combustion of PEGN increases with increasing molecular weight. All samples tested decompose in a similar way during thermal exposition.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2011, 8, 3; 145-155
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Explosive Properties of Melt Cast Erythritol Tetranitrate (ETN)
    Autorzy:
    Künzel, M.
    Matyáš, R.
    Vodochodský, O.
    Pachman, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358875.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    sensitivity
    detonation velocity
    melt cast
    erythritol tetranitrate
    Gurney velocity
    Opis:
    Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN) is a low melting, solid, nitrate ester with significant explosive properties. The increased availability of its precursor (erythritol), which is now used as a sweetener, has attracted attention to the possible misuse of ETN as an improvised explosive. However, ETN also has some potential to be used as a component of military explosives or propellants. This article focuses on the properties of melt-cast ETN. The sensitivity of the compound towards impact and friction was tested. The explosive performance was evaluated, based on cylinder expansion tests and detonation velocity measurements. The impact energy and friction force required for 50% probability of initiation was 3.79 J and 47.7 N, respectively. A Gurney velocity value of G = 2771 m·s−1 and a detonation velocity of 8027 m·s−1 at a charge density of 1.700 g·cm−3, were found for the melt-cast material. The sensitivity characteristics of melt-cast ETN does not differ significantly from either literature values or the authors’ data measured using the crystalline material. The explosive performance properties were found to be close to those of PETN.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 418-429
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    BuNENA-DNDA57 Combined Energetic Plasticizer for Modified Cast Double Base Propellants
    Autorzy:
    Maraden, A. M.
    Stojan, P.
    Zigmund, J.
    Matyáš, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358752.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    modified cast double base propellant
    burning rate
    thermal analysis
    BuNENA
    DNDA57
    Opis:
    Modification of cast double base propellants is somewhat of an art form. Obtaining a final propellant grain that has the right balance between energetic liquids and solid ingredients with the desired properties requires great effort. Four formulations of a modified cast double base propellant with different RDX contents have been prepared. A combination of BuNENA and DNDA57 energetic plasticizers has been used to overcome the problems that occur with a high nitroglycerin content. The effect of the RDX content on the burning behaviour, activation energies, and sensitivity to impact has been studied. Burning rate measurements have been performed using a closed bomb SV-2 to investigate the burning behaviour under a wide range of operating pressures. DTA and DSC thermal analysis were conducted to evaluate the thermal behaviour of the prepared modified double base propellants. The results showed that the formulation with only the combined plasticizer has the highest burning rate and activation energy and the lowest sensitivity to impact.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2018, 15, 3; 485-500
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Tetraamminecopper(II) Nitrate and Its Effects on Ammonium Nitrate(V)
    Autorzy:
    Künzel, M.
    Vodochodský, O.
    Matyáš, R.
    Jalový, Z.
    Pachman, J.
    Maixner, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/357988.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    ammonium nitrate
    complex salt
    copper
    detonation
    initiation
    Opis:
    Tetraamminecopper(II) nitrate(V) (TACN) is a complex copper salt which is easily formed when ammonium nitrate (AN) comes into contact with copper. It is considered to be an unwanted contaminant of AN because of its sensitivity to mechanical stimuli and significant explosive properties. The formation of TACN by the reaction of copper with molten ammonium nitrate(V) was demonstrated by powder diffraction. Friction and impact sensitivity testing was performed and field experiments were then conducted to reveal the detonation parameters of TACN and its initiation capability towards ammonium nitrate. The dependence of the detonation velocity on charge diameter was revealed and the ideal detonation velocity of 3500 m·s−1 at 0.87 g·cm−3 was measured. AN with the addition of 16 wt.% of TACN was found to detonate when initiated with a small booster charge. Moreover, TACN was able to initiate detonation in fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate(V) under massive steel confinement. TACN should be therefore considered as a possible contributory initiation source in some large scale accidents. In this article, some properties of TACN are revealed which could be useful for the investigation of accidents.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 1; 169-183
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Blast Wave Parameters of Liquid Esters of Nitric Acid: Propane-1,2,3-triyl Trinitrate, Propane-1,2-diyl Dinitrate, Ethane-1,2-diyl Dinitrate and Methyl Nitrate
    Autorzy:
    Pachman, J.
    Selesovsky, J.
    Künzel, M.
    Matyas, R.
    Kubat, K.
    Anastacio, A. C.
    Kučera, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358057.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    nitric ester
    blast wave
    TNT equivalent
    liquid explosive
    shock wave in air
    Opis:
    A knowledge of blast wave parameters generated by detonating explosives is important for the evaluation of protective measures, modelling validation and post blast analysis. The relevant data are available for solid military explosives, but not for liquid or homemade explosives. In this contribution we present comparison of experimental incident blast wave parameters for bare charges, weighing from 100 g to 1 kg, of liquid esters of nitric acid, including propane-1,2,3-triyl trinitrate (NG), propane-1,2-diyl dinitrate (PGDN), ethane-1,2-diyl dinitrate (EGDN) and methyl nitrate (MeN), amongst themselves and with TNT charges of approximately the same size. The TNT equivalents, determined from both the incident overpressures and the impulse of the positive phase of the blast wave, were above 100% and showed relatively high scatter. The strongest blast wave parameters under otherwise identical conditions were observed for charges of methyl nitrate.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 375-390
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    4,6-Diazido-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (TNADAzT) and Its Silver Salt − Synthesis and Characterization
    Autorzy:
    Musil, T.
    Matyáš, R.
    Zeman, S.
    Růžička, A.
    Lyčka, A.
    Majzlík, J.
    Vala, R.
    Knotek, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358533.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    azido derivative of triazine
    silver salt
    sensitivity
    MTX-1
    X-ray
    Opis:
    4,6-Diazido-N-(2,4,6-trinitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine (TNADAzT) and its silver salt (AgTNADAzT) were prepared and characterized. Elemental analysis, FTIR, NMR, DSC, AAS and X-ray diffraction were used for analytical characterization. The sensitivities of TNADAzT and AgTNADAzT were determined and compared with common explosives and MTX-1. The crystal density of TNADAzT is 1.794 g·cm−3 and its heat of formation 899 kJ·mol−1. The sensitivity of TNADAzT to impact and friction slightly exceeds PETN; the sensitivity to electrostatic discharge is lower than RDX. The sensitivity of AgTNADAzT is on the level of a primary explosives (between mercury fulminate and PETN). The initiation efficiency of AgTNADAzT is higher than 200 mg (acceptor PETN compressed by 64-70 MPa) and therefore excludes it from practical use as a primary explosive in detonators.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2017, 14, 2; 304-320
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
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