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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    The Role of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Republican Turkey
    Rola Mustafy Kemala Atatürka w republikańskiej Turcji
    Autorzy:
    Makaradze, Emzar
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1878285.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020-06-01
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
    laicism
    republican Turkey
    laicyzm
    republikańska Turcja
    Opis:
    Republican Turkey is a great country with a crucial geostrategic position, and rich historical past and present. In recent decades, Turkey has developed its economy to such a level that the prediction “Turkey will enter the 21st century as one of the most developed countries”, has been realized. The official doctrine of the government of the Republic of Turkey, known as Kemalism, is based on the principles of Kemal Atatürk, the founder of the Republic and a great reformer. Historical development of modern Turkey cannot be imagined without the figure of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881–1938). He began to rule the country in the most difficult years (1918–1923) and is considered as the founding father of republican Turkey. The extraordinary impact of Atatürk is attributable to the fact that he was simultaneously a military man, a defender of religion, a statesman, and a revolutionary.
    Republikańska Turcja jest znaczącym krajem o kluczowej pozycji geostrategicznej i wielkiej historycznej przeszłości i teraźniejszości. W ostatnich dziesięcioleciach Turcja rozwinęła swoją gospodarkę do takiego poziomu, że twierdzenie „Turcja wejdzie w XXI wiek jako jeden z najbardziej rozwiniętych krajów” znajduje swoje faktyczne uzasadnienie. Oficjalna doktryna rządu Republiki Turcji, znana jako kemalizm, oparta jest na zasadach zdefiniowanych przez Kemala Atatürka, założyciela Republiki i wielkiego reformatora. Nie można sobie wyobrazić historycznego rozwoju współczesnej Turcji bez Mustafy Kemala Atatürka (1881–1938) właśnie. Zaczął rządzić krajem w najtrudniejszych latach (1918–1923) i jest uważany za założyciela republikańskiej Turcji. Jego fenomen polega na tym, że był jednocześnie żołnierzem, obrońcą religii, mężem stanu i rewolucjonistą.
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2020, 32 (39); 153-159
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Relations between the Republic of Turkey and the United States at the Present Stage and Their Impact on Georgia
    Autorzy:
    Makaradze, Emzar
    Makaradze, Beka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2048214.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2021-12-14
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    Turkey
    USA
    Georgia
    Opis:
    At the beginning of the 21st century, Turkish-American relations attracted serious attention of the international community. Since the end of the Cold War, relations between the Turkish Republic and the United States have focused on security. The foreign policy of the two countries from time to time pursued common and sometimes very different goals. In parallel with this, periods of ups and downs were observed in economic relations. It was the goal of achieving security that determined the cooperation between these two countries. On the one hand, there was the leader of one of the two poles during the Cold War – the United States, and on the other – Turkey, a country with significant influence in the Middle East, but strongly dependent on the United States. In the 2000s, disagreements between Turkey and the United States, two NATO members, were not in Georgia’s interests. Turkey and the United States are Georgia’s partner countries. The United States is Georgia’s strategic partner and Turkey is one of its largest trading partners. Despite tensions between Turkey and the United States, the latter is not expected to harm Georgia’s bilateral relations. According to Washington, Georgia’s rapprochement with Iran will be a more serious problem than the issue with Turkey, especially if Georgia violates sanctions against Iran.
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2021, 38 (45); 65-70
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Foreign Policy Issues of the Republic of Turkey and the United States in the Period after the End of the Cold War until the 2020
    Autorzy:
    Makaradze, Emzar
    Makaradze, Beka
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28411137.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    Turkey
    USA
    Armenia
    Russia
    Israel
    Iran
    foreign policy
    Opis:
    At the beginning of the 21st century, in 2002, a new political era began with the arrival of Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the Islam-oriented Justice and Development Party (AKP) at the head of the Republic of Turkey, which was gradually followed by changes in both foreign and domestic policy of the country. The main ideologist of modern Turkey’s foreign policy is one of the founders of the Justice and Development Party and Erdogan’s ally, former Foreign Minister and Prime Minister Professor Ahmet Davutoglu, who outlined the strategic priorities of Turkey’s foreign policy in his pioneering work Strategic Depth. In his doctrine, Ahmet Davutoglu argues that Turkey has “strategic depth” that allows it to pursue an independent foreign policy and claims to be the leading state in the region. As we know, the Republic of Turkey is located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia. According to the doctrine, precisely because of its geographical position and historical ties, it has a desire to influence all these regions (the Middle East, the Balkans, the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Mediterranean, the Persian Gulf, and the Black Sea), what is considered the core of neo-Ottoman ideology. Neo-Ottomanism implies a shift of the Turkish political vector from West to East. Since the beginning of the 21st century, neo-Ottomanism as an ideology has become a force responsible for the shape of political life of Turkey. According to the ideology of neo-Ottomanism, the Republic of Turkey must get rid of the subordination of the United States, which will allow it to put itself on a par with such states as Britain, France, Russia, and China. Neo-Ottomanism is the main ideological direction of the new foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey. One of the arguments used by Erdogan and his party in moving from a parliamentary to a presidential model is the fact that the country needs a government that is almost as strong and centralized as the Ottoman Empire. At the same time, the president himself and his entourage constantly emphasize that the Turks are the “heirs of the Ottomans” and that the country must return to its former glory and strengthen its political, economic and cultural influence in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire. Thus, neo-Ottomanism is part of the official ideology of the Justice and Development Party and the basis of the country’s new identity, shaped by the political elite over the years. Although there is no direct indication of Turkish regional hegemony in the “strategic depth”, most analysts, especially in the West, believe that the expansion of spheres of influence mentioned in the doctrine is, in fact, nothing more than the restoration of Turkey’s monopoly hegemony in the region, but this times by means adapted to the modern era, in particular through the use of political, economic and cultural expansion and other “soft power” tools.
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2023, 46 (53); 121-147
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Southwestern Georgia of the 19th Centuries in the Opinion of Foreigners: Analysis of Archival Materials
    Autorzy:
    Makaradze, Emzar
    Gogolishvili, Otar
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/28411123.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2023
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu. Wydawnictwo UMK
    Tematy:
    Western Georgia
    notes of foreigners
    Opis:
    The historical fate of one of the most critical regions, Southwestern Georgia, is indeed remarkable. This powerful centre of Georgian civilisation, with its historical plight, was forcibly torn off a mother’s bosom and became a part of another state. However, its inhabitants managed to preserve the love and respect for their native language. As a result of the war between Russia and Turkey (1877–1878), the region was reunited with its native land. Still, this time the Caucasian administration of the Russian Empire began to impede its development and tried to set this side against the rest of Georgia. According to Russian officials, it was to become an essential military outpost of Russian expansion in the Middle East and a springboard for the far-reaching plans of the empire. Foreigners were also interested in this region of Georgia. They repeatedly visited this area and left us remarkable materials about the political, social, economic, cultural and educational life of South-West Georgia of that time (i.e., 19th centuries).
    Źródło:
    Historia i Polityka; 2023, 44 (51); 87-96
    1899-5160
    2391-7652
    Pojawia się w:
    Historia i Polityka
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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