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    Wyświetlanie 1-13 z 13
    Tytuł:
    The Use of Footwear Insulation Values Measured on a Thermal Foot Model
    Autorzy:
    Kuklane, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90535.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2004
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    thermal foot model
    cold protective footwear
    thermal insulation
    cold exposure limit
    thermal sensation
    pain sensation
    obuwie ochronne
    ochrony nóg
    izolacja cieplna
    ochrona przed zimnem
    zimno
    Opis:
    The use of physiological data from human tests in modelling should consider background data, such as activity, environmental factors and clothing insulation on the whole body. The present paper focuses on local thermal comfort of feet with special attention on the effects of physical changes of footwear thermal properties. An alternative test method is available for footwear thermal testing besides the standard method. The possibility to use insulation values acquired on a thermal foot model in practice is shown here. The paper describes the correlation between cold and pain sensations, and foot skin temperatures of the subjects and relates these to insulation measured on a thermal foot model. Recommendations are made for footwear choice according to environmental temperature.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2004, 10, 1; 79-86
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Effect of Sweating on Insulation of Footwear
    Autorzy:
    Kuklane, K.
    Holmer, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90320.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1998
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    sweating
    thermal foot model
    insulation of footwear
    cold protection
    safety shoes
    steel toe cap
    obuwie ochronne
    ochrona przed zimnem
    testowanie obuwia
    Opis:
    The study aimed to find out the influence of sweating on footwear insulation with a thermal foot model. Simultaneously, the influence of applied weight (35 kg), sock, and steel toe cap were studied. Water to 3 sweat glands wassupplied with a pump at the rate of 10 g/hr in total. Four models of boots with steel toe caps were tested. The same models were manufactured also without steel toe. Sweating reduced footwear insulation 19-25% (30-37% in toes). During static conditions, only a minimal amount of sweat evaporated from boots. Weight affected sole insulation: Reduction depended on compressibility of sole material. The influence of steel toe varied with insulation. The method of thermal foot model appears to be a practical tool for footwear evaluation.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1998, 4, 2; 123-136
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Testing Sleeping Bags According to EN 13537:2002: Details That Make the Difference
    Autorzy:
    Kuklane, K.
    Dejke, V.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89984.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    sleeping bag
    mattress
    thermal manikin
    insulation
    European standard
    calculation method
    Opis:
    The European Standard on sleeping bag requirements (EN 13537:2002) describes a procedure to determine environmental temperature limits for safe usage of sleeping bags regarding their thermal insulation. However, there are several possible sources of error related to this procedure. The main aim of this work was to determine the influence of the various measuring parameters on the acuity of the respective parameters in order to judge the requirements. The results indicated that air velocity, mattress insulation and time between unpacking the bag and measurement had a significant impact on the result, with a difference of up to 5–15% in thermal insulation between minimum and maximum allowable parameter levels. On the other hand, manikin weight, thickness of the artificial ground and presence of a face mask were found to have a negligible influence. The article also discusses more general aspects of the standard including the calculation methods used.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2010, 16, 2; 199-216
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Test of Firefighter’s Turnout Gear in Hot and Humid Air Exposure
    Autorzy:
    Holmer, I.
    Kuklane, K.
    Gao, C.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90221.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2006
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    body temperature
    heat stress
    physiological strain
    protective clothing
    odzież ochronna
    straż pożarna
    pożar
    temperatura powietrza
    temperatura ciała
    stres
    zagrożenia zawodowe
    strażak
    Opis:
    Five students of a rescue training school cycled at 50 W for 20 min at 20 oC before walking at 5 km/hr up to 30 min in a climatic chamber at 55 oC and 30% relative humidity. 4 different types of clothing ensembles differing in terms of thickness and thermal insulation value were tested on separate days. All subjects completed 28–30 min in light clothing, but quit after 20–27 min in 3 firefighter ensembles due to a rectal temperature of 39 oC or subjective fatigue. No difference in the evolution of mean skin or rectal temperature was seen for the 3 turnout ensembles. Sweat production amounted to about 1000 g in the turnout gears of which less than 20% evaporated. It was concluded that the small differences between the turnout gears in terms of design, thickness and insulation value had no effect on the resulting heat physiological strain for the given experimental conditions.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2006, 12, 3; 297-305
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Comparison of Two Methods of Determining Thermal Properties of Footwear
    Autorzy:
    Kuklane, K.
    Holmer, I.
    Afanasieva, R.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90826.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1999
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    standard
    thermal insulation
    footwear
    thermal foot model
    stopy
    obuwie
    izolacja cieplna
    Opis:
    The present European Standard for footwear testing (Standard No. EN 344:1992; European Committee for Standardization [CEN], 1992) classifies footwear thermally by a temperature drop inside the footwear during 30 min at defined conditions. Today, other methods for footwear thermal testing are also available. The aim of this study was to compare EN 344:1992 with a thermal foot method. Six boots were tested according to both methods. Additional tests with modified standard tests were also carried out. The methods ranked the footwear in a similar way. However, the test according to standard EN 344:1992 is a pass-or-fail test, whereas data that is gained from the thermal foot method gives more information and allows further use in research and product development. A change of the present standard method is suggested.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1999, 5, 4; 477-484
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Effect of Footwear Insulation on Thermal Responses in the Cold
    Autorzy:
    Kuklane, K.
    Geng, Q
    Holmer, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89772.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1998
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    cold
    insulation of footwear
    foot skin temperature
    thermal sensation
    zimno
    obuwie zimowe
    ochrona przed zimnem
    izolacja termiczna
    Opis:
    The influence of footwear insulation on foot skin temperature in the cold at low activity was investigated. Simultaneously, the thermal and pain sensations, and the influence of steel toe cap were studied. Eight participants were exposed for 85 min to 3 environmental temperatures ( + 3, — 12, and —25°C) wearing 5 different boots. Insulation of footwear was determined with a thermal foot model. The study showed the importance of insulation forkeeping feet warm. Other factors, such as wetness and vasomotor response, however, modified the thermal response. The most affected parts were toes and heels. Cold and pain sensations were connected with considerably lower temperatures in these local points. No significant differences were observed between boots with and without steel toe cap.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1998, 4, 2; 137-152
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    A Review of Technology of Personal Heating Garments
    Autorzy:
    Wang, F.
    Gao, C.
    Kuklane, K.
    Holmer, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/89962.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    energy save
    cold protection
    personal heating garment (PHG)
    human comfort
    Opis:
    Modern technology makes garments smart, which can help a wearer to manage in specific situations by improving the functionality of the garments. The personal heating garment (PHG) widens the operating temperature range of the garment and improves its protection against the cold. This paper describes several kinds of PHGs worldwide; their advantages and disadvantages are also addressed. Some challenges and suggestions are finally addressed with regard to the development of PHGs.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2010, 16, 3; 387-404
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Parallel and Serial Methods of Calculating Thermal Insulation in European Manikin Standards
    Autorzy:
    Kuklane, K.
    Gao, C.
    Wang, F.
    Holmer, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90483.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    thermal manikin
    European standard
    clothing insulation
    serial calculation method
    parallel calculation method
    human subject studies
    Opis:
    Standard No. EN 15831:2004 provides 2 methods of calculating insulation: parallel and serial. The parallel method is similar to the global one defined in Standard No. ISO 9920:2007. Standards No. EN 342:2004, EN 14058:2004 and EN 13537:2002 refer to the methods defined in Standard No. EN ISO 15831:2004 for testing cold protective clothing or equipment. However, it is necessary to consider several issues, e.g., referring to measuring human subjects, when using the serial method. With one zone, there is no serial–parallel issue as the results are the same, while more zones increase the difference in insulation value between the methods. If insulation is evenly distributed, differences between the serial and parallel method are relatively small and proportional. However, with more insulation layers overlapping in heavy cold protective ensembles, the serial method produces higher insulation values than the parallel one and human studies. Therefore, the parallel method is recommended for standard testing.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2012, 18, 2; 171-179
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Determination of Heat Loss from the Feet and Insulation of the Footwear
    Autorzy:
    Kuklane, K.
    Afanasieva, R.
    Burmistrova, O.
    Bessonova, N.
    Holmer, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90620.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    1999
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    foot
    thermal insulation
    footwear
    thermal foot model
    skin temperature
    heat loss
    stopy
    obuwie
    izolacja cieplna
    temperatura skóry
    Opis:
    This study compared the methods of determining footwear insulation on human participants and a thermal foot model. Another purpose was to find the minimal number of measurement points on the human foot that is needed for insulation calculation. A bare foot was tested at 3 ambient temperatures on 6 participants. Three types of footwear were tested on 2 participants. The mean insulation for a bare foot obtained on the participant and model were similar. The insulation of warm footwear measured by the 2 methods was also similar. For thin footwear the insulation values from the participants were higher than those from the thermal model. The differences could be related to undefined physiological factors. Two points on the foot can be enough to measure the insulation of footwear on human participants (r = .98). However, due to the big individual differences of humans, and good repeatability and simplicity of the thermal foot method, the latter should be preferred for testing.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 1999, 5, 4; 465-476
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Effectiveness of a Light-Weight Ice-Vest for Body Cooling While Wearing Fire Fighter’s Protective Clothing in the Heat
    Autorzy:
    Smolander, J.
    Kuklane, K.
    Gavhed, D.
    Nilsson, H.
    Holmer, I.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90924.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2004
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    fire fighting
    smoke-diving
    thermal strain
    body cooling
    ice-vest
    ochrona przed skrajnymi temperaturami
    ochrona przed ciepłem
    środki ochrony indywidualnej
    odzież ochronna
    straż pożarna
    pożar
    Opis:
    The aim of the study was to examine the effects of wearing an ice-vest (ca 1 kg) on physiological and subjective responses in fire fighters. The experiments were carried out on a treadmill in a hot-dry environment. The physical cooling effect of the ice-vest was measured with a thermal manikin. The ice-vest effectively reduced skin temperatures under the vest. On average, heart rate was 10 beats/min lower, the amount of sweating was reduced by 13%, and subjective sensations of effort and warmth were lower during work with the ice-vest compared to work without it. Thermal manikin tests indicated that the useful energy available from the vest for body cooling was rather high (58%). In conclusion, the ice-vest reduces physiological and subjective strain responses during heavy work in the heat, and may promote efficient work time by 10%.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2004, 10, 2; 111-117
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Thermal Manikin Measurements - Exact or Not?
    Autorzy:
    Anttonen, H.
    Niskanen, J.
    Meinander, H.
    Bartels, V.
    Kuklane, K.
    Reinertsen, R. E.
    Varieras, S.
    Sołtyński, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90301.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2004
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    protective clothing
    thermal insulation
    cold protection
    calculation method
    izolacja cieplna
    odzież ochronna
    środowisko cieplne
    ochrona przed zimnem
    manekin termiczny
    Opis:
    According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998 [1], the thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a thermal manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2004, 10, 3; 291-300
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Calculation of Clothing Insulation by Serial and Parallel Methods: Effects on Clothing Choice by IREQ and Thermal Responses in the Cold
    Autorzy:
    Kuklane, K.
    Gao, C.
    Holmer, I.
    Giedraityte, L.
    Brode, P.
    Candas, V.
    Hartog den, E.
    Meinander, H.
    Richards, M.
    Havenith, G.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90632.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2007
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    cold protective clothing
    insulation
    IREQ
    serial
    parallel
    calculation method
    Opis:
    Cold protective clothing was studied in 2 European Union projects. The objectives were (a) to examine different insulation calculation methods as measured on a manikin (serial or parallel), for the prediction of cold stress (IREQ); (b) to consider the effects of cold protective clothing on metabolic rate; (c) to evaluate the movement and wind correction of clothing insulation values. Tests were carried out on 8 subjects. The results showed the possibility of incorporating the effect of increases in metabolic rate values due to thick cold protective clothing into the IREQ model. Using the higher thermal insulation value from the serial method in the IREQ prediction, would lead to unacceptable cooling of the users. Thus, only the parallel insulation calculation method in EN 342:2004 should be used. The wind and motion correction equation (No. 2) gave realistic values for total resultant insulation; dynamic testing according to EN 342:2004 may be omitted.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2007, 13, 2; 103-116
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Heat Gain From Thermal Radiation Through Protective Clothing With Different Insulation, Reflectivity and Vapour Permeability
    Autorzy:
    Brode, P.
    Kuklane, K.
    Candas, V.
    Den Hartog, E. A.
    Griefahn, B.
    Holmer, I.
    Meinander, H.
    Nocker, W.
    Richards, M.
    Havenith, G.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/90351.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy
    Tematy:
    protective clothing
    heat stress
    heat budget models
    thermal manikin
    Opis:
    The heat transferred through protective clothing under long wave radiation compared to a reference condition without radiant stress was determined in thermal manikin experiments. The influence of clothing insulation and reflectivity, and the interaction with wind and wet underclothing were considered. Garments with different outer materials and colours and additionally an aluminised reflective suit were combined with different number and types of dry and pre-wetted underwear layers. Under radiant stress, whole body heat loss decreased, i.e., heat gain occurred compared to the reference. This heat gain increased with radiation intensity, and decreased with air velocity and clothing insulation. Except for the reflective outer layer that showed only minimal heat gain over the whole range of radiation intensities, the influence of the outer garments’ material and colour was small with dry clothing. Wetting the underclothing for simulating sweat accumulation, however, caused differing effects with higher heat gain in less permeable garments.
    Źródło:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics; 2010, 16, 2; 231-244
    1080-3548
    Pojawia się w:
    International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-13 z 13

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