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    Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6
    Tytuł:
    Various designs of the two-stroke engine heads with the valve flushed system
    Autorzy:
    Łoza, Ł.
    Kaźmierczak, A.
    Borkowska, J.
    Skorupa, P.
    Krakowian, K.
    Cienciała, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242546.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    engine
    two-stroke
    internal combustion
    valve flushed system
    piston-controlled cam
    high petrol consumption
    oil in the petrol
    toxic by-products
    loud noise
    uneven running
    low efficiency
    Opis:
    The two-stroke engines have never acquired the popularity of the four-stroke engines due to their inherent performance limitations. The tasks of many engineering teams were to find the basic causes, which resulted in the inferior performance of these engines. Today’s task is to build a two-stroke engine whose performance could match that of a four-stroke engine in areas of common use. The most typical performance problems of a two-stroke engine are high petrol consumption caused by low efficiency, toxic by-products of combustion being emitted into the atmosphere (caused by oil present in the petrol), and uneven and loud engine noise. The greatest challenge is to achieve a good chamber purge during one stroke in which the fresh fuel mixture flows through the piston-controlled inlet port while at the same time the fumes are being exhausted through the outlet port. This in contrast with the four-stroke engines where the intake and exhaust are each done with two separate strokes. From the energy point of view, the two-stroke engine is not efficient because a certain amount of fresh fuel is being wasted in the exhaust fumes. We propose to replace the piston-controlled cam with the valve-flushed system, which will cause the combustion process to become more efficient. The purpose of this paper is to present various designs of the engine heads and analyse their performance. The goal of this proposal is to choose the best combination of these engine heads in order to achieve the optimum overall engine performance.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 4; 187-190
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    The impact of the energy state of the surface of friction pairs on the friction and wear in internal combustion engines
    Autorzy:
    Borkowska, J.
    Kaźmierczak, A.
    Krakowian, K.
    Cienciała, M.
    Skorupa, P.
    Łoza, Ł.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245015.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    friction pairs
    top layer of surface
    sealing function
    piston ring
    cylinder sleeve
    combustion engine
    tangential force
    friction coefficient
    molecular structure
    bond
    tribology
    Opis:
    The elements creating a friction pairs are described to be very difficult in terms of defining all optimal parameters in an unequivocal way. The research on stability of friction pairs is focused on the surface and the top layer of surface in the parts concerned. The main goal is to find new design solutions and materials, thereby achieving one million kilometers of mileage to main repair in the case of internal combustion engines. The biggest structural difficulties are noticeable in friction pairs where it can be observed sliding and returning motion, which is also connected with sealing function. A typical example of such pair is piston ring – cylinder sleeve in piston – rings - cylinder unit in an internal combustion engine. Engineers are currently seeking an additional factor, which would enable gaining the reduction of tangential force by reducing the friction coefficient in elements of friction pair during operations. The surface free energy may be such factor - it results from molecular structure and nature of the bonds between the molecules present in the material. Components of surface free energy determine the tribological properties of the material, which is reflected in the stability of the units. Energy state of the surface, which is connected with chemistry and characteristics in the material, is the first step to consider about the impact on wearing in internal combustion engine. This is the main topic of this article.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 4; 37-41
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Review of possibilities of increasing the thickness of an anti-wear coating on piston rings by using specifically designed physical vapour deposition process
    Autorzy:
    Skorupa, P.
    Kaźmierczak, A.
    Błasiński, T.
    Borkowska, J.
    Krakowian, K.
    Łoza, Ł.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245017.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    coatings
    anti-wear
    internal combustion engine
    PVD
    CVD
    thickness
    DLC
    Opis:
    The super-hard, anti-wear amorphic coatings based on carbon-like diamond (called DLC) show a promising direction in automotive industry, mainly in terms of decreasing friction coefficient in parts of internal combustion engine. However, the technology of producing DLC-coated parts, which is most often chemical vapour deposition (CVD) or physical vapour deposition (PVD) is proven to be still not perfect for achieving desired characteristics of the coating. The thickness of a coating is the main issue one should strive to improve, as the PVD methods produce films as thin as few micrometres. In such case, the coating is not only exposed to cracking, but also pitting is possible to happen. This is proven to be highly undesirable and unacceptable for this process. In addition, in case of thin films, the adhesion to the base is often too weak, despite the coating itself being extremely durable and hard. In this article, a theoretical ways to improve the process of coating are presented. The process itself is described, the achievable parameters are defined and the possible improvements are stated. The research made for the purpose of this article will be further exploited to design a process allowing creating the coating for testing of the best possible characteristics.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 4; 281-286
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Ocena wpływu drgań mechanicznych oraz bogatopłytkowego osocza na gojenie trzonów kości piszczelowych leczonych elastycznym stabilizatorem węglowym „Carboelastofix
    Assessment of the effect of mechanical vibrations and platelet-rich plasma on the healing of tibial stems treated with the elastic carbon stabilizer „Carboelastofix
    Autorzy:
    Ambroziak, M.
    Górecki, A.
    Luterek, M.
    Krakowian, P.
    Lekszycki, T.
    Bissenik, I.
    Koperski, Ł.
    Chłopek, J.
    Skowronek, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/285202.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanisława Staszica w Krakowie. Polskie Towarzystwo Biominerałów
    Tematy:
    gojenie złamania
    czynniki wzrostu
    stabilizator zewnętrzny
    fracture healing
    growth factors
    external stabilizer
    Opis:
    Analizie poddano 9 owiec z gatunku owca wrzosówka - średni wiek owiec 5 lat. Zwierzęta podzielone zostały na 3 grupy, po 3 w każdej. U wszystkich owiec dokonano przecięcia trzonu kości podudzia stabilizując odłamy stabilizatorem Carboelastofix. W grupie pierwszej, kontrolnej, nie stosowano ani stymulacji mechanicznej ani biochemicznej. W grupie drugiej zastosowano stymulację mechaniczną wzbudnikiem piezoelektrycznym mocowanym do nośnika stabilizatora zewnętrznego. W grupie trzeciej zastosowano stymulację mechaniczną oraz dodatkowo śródoperacyjnie podane zostało do szczeliny złamania autogenne osocze bogatopłytkowe. Analiza zrostu prowadzona była na podstawie zdjęć rentgenowskich wykonywanych w 2, 5 i 8 tygodniu po operacji. Po zakończeniu eksperymentu zwierzęta zostały uśmiercone, a powstała wokół szczeliny złamania kostnina została poddana badaniu histologicznemu oraz analizie w badaniu mikrotomografii komputerowej. We wszystkich trzech grupach uzyskano zrost kostny. Analiza gęstości tworzącej się kostniny prowadzona na postawie badań obrazowych nie wykazała znamiennych różnic pomiędzy badanymi grupami, jednakże gęstości tworzącej się kostniny w grupie ze stymulacją mechaniczną była najniższa. Autorzy dowodzą tym samym, że przy zastosowaniu elastycznego stabilizatora umożliwiającego mikroruchy poosiowe w szczelinie złamania podczas naturalnego obciążania kończyny, efekt dodatkowej stymulacji mechanicznej jest nie istotny dla poprawienia jakości formującego się zrostu kostnego. Osocze bogatopłytkowe w przypadku prawidłowo postępującego zrostu złamania nie wpływa na jakość tworzącej się kostniny.
    9 Wrzosowka sheep were analyzed - average age: 5 years. The animals were divided into three groups, each with 3 sheep. All the sheep underwent the cutting of the shin stem and the fractions were stabilized with the Carboelastofix stabilizer. In the first, control group, no mechanical or biochemical stimulation was performed. In the second group, mechanical stimulation was applied, with the use of a piezoelectric inductor, mounted in the carrier of the external stabilizer. The third group involved the application of mechanical stimulation and, additionally, autogenic platelet-rich plasma was mid-surgically applied in the fracture gap. The growth analysis was performed on the basis of the X-ray pictures taken in the 2nd, 5th and 8th week after the surgery. After the experiment had been finalized, the animals were put to death, and the callus formed around the fracture was histologically examined and analyzed in a computer microtomography test. All the three groups involved bone growth. The analysis of the density of the forming callus performed on the basis of the imaging examinations did not exhibit significant differences between the tested groups; however, the density of the forming callus in the group involving mechanical stimulation was the lowest. In this way, the authors prove that, with the application of an elastic stabilizer enabling axial micromovements in the fracture during the natural limb load, the effect of the additional mechanical stimulation is insignificant for the improvement of the quality of the forming bone growth. The platelet-rich plasma, in the case of the proper fracture growth, does not affect the quality of the forming limb.
    Źródło:
    Engineering of Biomaterials; 2013, 16, 119; 13-20
    1429-7248
    Pojawia się w:
    Engineering of Biomaterials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Direct and indirect heat energy conversion into electricity
    Autorzy:
    Cienciała, M.
    Kaźmierczak, A.
    Haller, P.
    Krakowian, K.
    Błasiński, T.
    Borkowska, J.
    Skorupa, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/242831.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    heat energy
    recovery
    electricity
    mechanical energy
    Peltier effect
    Seebeck effect
    thermoelectric
    Opis:
    Conversion of heat energy into electricity is described. Energy conversion is the process of changing one form of energy to another. There are two methods of conversion: direct, when heat energy is converted directly into electricity and indirect, when heat energy is converted into mechanical energy first and afterwards into electricity. A principle of direct method is thermoelectric effect that includes three separately identified effects: the Seebeck effect, the Peltier effect and the Thomson effect. In case of heat energy conversion into electricity, we are talking about Seebeck effect. For indirect method, first heat energy is converted to mechanical energy. The principle is gas compression and expansion due to temperature change that is used i.e.: steam engine, Stirling heat engine or polish engine WASE2. The engine is based on the fundamental physical phenomena. The next step is to convert mechanical energy into electricity. The principle is electromagnetic induction that produces an electromotive force across a conductor when it is exposed to a time varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is used in i.e.: generators, alternators or American type generators.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2015, 22, 4; 67-72
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    An approach to improve passive safety by means of "active bumper" which compensates the łuck of cars compatibility as well as different aggressivity when frontal impact of a large truck and a motor car is under consideration
    Autorzy:
    Kaźmierczak, A.
    Górniak, A.
    Kawaliło, P.
    Krakowian, K.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/243990.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    safety
    crash test
    compatibility
    aggressivity
    occupant protection
    accident
    Opis:
    The seriousness of an impact "large truck - motor vehicle" has been exhibited. The procedures of truck and motor car s crash testing were compared in order to point out the necessity of car s crashworthiness investigation in terms of compatibility and impacts between vehicles with large difference in mass and rigidity. Furthermore the paper explains a course of frontal impact between large truck and motor car in order to proof the necessity of cars compatibility as well as aggressivity investigation. The mass effect along with rigidity effect was exhibited as well. Moreover, the paper explains the design as well as objectives of the passive safety devices of both motor car and large truck. The concept of another, innovative passive safety device such as "active bumper" has been emphasized. Its working principia, adaptive control as well as the diagrammatically presented design were pointed out. The bumpers control is very difficult as it will be entirely independent from a driver and it has to operate in random condition, therefore, the paper contains a proposition of controlling algorithm of the "active bumper". It also contains explanation of adaptation of the "active bumper" with various working condition as well as consideration of the "active bumper" application with various types of large trucks design.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 3; 181-188
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-6 z 6

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