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Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 34
Tytuł:
Wpływ stresu niedoboru wody na rozwój i architekturę systemu korzeniowego u jęczmienia (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Effects of drought on the development and architecture of barley root system
Autorzy:
Kuczyńska, Anetta
Surma, Maria
Adamski, Tadeusz
Krajewski, Paweł
Mikołajczak, Krzysztof
Ogrodowicz, Piotr
Kempa, Michał
Ćwiek-Kupczyńska, Hanna
Trzeciak, Renata
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2199534.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019-11-30
Wydawca:
Instytut Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Tematy:
fenotypowanie
genotypowanie
obrazowanie korzeni
plonowanie
stres abiotyczny
susza
właściwości elektryczne systemu korzeniowego
Źródło:
Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin; 2019, 286; 117-121
0373-7837
2657-8913
Pojawia się w:
Biuletyn Instytutu Hodowli i Aklimatyzacji Roślin
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Type section of the Bravaisberget Formation (Middle Triassic) at Bravaisberget, western Nathorst Land , Spitsbergen, Svalbard
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Karcz, Przemysław
Woźny, Ewa
Mørk, Alte
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2051846.pdf
Data publikacji:
2007
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Arctic
Spitsbergen
Middle Triassic
Bravaisberget Formation
stratotype
lithostratigraphy
facies
phosphogenesis
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2007, 2; 79-122
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The “Family 500+” programme versus the economic activity of women in Poland
Program „Rodzina 500+” a aktywność zawodowa kobiet w Polsce
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Zalega, Tomasz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1913237.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-11-13
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Rzeszowski. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego
Tematy:
rynek pracy
współczynnik aktywności zawodowej
świadczenia wychowawcze
labour market
economic activity rate
parental benefits
Opis:
The “Family 500+” programme was introduced by the Act on State Aid for Child Support. It differs from many other public programmes in that it has deeply penetrated the general awareness of Poles, which may result from the amount of the benefit, its simplicity, media coverage and the feeling that this policy directly affects people’s lives. There are comments about the impact of the programme on the condition of the labour market. It is believed that to some extent it discourages some women from taking up work, thereby potentially causing their economic activity to decline and unemployment to increase over the longer time frame. Undoubtedly, “Family 500+” is already a very large challenge for the state budget. It is highly probable that the huge funding needed to cover benefits will grow each year, constituting an important government transfer. The goal of the paper is to depict the relationship between “Family 500+” and the economic activity of women in Poland. This study is a research exercise. Quantitative methods were used, including: logistic regression modelling and Holt forecasting. The analysis suggests the conclusion that “Family 500+” has contributed to the reduction of extreme poverty in households with children but also has affected the economic activity of women in Poland, in particular younger ones, aged 25–34 years, who have low educational attainments and live in poorer voivodships. The analysis of micro data from the Human Capital Balance study has clearly confirmed that “Family 500+” negatively affects the likelihood of being economically active, which holds true not only for women at a certain age or of a certain background, but for all those surveyed.
Program „Rodzina 500+” został wprowadzony ustawą o pomocy państwa w wychowywaniu dzieci. Różni się on od wielu innych programów publicznych tym, że głęboko przeniknął do powszechnej świadomości Polaków, co może wynikać z wysokości świadczenia, jego prostoty, nagłośnienia medialnego i poczucia, że polityka ta bezpośrednio wpływa na los ludzi. Pojawiają się komentarze dotyczące wpływu wprowadzonego programu na kondycję rynku pracy. Przypuszcza się, że w pewnym stopniu zniechęca on część kobiet do podejmowania pracy, co w konsekwencji może spowodować spadek ich ekonomicznej aktywności oraz wzrost bezrobocia w dłuższym horyzoncie czasowym. Niewątpliwie program „Rodzina 500+” już teraz jest bardzo dużym wyzwaniem dla budżetu państwa. Z dużym prawdopodobieństwem można wnioskować, że olbrzymie kwoty przeznaczane na pokrycie świadczeń będą rosnąć z każdym rokiem, stanowiąc ważny transfer rządowy. Celem artykułu jest uchwycenie zależności między programem „Rodzina 500+” a aktywnością zawodową kobiet w Polsce. Artykuł ma charakter badawczy. Skorzystano z metod ilościowych: między innymi modelowania przy pomocy regresji logistycznej oraz prognozowania metodą Holta. Z przeprowadzonej analizy można wnioskować, że program „Rodzina 500+” przyczynił się do zmniejszenia ubóstwa skrajnego w gospodarstwach domowych z dziećmi, ale także wpłynął na aktywność zawodową kobiet w Polsce, w szczególności tych młodszych, z grupy wiekowej 25–34 lata, legitymujących się niskim wykształceniem i zamieszkujących biedniejsze województwa. Analiza mikrodanych pochodzących z badania Bilans Kapitału Ludzkiego dobitnie potwierdziła, że program „Rodzina 500+” negatywnie wpływa na prawdopodobieństwo bycia aktywną zawodowo, nie tylko wśród kobiet w określonym wieku czy pochodzeniu, ale wszystkich uczestniczących w badaniu.
Źródło:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy; 2020, 63; 44-68
1898-5084
2658-0780
Pojawia się w:
Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Resistograph investigation of Scots pine wood utility poles in the State Museum at Majdanek
Autorzy:
Oryciński, Wojciech
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Kozakiewicz, Paweł
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/24072047.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Wydawnictwo Szkoły Głównej Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie
Tematy:
Scots pine wood
natural durability
resistography
wooden pole
protection of monuments
Majdanek
Opis:
Resistograph investigation of Scots pine wood utility poles in the State Museum at Majdanek. Any activity relative to the protection of monuments is determined by the requirements of fidelity and authenticity in the preservation of the place and landscape. On the site of the State Museum at Majdanek, the former infrastructure of the concentration camp has been reconstructed. An element there of are pine wood utility poles.The present research project involved an assessment of their state of preservation with the method of resistography. The poles were subjected to inspection and preliminary acoustic assessment by means of tapping. Resistograph drillings were made radially, perpendicularly to the side surface of the poles, at various heights. A number of the poles have been found to be highly degraded in their sapwood part, which threatens their stability – these poles require immediate replacement. The principal cause of the degradation areactive feeding grounds of European house borer.The results of the research confirmed the effectiveness of resistographyin onsite assessment of the state of preservation of wooden poles.
Badania rezystograficzne sosnowych słupów teletechnicznych na terenie Państwowego Muzeum na Majdanku. Na terenie Państwowego Muzeum na Majdanku częściowo odtworzono dawną infrastrukturę obozu. Jednym z jej elementów są sosnowe słupy teletechniczne. W ramach niniejszej pracy oceniono stan ich zachowania z wykorzystaniem metody rezystograficznej. W pierwszej kolejności obiekty poddano oględzinom pod kątem spełnienia ramowych warunków technicznych na słupy teletechniczne oraz wstępnej ocenie metodą dźwiękową przez opukiwanie, a także pomiarom wilgotności drewna. W wytypowanych 20 słupach dokonano średnicowych wierceń rezystografem w ich przekrojach poprzecznych na różnych wysokościach. Na postawie analizy danych z rezystografu stwierdzono, że część słupów jest silnie zdegradowana w części bielastej, co grozi utratą ich stateczności – słupy te wymagają natychmiastowej wymiany. Głównym czynnikiem powodującym degradację są aktywne żerowiska larw spuszczela pospolitego, które znalazły tam dogodne warunki bytowania. W ramach podjętych badań potwierdzono przydatność i skuteczność metody resystograficznej do terenowej oceny stanu zachowania słupów drewnianych.
Źródło:
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology; 2019, 108; 58--67
1898-5912
Pojawia się w:
Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rehabilitation in elderly patients with dizziness and balance unsteadiness
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Rosiak, Oskar
Szczepanik, Marcin
Walak, Jarosław
Woszczak, Marek
Gawrońska, Anna
Józefowicz-Korczyńska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1398183.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Index Copernicus International
Tematy:
unsteadiness
dizziness
aging
Opis:
Introduction: In elderly patients the dizziness and balance disorders may be elicited by the central nervous system dysfunction on various levels, caused be aging process and the coexisting diseases. The aim of the study was to assess the efficiency of rehabilitation in elderly patients with dizziness and balance unsteadiness.Material and methods: Out of the 84 patients over 65 years, with central vestibular impairment diagnosed in videonystagmography VNG, 31 with dizziness and balance unsteadiness, were enrolled to the study. Otolaryngological examination, Tinetti test, Time and Go test (TUG) and Functional Reach (FR) tests were conducted in all patients. They were assessed twice before and after 2 weeks of vestibular rehabilitation (VR). Training sessions took place five times a week.Results: Statistically significant improvement in total DHI and 3 subscale were observed after therapy. As many as 70% of patients presented better outcome in the gait and stability tests - in Time and Go test (TUG) an average score of 15.3 seconds, in Tinetti test an average of 22 points (low chance to fall) and in the FR test 27 cm were observed.Conclusion: In elderly patients, vestibular rehabilitation is a method that significantly improves posture and gait stability. In ageing patients with dizziness and unsteadiness clinical, functional and objective tests could confirm diagnosis and monitor VR therapy.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Otolaryngology; 2018, 72, 1; 5-10
0030-6657
2300-8423
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Otolaryngology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rehabilitacja chorych w wieku podeszłym z zawrotami głowy i zaburzeniami równowagi
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Rosiak, Oskar
Szczepanik, Marcin
Walak, Jarosław
Woszczak, Marek
Gawrońska, Anna
Józefowicz-Korczyńska, Magdalena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1398190.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Index Copernicus International
Tematy:
zaburzenia równowagi
zawroty głowy
wiek podeszły
Opis:
Wstęp: Zawroty głowy i zaburzenia równowagi w wieku podeszłym mogą być wywołane dysfunkcją ośrodkowego układu nerwowego na różnych poziomach, związaną zarówno procesem starzenia, jak i współistniejącymi chorobami ogólnoustrojowymi. Cel pracy: Ocena skuteczności rehabilitacji u pacjentów w wieku podeszłym z zawrotami głowy i zaburzeniami równowagi. Materiał i metody: Do badań włączono 31 osób z zawrotami głowy i zaburzeniami równowagi. Pacjentów wyłoniono z grupy 84 pacjentów w wieku powyżej 65. roku życia, u których rozpoznano uszkodzenie ośrodkowe w badaniu wideonystagmograficznym (VNG). U chorych przeprowadzono badanie otoneurologiczne z oceną równowagi i chodu wg skali Tinetti, test „Wstań i idź“ oraz test sięgania (FR). Badani wypełniali też kwestionariusz samooceny (DHI). Pacjentów badano dwukrotnie – na wstępie i po zakończeniu terapii. Sesje rehabilitacji przedsionkowej (VR) trwały 2 tygodnie, po 5 razy w tygodniu. Wyniki: Po terapii VR stwierdzono istotne statystycznie różnice w kwestionariuszu samooceny DHI w punktacji całkowitej jak i w 3 podskalach. U 70% pacjentów stwierdzono istotną poprawę w testach chodu i stabilności. W teście „Wstań i idź” średnio 15,3 sekund, w teście Tinetti średnio 22 punkty (mniejsze prawdopodobieństwo upadków), w teście sięgania 27 cm. Wnioski: U pacjentów w wieku podeszłym rehabilitacja przedsionkowa jest metodą znacznie poprawiającą stabilność postawy i chodu. U osób z zawrotami głowy i zaburzeniami równowagi w wieku podeszłym kliniczne badania funkcjonalne oraz dodatkowe mogą służyć nie tylko do potwierdzenia diagnozy, ale i do monitorowania postępów VR terapii.
Źródło:
Polish Journal of Otolaryngology; 2018, 72, 1; 5-10
0030-6657
2300-8423
Pojawia się w:
Polish Journal of Otolaryngology
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Reformy zdrowotne w Polsce a problem korupcji – w poszukiwaniu determinantów przebiegu procesów reformatorskich
Autorzy:
Krajewski-Siuda, Krzysztof
Romaniuk, Piotr
Pomierna, Izabela
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039276.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
Tematy:
reformy zdrowotne
opłaty nieformalne
grupy interesu
health reform
informal payments
groups of interes
Opis:
INTRODUCTION The article presents the process of forming positions of the two groups that have experienced a change in distribution of interest, due to health reforms in 1999 and 2003. It also tries to prove the thesis that the change direction distribution of profits as a result of the reform occurred in 1999, could be one of the main factors determining the shape and course of further reform, implemented in 2003. One of the main points of reference for consideration is the problem of corruption as one of the channels distribution of financial benefits in a particular institutional environment. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was carried out based on a systematic review of source materials relating to the corruption problem in the health care, as well as the analysis of press reports on the basis of the two largest newspapers in Poland. Evolution of the positions of interest groups was analyzed using the method of political mapping. RESULTS Medical doctors are perceived by the public as one of the most corrupted professional groups in Poland. This phenomenon is often concerned in relation to hospital department coordinators, and famous clinical professionals. Changing the model of financing health care in 1999 represented a potential threat to the informal system which provided additional profits to this group. At the same time the reform allowed to clearly improve the financial situation of family doctors, because of the capitation method of financing these services, and the enhancement of contracts signed with private practices. Those processes caused to institutionalize the two interest groups that found an outlet in a second reformatory process in 2003. CONCLUSIONS Stopping of reform processes in the first decade of the period transformation, as well as the reversal of the reform process in 2003 must be regarded as consistent with the interests of the clinicians at risk of losing the benefits derived from informal fees and revenue-making for crystallizing new group of family doctors. There likely to stimulate the shape of the reform project implemented in 2003 years the interests of the game focusing on the benefits of the informal way of fees.
WSTĘP Artykuł jest przedstawieniem procesu kształtowania się stanowisk dwóch grup, które doświadczyły zmiany dystrybucji interesu wskutek reform zdrowotnych 1999 i 2003 roku. Próbuje także udowodnić tezę, iż zmiana kierunku dystrybucji profitów zaistniała wskutek reformy 1999 roku mogła być jednym z głównych czynników decydujących o kształcie i przebiegu kolejnej reformy, wdrożonej w 2003 r. Jednym z głównych punktów odniesienia dla rozważań jest problem korupcji jako jednego z kanałów dystrybucji korzyści finansowych w określonym otoczeniu instytucjonalnym. MATERIAŁ I METODA Badanie zrealizowano w oparciu o systematyczny przegląd materiałów źródłowych dotyczących problemu korupcji w ochronie zdrowia oraz analizę doniesień prasowych na podstawie dwóch największych dzienników w Polsce. Kształtowanie się stanowisk grup interesu przeanalizowano przy użyciu metody mapowania politycznego. WYNIKI Lekarze są przez opinię publiczną postrzegani jako jedna z najbardziej skorumpowanych grup zawodowych w Polsce. Zjawisko często dotyczy ordynatorów szpitalnych oddziałów oraz znanych specjalistów klinicznych. Zmiana modelu finansowania ochrony zdrowia wskutek reformy 1999 roku stanowiła potencjalne zagrożenie dla nieformalnego systemu, który grupie tej dostarczał dodatkowych profitów. Jednocześnie reforma pozwoliła wyraźnie poprawić sytuację finansową lekarzy rodzinnych, z uwagi na kapitacyjną metodę finansowania tych świadczeń oraz upowszechnienie się prywatnych praktyk kontaktowanych przez publicznego płatnika. Doszło tym samym do instytucjonalizacji dwóch grup interesu, których próba sił znalazła ujście w drugim procesie reformatorskim w roku 2003. WNIOSKI Wstrzymywanie procesów reformatorskich w pierwszej dekadzie okresu transformacji, jak również odwrócenie procesu reform w 2003 roku należy traktować jako zbieżne z interesem grupy klinicystów zagrożonych utratą korzyści czerpanych z opłat nieformalnych i wpływów decyzyjnych na rzecz nowo krystalizującej się grupy lekarzy rodzinnych. Istnieje prawdopodobieństwo stymulowania kształtu projektu reformy wdrożonej w 2003 roku grą interesów skupiających się wokół korzyści uzyskiwanych w drodze opłat nieformalnych.
Źródło:
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis; 2010, 64, 1-2; 75-90
1734-025X
Pojawia się w:
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępczość w II Rzeczpospolitej w świetle danych statystycznych
Crime in second Polish Republic in the light of statistical data
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699005.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępczość w II Rzeczpospolitej
statystyczna analiza przestępczości
crime
Opis:
After Poland regained independence in 1918, the system of crime statistics had to be organised from scratch and unified. At the same time, until new criminal code became effective, there were three criminal laws each of them with different scopes and forms of criminalization. Because of this in 1924 – 1934, crime statistics were based on classification drafted by the State Police Headquarters. Only since 1934 the statistics were base on the classification of the new criminal code. There was also a problem of separating statistical data concerning more serious crimes, defined by L. Radzinowicz as “true crime” from petty offences (which today are subject to Offences Code). As far as crime dynamics is concerned, the interwar period should be divided into three subperiods of 1924-1930, 1931-1934, and 1934-1938. In the first period crime intensity fluctuated yet with an overall increasing tendency. In 1931-1943 there was an explicit increase, particularly in 1931 and 1931. Reasons for this should be sought in the influence of the Great Depression. Since 1935 there was a decrease in reported crimes. In the last year of available statistics, that is 1938, crime level was 22,3% lower than in 1934. What draws one’s attention is the differences in reported crime levels before and after the war. Particularly, in the 1950s and 1960s crime levels were comparable to those in 1920s, that is before the Great Depression. It fell below this level only in 1970s, and in 1980s it increased again to the level comparable with 1920s. Reported crime levels throughout the period of communist Poland was however lower than in most of 1930s before the war. At the same time, it is clear that present crime levels are much higher than any of those in the interwar period. Data concerning intensity and dynamics of murders between 1924-1937 are particularly interesting. In 1920s number of murders increased similarly to increase of overall crime figures. After 1930 number of murders fluctuated only and its dynamics diverged from an explicit increase in overall crime. This fact made L. Radzinowicz conclude that the Great Depression – unlike it influenced crimes against property – did not influence violent crimes in an the same way. A decrease in violent crimes during an economic depression can be related, according to the author, with decreased alcohol consumption resulting from lower incomes of the population. There are many signs that murders are related to differences in the level of civilization, economic, and cultural life of particular parts of the country before the war and not to the economy cycle. What is interesting in the light of this is that the number of murders in post-war Poland never approached the number of crimes which were observed before the war. Dynamics of robbery was much different. Number of robberies in 1920s uninterruptedly decreased, and it increased since 1930s. But in comparison to the post-war period, robberies seem almost marginal.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2012, XXXIV; 531-567
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępczość przeciwko mieniu w Polsce w latach 1924–2005 w świetle danych statystyki policyjnej
Crime against Property in Poland between 1924 and 2005 in the Light of Police Statistical Data
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698858.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępstwo przeciwko mieniu
statystyka policyjna
kradzież
mienie
Policja
dane statystyczne
1924-2005
offence against property
police statistics
theft
property
Police
statistics data
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2008, XXIX-XXX; 119-131
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Przestępczość narkotykowa w Polsce w latach 1985-1996 w świetle danych statystyki policyjnej i sądowej
Drug Crime in Poland 1985-1996 in the Light of Police and Court Statistics
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698937.pdf
Data publikacji:
2000
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
przestępczość
narkotyki
statystyka
prawo karne
criminality
narcotics
statistics
criminal law
Opis:
In many countries of Western Europe, and of Northern America in particular, drug crime is a most serious problem both in the quantitative and the qualitative terms. This means that oflences of this type engage a considerable portion of the forces and means put at the disposal of law enforcement and criminal justice in those countries. Against this background, the question arises about the recent situation in this respect in Poland. The problem is that for many years after World War II, drug addiction was a problem of minor importance, also from the viewpoint of the police and courts. It was only in the latter half of the seventies, that a considerable drug subculture emerged in Poland, which resulted from propagation of homemade Polish heroin. And yet there was in Poland no "real'' black drug market or the division into dealers and consumers, as the addicts usually manufactured Polish heroin for themselves. Bigger changes only took place in the nineties, when Poland became a significant manufacturer of amphetamine for Western markets and an important transit country, especially for heroin smugglers from the so-called Balkan route. What remains unclear, instead, is the impact of those phenomena on the internal drug market. The extent of opiates subculture does not seem to have grown considerably, and Polish heroin still plevails, the "real" one being too expensive. What did go up, and significantly at that, is consumption of other drugs, especially amphetamine and marihuana. Yet against the general "moral panic" related to amphetamine, few epidemiology surveys indicate the greatest popularity of marihuana and not amphetamine among the school youth. The analysis discussed in the present paper aims first and foremost at answering the question as to the extent to which the above changes in drug addiction and traffic have been reflected in the functioning of law enforcement and criminal justice in Poland. To this aim, analyzed in the first place have been data on detected drug offences from police statistics, as well as date on convictions for such offences from court statistics. Basically, the analysis concerns the years 1985-1996 when the 1985 Drug Control Act was in force. With respect to the police statistics, analyzed have also been data for 1991-1998, that is the period of operation of the new 1997 Act. The major findings of my analysis can be summarized as follows. First and foremost, it has to be stated that in quantitative terms, the role of drug crime in the daily practice of law enforcement and criminal justice agencies in Poland in 1985-1996 was in fact of minor importance. Thus both detected drug offences shown in police statistics and convictions for such offences shown in court statistics constituted less than 1% of all offences and convictions as a rule. Admittedly, at the end of the discussed period, an upward trend in drug crime could be noticed in the police statistics in particular, and thus in the overall structure of crime; yet its extent is still much smaller compared to most West-European countries. The question remains largely open to what extent the growth in detected drug crime, particularly noticeable starting from 1994, results from an actual growth in the number of offences, as it may well result also from the Polish police forces' growing efficiency in detecting offences of this type. In 1985-1996, there was in Poland a most specific structure of drug crime. Thus two offences prevailed in the structure of both detected offences shown in police statistics and convictions contained in court statistics: illegal cultivation of poppy and illegal manufacture or processing of narcotic drugs. In some years, the two offences together accounted for over 80% of the bulk of drug crime registered by the police, and for even a greater proportion - up to 90% - of all convictions for such offences. Instead, the share in the overall structure of drug crime in Poland of such "classical'' offences as smuggling, trafficking and dealing in drugs was at the minimum level until 1994. It was only after that year that the proportion started to grow: by 1998, the structure was reversed with 65% of all offences detected that year being cases of dealing in drugs. So far, however, this shift is hardly reflected in the structure of convictions for such offences, which remains largely unchanged compared to previous years. This may demonstrate the Polish police forces' much greater efficiency in detecting drug dealers combined with persisting faults in the area of gathering evidence that would make it possible to indict specific persons in such cases. Another problem that can still be hardly called serious in Poland is punitive policy of courts with respect to drug offenders. Quite the contrary: there was a lot to indicate even in the eighties that the policy towards such offenders was even more liberal compared to the treatment received by other offenders. This was demonstrated by the role of fine as a selfstanding penalty, imposed much more often on drug offenders, and also by the more frequent staying of sentences. Of course, this situation resulted chiefly fiom the above-mentioned specific structure of the Polish drug crime. Traditionally prevailing among those guilty of the offence of illegal poppy cultivation were farmers, who whether intentionally ignored or were not aware of the limitations imposed on poppy cultivation by the 1985 Act. Among the illegal manufacturers of drugs, in turn, a considerable proportion were addicts who manufactured the Polish home-made heroin for themselves. Again, one can hardly speak of drug business in such cases. Most of the offenders were not profit-seekers. This means that under the 1985 Drug Control Act, Polish courts most seldom had to do with the "real" and "serious" drug crime - the long-established everyday routine of courts in most of the developed West-European and North-American countries where that crime absorbs a considerable portion of forces, means and energy of the local law enforcement. What is more, transformations of the Polish drug scene - reported by the police and the media - have so far been but slightly reflected in the work of Polish courts and in their penal policy. Again, the question remains open to what extent this situation might change over the next few years.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 2000, XXV; 81-121
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Prawo karne wobec środków odurzających i psychotropowych (z problematyki teorii kryminalizacji)
Illegal Drugs and Penal Law (Some Problems of the Theory of Criminalization)
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/699088.pdf
Data publikacji:
1995
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
prawo karne
środki odurzające
teoria kryminalizacji
penal law
illegal drugs
theory of criminalization
Opis:
The present policy of all countries of the world  towards narcotic  and psychotropic drugs is in fact prohibitionIST. This means that all circulation of such drugs  ‒ their manufacture, transport, import, export, introduction into trade, giving,  and sometimes also possession – is illegal and carries most severe penal sanctions in some cases. It should be borne in mind, though, that this prohibition is ONLY about eighty years old now. Before, despite a large numer of addicts (not at all smaller than today according to some estimations), purely medical approach to such persons prevailed, and the drugs were subject only (if at all) to some administrative control and rationing at most. The drug prohibition emerged immediately after World War I, chiefly in United Stetes. As can be judged today, the criminalization of drugs and addicts introduced in those days was highly emotional. For this reason, by no means the harmfulness of narcotic and psychotropic drugs on both the individual and the social scale, one should consider the use and reasons of prohibitive policy from the viewpoint of today’s standards of rational criminalization. It is unquestionable that any social policy with respect to drugs should aim first and foremost at reduction of their consumption. The question remains, though, about the extent to which prohibition and penal law can actually serve towards this aim. Universal in the world of today as it is, the prohibitive approach to drugs assumes a variety of forms. There are different models of prohibition which base on different penal law regulations. They can be classified in two dimensions: restrictiveness vs. permissiveness, and repressiveness vs. treatment. Te first of the above dimensions pertains to the extent of criminalization; the other one – to treatment by the law of addicted offenders. Restrictive systems are those which provide for absolute prohibition with no exceptions whatever and ban all circulation of drugs, possession included. Instead, permissive systems provide for  an extent of decriminalization of that circulation, chiefly with respect to possession of drugs. Involved here is usually decriminalization, or even total depenalization of possession of specific amounts of drugs or drugs possessed for a specific purpose as e.g. own consumption. This depenalization can be introduced not only by substantive law but also by procedural provisions law. In this latter case, elements of expediency are introduced, offering the prosecutor or court the possibility to discontinue proceedings or to drop the charge. Repressive systems treat addicted offenders like all the other offenders, applying to them regular penal sanctions both for traditional criminal offenses (as e.g.. theft), and for the “prohibitive” ones (such as possession of drugs). Treatment-oriented systems, instead, reflect a belief as to futility of punishing addicts: within tchem, attempts are made at implementing a principle “tratment instead of punishment”. In most cases, this means that an addict can avoid penal sanction if he submits to withdrawal treatment. The actual application of such provisions on conditional stay of proceedings usually depends on the seriousness of the offense committed. It can be stated that most of today’s European legislations try more or less consistently to combine elements of permissiveness with the treatment orientation. Particularly useful in the analysis of the reason and sense of prohibition are specific economic notions and categories used successfully within so-called economic approach in criminology: demand and supply. Therefore, to what extent are prohibition and penal law capable of reducing the demand for narcotic and psychotropic drugs? First, the demand for those substances is created by a great variety of categories of individuals. The first such category are the consumers. This group, however, is by no means uniform as it consists of both addicted persons, occasional users, and experimenters. Another group which is of great importance in terms of the aims of prohibition are potential consumers, that is practically the whole of socjety if we take the extreme approach. Penal law can influence those groups through its instruments of special and general prevention. The possibilities of applying individual prevention to addicts or occasional users are minimal, though, which results from the very essence of addiction. It is a general opinion today that punishment cannot force an addict to give up his addiction. Only therapy can potentially be successful here; but – an extremely important issue – therapy to which a person submits voluntarily. Today’s spread of this opinion is expressed in the above-mentioned principle of “treatment instead of punishment”. It means that, the very principle of prohibition preserved, penal repression with respect to addicts is avoided. In this interpretation, the individual preventive action of punishment is reserved for the group of persons who experiment with drugs (as it would be simply impossible to criminalize a mere wish to take drugs). The question still remains, though, whether punishment as a form of shock therapy makes any sense here. The general preventive effect of penal law assumes the forms of either deterrence or so-called positive prevention. Deterrence is entirely out of the question in the case of addicted drug consumers due to the considerable rigidity of their demand. Yet deterrence is just as inefficient with respect to potential consumers. This is caused by a huge dark number of “prohibition”, resulting from their specific nature of offenses without no victims: the police encounter immense difficulties trying to disclose such acts. Most legislators try to make up for these weak points introducing severe statutory penalties. This is ineffective in the light of the long-discovered truth that it is rather inevitability than severity of punishment that determines the effectiveness of deterrence. A similar problem arises with respect to potential integrative function of penal law. The question is whether this kind of function – consisting in reinforcement of specific values with the aim to integrate a group – can really be performed by relatively seldom euforced provisions such as no doubt the penal law provisions designed to safeguard prohibition. What remains, therefore, is just the argument, classically used when discussing the problem of decriminalization, that this step might be interpreted as a consent to a specific behavior (here, the taking of drugs) which, in turn, might have disastrous consequences. In this interpretation, prohibition is the last outpost to curb completely unrestrained spread of drug addiction. Penal law's inability to exert any crucial influence on demand considered, it is assumed more and more often today that prohibition aims basically at reducing the supply of drugs. The application of penal law to this area  is justified to the extent that its addressees are not addicts but manufacturers, smugglers, dealers and other such persons most of whom are not drugs consumers themselves but only derive profit from the addiction of others. No doubt, penal law sometimes succeeds to eliminate such persons by means of incapacitation or deterrence.  Generally, though, there is a specific and important internal contradiction involved in prohibition: delegalization of drugs in a situation of continued demand makes the  provision of supply a most attractive activity since it yields immense profits. As a result, not even the most severe penalties can either deter those involved in this activity or prevent the recruitment of their successors, the less so as the risks they run are actually rather small for reasons that have been mentioned above. It might perhaps prove possible to eliminate all supply of drugs, but not without the use of universal terror. This option, however, is out of the question in a democratic state governed by the ruled by law. Therefore, are there any alternatives to prohibition? The answer seems to be yes. First and foremost, one should realize the crucial problem of today’s drug addiction is demand. Admittedly, the demand for drugs can be seen as a apecific cultural constant, something we have to put up with. One should bear in mind, however, the  attempts at influencing that phenomenon with constructive and creative rather than destructive methods. Quite obviously, this is an extremely difficult and entangled  task – as difficult and  entangled as any struggle against the couses and not just the synptoms of a social problem. It seems, however, that work on developing constructive strategies to fight the demand  for drugs is the basic challenge of modern civilization. Namely, if we manage to gain any influence over the couses that make so many young people of today reach for drugs – if we manage to cause a reduction of that demand – departure from prohibition and resumption of the purely medical  approach to drugs might perhaps become possible. For this reason, decriminalization or legalization of drugs should be seen today as a long-term strategic aim; before it can actually be achieved, prolonged preparations, experiments, small steps strategies, and chiefly efforts towards reduction of demand by methods other than  repression are necessary. I believe it would be too risky if we tried to run this operation straight away and to leave the matter to be regulated by nothing but the forces of the free market. Finally, the fact has to be borne in mind that decriminalization can only be sensible if it is done globally; this means that such decision require close international co-operation and co-ordination.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1995, XXI; 41-79
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pozytywizm kryminologiczny i jego krytyka
Positivist Criminology: A Critique
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/698512.pdf
Data publikacji:
1992
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Nauk Prawnych PAN
Tematy:
kryminologia
pozytywizm kryminologiczny
criminology
positivist criminology
Opis:
The origins of criminology as a separate and independent field of scientific research are usually linked to the emergence of the so called positive school of criminology in the second half of the nineteenth century and with the name of its leading representative Cesare Lombroso. Undoubtedly since that time criminological thought went through a long and substantial evolution which produced a variety of new concepts and theories. As a result of this one could assume that contemporary criminology has very little in common with the ideas of its founders. Despite this, there is growing conviction in the literature that the  heritage of Lombroso and Italian positivism still influences significantly contemporary criminological theory. Of course, the essence of this influence lies not in the details of Lombroso’s anthropological ideas which were proven wrong long ago, but in certain quetions asked by him and his school and methods adopted to answer them. Those questions and methods were strictly connected with and resulted from the particular ideas about human society and social world, as well as with the ideas regarding the role, functions and methods of scientific research which prevailed in the social sciences in the second half of the previous century which are commonly referred to as positivism. It justifies the designation as positivist criminology of almost all criminological thought and research since the times of Lombroso up to the late 1950’s.             Positivist criminology is ditinguished first of all by its naturalism, e.g. an assumption that all methodological principles developed in sciences apply equally to social sciences which do not possess any substantial methodical peculiarities. It means also that the main task of scientific research is to discover and formulate causal laws and the assumption of objectivity and value neutrality of science and the scientist. The basic question of such criminology based on the deterministic concept of social world and human behaviour was an etiological one: why do certain people commit crimes while others don’t? It means that the main task of positivist criminology is the search for the causes of crime. Another important feature of positivist criminology is the consensual model of the social order it usually assumes. Such a model implies that the entire social order and the very existence of human society result from the sharing of certain values and norms by the large majority of the members of such society. According to this view, also, criminal law represents an example of such consensus and its norms are subject to widespread acceptance. Criminals represent some unique category of misfits or outsiders somehow different from all other „normal” people, a category which refuses to submit to social consensus. A final result of this way of thinking leads to the conclusion that the explanation of a crime and finding its causes requires concentration on the individual who behaves criminally. Because of this, positivist criminology is a science having as its subject the criminal and his behaviour. Pure accumulation of knowledge was never the sole purpose of criminological research. Positivist criminology tried always to be also an applied science, providing scientific grounds for lawmaking and law enforcement. Results of criminological research, data about the criminal and his behaviour should help to change him: rehabilitate, resocialize, correct or heal. In other words, the main purpose of positivist criminology was to provide scientific methods of bringing known misfits and outsiders back the social consensus they left. This feature of positivist criminology is usually referred to in literature as correctionalism. The above reconstruction of the main features of positivist criminology probably corresponds better to European criminology, which was in fact for many years dominated by the ,,lombrosian myth”. One can doubt however whether American criminology  may also be described in such terms.  The problem is that, because of its clear sociological orientation, American criminology is regarded rather as a heritage of A. Quetelet, A. Guerry or E. Durkheim and not  of Lombroso. Usually it perceived crime as a social phenomenon and not as an individual pathology. But it is equally true that such classical American theories of crime causation as the differential association theory or anomie theory focus their attention on the individual criminal as well. What distinguishes those theories from the European tradition is the conviction that the criminal and his special features are products of an environment. However, in both cases criminals are treated as somehow a different kind of people. All this has important practical implications. The individual approach to crime casuation implies that the proper aim of any correctional influences is the criminal himself. The sociological approach claims that there is also no sense in correcting or changing the criminal unless we do something about the environment which produced him. The natural consequence of such an approach is the preference for social reform and social policy over criminal law as instruments of fighting the crime problem. The former is assigned only a secondary role. This is probably one of the main reasons for  a certain uneasiness and mistrust towards the sociological approach which may be observed criminologists with a legal background; it is considered too abstract and detached from the everyday problems of the criminal justice system as well as too difficult and complicated to implement. Two new criminological currents emerged during last thirty years which remain in opposition towards positivism. The first one, called antinaturalistic criminology, was born during the sixties. It rejected the positivist concept of  social science, asked new and different questions and tried to answer them using different methods. The decisive role in launching this new approach was played by the labelling approach, Its main contribution constituted rejection of the old etiological question and its substitution with the „reactive” one, a question regarding origins and development of the societal reaction to criminal or dewiant behaviour. This meant also an abandonment of positivist methodology of searching for casual laws and a turn towards the methods of humanistic sociology, including understanding, empathy and other similar qualitative methods. According to this trend the main task of the criminological enterprise is to create a sociology law and other forms of social control. Antinaturalistic criminology also adopted an unequivocally pluralistic model of society. Crime and deviance ceased to be perceived as something necessarily pathological. Instead, an attempt was undertaken to treat those phenomena as the result of natural diversity of human beings. To support this stance the labelling approach provided a variety of research on deviant subcultures conducted from what may be called ,,ethnographic positions”, which also denounced the negative effects of punitive social control. The final result was growing scepticism towards the agencies of official social control and such ideas as for example radical nonintervention. The next development can be attributed to radical and critical criminology. These trends assume that social conflict is the main feature of social order and try to understand criminal law and the criminal justice system as the result and manifestation of such conflict. This means that criminalisation processes, e.g. lawmaking and law enforcement, should be explained primarily in terms of political and economic power. Certain groups, because of their access to power, are able to enforce their own values and norms against the will of other groups which may not share them. All this means an unequivocally negative evaluation of the mechanism of social control in contemporary societies which are considered oppressive and unjust. An alternative vision of the society is proposed, a society where facts of human diversity are not subject to the power to criminalize. The way such vision should be implemented are very different and may be placed on the broad continuum from the orthodox Marxism-Leninism and belief in ideal socialism to the humanistic utopias of contemporary abolitionists. Such visions are accompanied by very strong opposition to traditional, mainstream criminology which is accused of being totally and uncritically apologetic and subservient towards the state and institutions of power. According to this view, positivist criminology under the disguise of scientific neutrality and objectivity, in fact legitimizes the existing political and moral order and serves the interests of the privileged groups in society. As a result a new attitude of moral and political commitment is proposed. Science, according to these postulates should be definitely partisan. Such an attitude should break the monopoly of positivist criminology in creating social consciousness about crime and deviance and show the broad audience that alternative are possible. In sum, one can say that the main subject of interest for traditional, positivist criminology constituted always the criminal and that the main problem was to root out his criminal propensities. For antinaturalistic criminology the main problem is the system of social control which requires fundamental change. During the seventies another criminological current emerged, known as neoclassicism, which criticized traditional, positivist criminology from quite different angles. This current, which remains primarily an American phenomenon, constitutes, first of all, opposition against the traditional, in the United States, domination of the sociological approach to the crime problem. Representatives of neoclassical criminology are troubled first of all by the above mentioned unclear practical implications of these theories for the criminal justice system. They are, namely, very difficult to translate into the language of policy actions. Moreover, proposed remedies against crime usually remain beyond the reach of traditional measures which the criminal justice system has at its disposal. As a result the turn towards the tradition of the European classical school of criminal law is proposed and enriched by recent achievements of behavioristic psychology and the economic theory of bohaviour. The essence of this approach constitutes the concept of free will and the assumption that criminals are quite normal human individuals making only false decisions. The fact that human behaviour is always guided by the desire to maximize gains and minimize loses makes this behaviour susceptible to external manipulation. The easiest way to influence human decisions is to create a high enough barrier of costs which should eliminate undesired decisions. Criminal law should play a key role in creating such a barrier and preventing criminal behaviour. Moreover, the barrier of costs provided by criminal law constitutes practically the only factor easily accessible to manipulation by any democratic and liberal government. Other ways of influencing crime rates are usually too costly or too difficult to implement. The basic task of criminology is to provide the necessary empirical data on the functioning of criminal law and the criminal justice system, which should be than used to formulate the most effective policies. All three criminological currents discussed above were usually treated as mutually exclusive and competitive paradigms. Today, when the heat of the discussions of the sixties and seventies diminished, there is a good chance to have a less emotional analysis of recent developments in criminology. Probably it will be possible now to come to the conclusion that the emergence during last 150 years of the three distinct paradigms in theoretical criminology may be comprehended not only in terms of consecutive scientific revolutions. Probably it may be also interpreted as the evolutionary process of the cumulation of knowledge about crime. During this process points of view and focuses’ changed as every paradigm considered different aspects of criminal phenomena as being most important and worth of researching. But all three may be considered, at least to a certain extent, complementary ones.
Źródło:
Archiwum Kryminologii; 1992, XVIII; 7-50
0066-6890
2719-4280
Pojawia się w:
Archiwum Kryminologii
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Phosphoritization in a starved shallow shelf environment: the Brentskardhaugen Bed (Toarcian-Bajocian) in Spitsbergen
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052872.pdf
Data publikacji:
1990
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Arctic
Spitsbergen
Jurassic
sedimentology
condensed phosphorite
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 1990, 11, 3-4; 331-344
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Pacjent w Internecie: szansa czy zagrożenie? Charakterystyka narzędzi oceny wiarygodności witryn o treści medycznej
Autorzy:
Pomierna, Izabella
Romaniuk, Piotr
Krajewski-Siuda, Krzysztof
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039328.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny w Katowicach
Opis:
Because of technical advances, and increasing ease of access, the Internet has become a source of knowledge often used by Poles. Unfortunately the medical information currently accessible on the Internet leaves a lot to be desired in terms of reliability. This work presents a systematic assessment of the quality of medical information available on the Internet to doctors an patients.
W związku z postępem technicznym i wzrostem dostępności Internet stał się w ostatnich latach źródłem wiedzy, z którego Polacy często i chętnie korzystają. Niestety, wiadomości związane z zagadnieniami medycznymi dostępne w Internecie z reguły pozbawione są cech właściwych dla wiarygodnej informacji. W niniejszej pracy przedstawione zostaną narzędzia oceny internetowej informacji medycznej przeznaczonej dla lekarzy i pacjentów.
Źródło:
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis; 2010, 64, 3-4; 83-89
1734-025X
Pojawia się w:
Annales Academiae Medicae Silesiensis
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Overthrust Carboniferous strata (Sergeijevfjellet Formation) at Lidfjellet, NW Sřrkapp Land, Spitsbergen
Autorzy:
Krajewski, Krzysztof P.
Stempień-Sałek, Marzena
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2052086.pdf
Data publikacji:
2003
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Tematy:
Arctic
Spitsbergen
Sřrkapp Land
Carboniferous
tectonics
palynology
Źródło:
Polish Polar Research; 2003, 24, 1; 61-72
0138-0338
2081-8262
Pojawia się w:
Polish Polar Research
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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