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Wyszukujesz frazę "Kożuch, A." wg kryterium: Autor


Tytuł:
Analiza strategiczna rynku dziczyzny w Polsce
Strategic analysis of the venison market in Poland
Autorzy:
Kożuch, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979008.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
dziczyzna
rynek dziczyzny
analiza rynku
analiza strategiczna
gospodarka łowiecka
wild game
vension consumption
market development stimulants and barriers
Opis:
There has been an increase in the consumption of the game meat in Europe. Most of the venison products is consumed in West Europe and Scandinavia. Poland belongs to the states, in which the consumption of venison is on the lowest level (0.08 kg/person). We performed a strategic analysis of the venison market in Poland based on the data obtained by direct interviews. The research was carried out in 2015−2017 period among 39 specialists in the field of hunting and participants of the venison market in Poland. Kendall W concordance index was used to measure the compliance of the experts’ opinions. During the study 48 variants of responses were obtained, and average factor ratings were calculated based on the points assigned by the respondents. The advantages include product characteristics, quality and veterinary supervision over the acquisition and processing of the raw material. Growing supply as well as the current hunting traditions in the country have a stimulating effect. In the area of weaknesses, the most important was information and promotion campaign neglected by the last decades. The high price of the final products offered is a factor strongly limiting the consumption of venison in Poland. High and growing public awareness of the need for healthy nutrition is a opportunity for the sector. According to the respondents, the limitation on the consumption of venison is affected by the fear of being infected with zoonoses and doubts about the sanitary and hygienic state of the raw material. The results of the SWOT/TOWS analysis indicate that the most appropriate direction is to emphasize the strengths of the sector and use the opportunities that arise, which is the offensive strategy focused on market development. The significance of the sector’s weaknesses and the awareness of the presence of many threats in the external environment should be an impulse for undertaking a multifaceted discussion and cooperation of entities operating in the industry.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2020, 164, 03; 254-264
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rola jednostek samorządu terytorialnego i instytucji otoczenia agrobiznesu w rozwoju lokalnej przedsiębiorczości
The role of self-government territorial units and institutions of agribusiness external environment in development of the local entrepreneurship
Autorzy:
Kozuch, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/870490.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
agrobiznes
dzialalnosc
dzialalnosc gospodarcza pozarolnicza
obszary wiejskie
otoczenie instytucjonalne rolnictwa
przedsiebiorczosc lokalna
rozwoj lokalny
rozwoj przedsiebiorczosci
samorzady terytorialne
Opis:
Podjęto próbę identyfikacji zadań władz lokalnych i instytucji otoczenia biznesu w kreowaniu rozwoju agrobiznesu. Wykorzystano badania ankietowe dotyczące oceny stosowanych form pomocy służących rozwojowi przedsiębiorczości. Wyniki badań wskazują, że władze gminne w głównej mierze podejmują działania znajdujące się w ich zakresie, pomijając rolę innych podmiotów. Natomiast przedsiębiorcy oczekują wsparcia finansowego i rozbudowy infrastruktury.
In the paper an attempt is made to identify main activities of self-government territorial units that affect agribusiness development and also to know opinions of institutions and entrepreneurs constitute agribusiness' external environment concerning these activities. Investigations enhanced 16, that means all, gminas and 112 institutions located in the county of Czestochowa. Research results show that local authority underlined their own activities and at the same time neglected activities of others local units. Opinions of the main role of local authority activities shared entrepreneurs. They want local authorities to increase using fiscal instruments, financial support and infrastructure development. From institutions of agribusiness' external environment they expect legal and financial services and professional training. Investigation results allow to make a conclusion, that local authorities are able to play more important role in agribusiness development due to influencing local economic units to participate in solving main social and economic issues of gminas development.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2009, 11, 5
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wspieranie rozwoju przedsiębiorczości lokalnej a dochody jednostki samorządu terytorialnego
The development of local activity process and incomes of local self-government units
Autorzy:
Kozuch, A.J.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/866674.pdf
Data publikacji:
2009
Wydawca:
The Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists
Tematy:
dochody
przedsiebiorczosc
przedsiebiorczosc lokalna
rozwoj lokalny
samorzady terytorialne
wspieranie przedsiebiorczosci
Opis:
Podjęto próbę przedstawienia działań wspierających przedsiębiorczość lokalną w kontekście poszukiwania nowych i stabilnych dochodów jednostek samorządu terytorialnego. Zwiększające się potrzeby w zakresie realizacji usług publicznych przy występującym zagrożeniu deficytem powoduje bowiem, że organy wykonawcze i uchwałodawcze tych jednostek muszą prowadzić działania dywersyfikujące wpływy i przychody stanowiące podstawę samodzielności finansowej. Działania te muszą być jednak prowadzone z zachowaniem odpowiednich relacji w zakresie korzyści i kosztów, a także przy zachowaniu podstawowej zgodności z potrzebami zgłaszanymi przez społeczność lokalną.
The aim of this article is to show the relations between the company's development and the creation of local self-government units incomes. It also tries to indicate the necessity of introducing actions, which support the proper benefit-cost relation maintaining. It is also the fundamental condition, which guarantees proper quality and magnitude of the offers directed at businessmen, as well as guaranteeing the highest efficiency of financial supplies usage. This article tries also to show the limiting and stimulating the usage of budgeting in functioning of the local territorial units factors, which result from the way of managing and organization of the office's work. The occurrence of these factors makes these units to decentralize the making decisions process and reorientations of thinking - they cause the improvement of efficiency of their work.
Źródło:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu; 2009, 11, 4
1508-3535
2450-7296
Pojawia się w:
Roczniki Naukowe Stowarzyszenia Ekonomistów Rolnictwa i Agrobiznesu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Innowacyjność w zarządzaniu rozwojem lokalnym
Innovation in management of local development
Autorzy:
Kozuch, B.
Kozuch, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/43956.pdf
Data publikacji:
2012
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Przyrodniczy w Poznaniu. Wydawnictwo Uczelniane
Tematy:
samorzady terytorialne
administracja samorzadowa
zarzadzanie publiczne
rozwoj lokalny
innowacyjnosc
instrumenty zarzadzania
Opis:
W ostatnich kilkunastu latach coraz powszechniej formułowany jest pogląd, iż zwiększenie sprawności zarządzania w administracji samorządowej, i szerzej w publicznej, w szczególności zależy od zmian, które mają charakter innowacyjny. Dlatego współcześnie coraz częściej pod pojęciem sprawne zarządzanie publiczne rozumiane jest zarządzanie innowacyjne. Przeanalizowane podstawowe instrumenty publicznego zarządzania strategicznego rozwojem lokalnym podkreślają jego spójność i kompleksowość. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych rozważań stwierdzono, że system zarządzania rozwojem lokalnym umożliwia powiązanie celów rozwoju jednostki samorządu terytorialnego z realizowanymi zadaniami na rzecz kształtowania jak najlepszego środowiska życia mieszkańców. Zarządzanie rozwojem lokalnym powinno obejmować i integrować podstawowe jego sfery, a także skutecznie koordynować procesy inwestycyjne i gospodarkę finansową w gminie.
Recently more and more commonly an opinion has been formulated that increasing local government and, wider speaking, public administration efficiency calls for and depends on innovative changes Thus today efficient public management is identified with innovative management. The paper analyses public local development strategic management tools in the scope of their consistency and comprehensiveness. It was found out on the basis of the carried out considerations that local development management system enables to connect the defined local government development objectives with the tasks set to develop the best possible environment for the local inhabitants. The considerations prove that local development should both include and integrate the basic areas of development alongside with efficient coordination of the investment processes and financial management in the commune.
Źródło:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development; 2012, 25, 3
1899-5241
Pojawia się w:
Journal of Agribusiness and Rural Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena ekonomicznej efektywności gospodarki leśnej prowadzonej przez Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny w Krynicy
Evaluation of the economic viability of forest management by the Forest Experimental Station in Krynica
Autorzy:
Kożuch, A.
Ryś, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1294913.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
lesnictwo
LZD Krynica
gospodarka lesna
efektywnosc ekonomiczna
zarzadzanie finansami
analiza wskaznikowa
przychody
koszty
wyniki finansowe
profitability
financial management
ratio analysis
Forest Experimental Station in Krynica
Opis:
The Forest Experimental Station (FES) in Krynica is a unit specialized in teaching activities. However, it also fulfils other educational, ecological and social functions. Additionally, as the FES in Krynica operates on the free market and needs to be competitive, primarily with respect to the raw timber prizes, it is also a forest management unit that can be subjected to economic evaluation. The aim of this study was to analyze the income, costs and overall financial outcome of the FES in Krynica for the years of 2008–2012. A financial analysis, using indicators of financial liquidity, profitability, economic activity and liabilities, was also carried out to evaluate the economic effectiveness and efficiency of the forest management unit’s operation. The data was obtained from financial documents, particularly balance sheets, as well as profit and loss accounts. In the years of 2008–2012, mean income and costs of the FES in Krynica amounted to 7 121.1 thous. PLN/year and 6 478.2 thous. PLN/year, respectively. The net financial outcome was positive and amounted to a mean of 628.8 thous. PLN/year. The proportionof the sale income compared to the total income from all activities carried out by the unit increased from 93% to 96%. This included income from the sale of products, goods and materials, which increased by 57% mainly due to an increase in the income from timber sales (ca. 83%). Costs incurred by the unit increased as well, being 40% higher in 2012 than in 2008, while the cost level indicator decreased by ca. 8%. In the examined time period, the economic effectiveness and efficiency of the unit’s operation improved, as evidenced by the increasing profits and the values of the profitability indicators. Results obtained in the comprehensive analysis of the financial situation in the FES in Krynica provide a basis for the evaluation of economic processes and for appropriate decision making concerning wealth management and the direction of future development. In the evaluation of the economic and financial activity of the FES in Krynica, the increase inprofitability in the analysed time period, as concluded from the indicator of turnover profitability, was particularly noteworthy. The financial indicator values greatly exceed reference values only on the level of financial liquidity. The liability indicators served as evidence of obvious financial independence of the FES in Krynica.
Źródło:
Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2016, 77, 3
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:
Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ kosztów realizacji pozaprodukcyjnych funkcji lasu na sytuację ekonomiczną nadleśnictw Regionalnej Dyrekcji Lasów Państwowych w Krakowie
Effect of costs incurred on the development of non-productive forest functions on the economic situation in forest districts in the Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Krakow
Autorzy:
Kożuch, A.
Adamowicz, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989442.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
lasy
funkcje lasu
funkcje pozaprodukcyjne
funkcje spoleczne
edukacja przyrodniczo-lesna
zagospodarowanie rekreacyjne
ochrona przyrody
koszty realizacji
struktura kosztow
analiza kosztow
RDLP Krakow
sytuacja ekonomiczna
additional costs
opportunity costs
financial result
forest function
Opis:
The State Forests provide financial support, mainly from funds obtained in the sale of raw timber, for activities undertaken to increase the potential of the social and ecological forest functions. The study aimed to categorize and analyse costs incurred by forest districts in the Regional Directorate of the State Forests in Kraków (RDSF Kraków) in the years of 2005−2009 on the development of selected non−productive forest functions, particularly nature− and forest−related education, recreation forest management and nature protection. The effect of costs falling within the above mentioned categories on the financial situation of the forest districts was also assessed. Empirical data were obtained from financial statements, reports of the Information System of the State Forests, as well as interviews and a questionnaire survey answered by the Forest Service. Direct additional costs were acquired from the accounting records. Indirect and alternative costs were deduced i.a. from results of the questionnaire survey and calculations of the raw timber volume left in forests. In the studied period, the incurred costs and potentially lost profits associated with the development of non−productive forest functions systematically increased in forest districts and attained over 18.8 mln PLN. In the costs structure, the lowest share was observed for direct additional costs (tab. 1). Indirect costs, which were recorded, however not assigned to specific account items, covered 31%. The greatest share of expenses was noted for alternative costs. In the considered period, most forest districts of RDSF Kraków showed a negative financial result (tab. 2). The adverse financial situation in the forest districts was worsened by additional and alternative costs of development of non−productive forest functions. Important financial consequences for forest economy resulted mainly from implementation of nature protection tasks (additional and alternative costs of nature protection accounted for 79% of expenses incurred on fulfilling non−productive forest functions). Additional costs of the development of non−productive forest functions covered 1.6% of total expenses. Value of unharvested timber amounted to 1.9% of income from sale of raw timber. There is a need to emphasize activities undertaken by the State Forests within the development of non−productive forest functions as well as to adjust the cost accounting system in order to facilitate calculations of indirect costs and potentially lost profits.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2016, 160, 12; 1010-1019
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Studium przypadku jako strategia badawcza w naukach społecznych
Case study as research strategy in social science
Autorzy:
Kożuch, A.
Marzec, I.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/347152.pdf
Data publikacji:
2014
Wydawca:
Akademia Wojsk Lądowych imienia generała Tadeusza Kościuszki
Tematy:
studium przypadku
badania naukowe
metodologia
nauki społeczne
case study
scientific research
methodology
social science
Opis:
Obecny, szybki rozwój metodologii badań jakościowych powoduje wyraźny wzrost zainteresowania wykorzystaniem studium przypadku w badaniach z zakresu nauk społecznych. Jednak mimo rosnącej popularności studiów przypadku, nadal stosunkowo niewiele jest prac szerzej omawiających ich metodologię. Zwykle studium przypadku przedstawiane jest jako jedna z wielu metod stosowanych w badaniach jakościowych. Jednak zdaniem wielu badaczy, studium przypadku może być również ujmowane znacznie szerzej – jako specyficzna strategia badawcza łącząca podejście jakościowe i ilościowe. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie znaczenia studium przypadku w badaniach z zakresu nauk społecznych, omówienie jego niektórych mocnych i słabych stron, jak również ukazanie szczególnej roli, jaką może pełnić studium przypadku w tworzeniu i rozwijaniu teorii w naukach społecznych.
Current rapid development of qualitative research methodology causes a marked growth of interest in the use of case studies in social science research. Despite the increasing popularity of case studies, there are still relatively few works broadly discussing their methodology. A case study is usually depicted as one of many methods applied in qualitative research. However, ac-cording to numerous researchers, a case study can also be presented from a broader perspective, i.e. as a specific research strategy linking qualitative and quantitative approaches. The aim of the paper is to present the significance of case study in social science research, to discuss some of its strengths and weaknesses, and to reveal its specific role in creating and developing theory in the field of social science.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki; 2014, 2; 32-44
1731-8157
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Naukowe / Wyższa Szkoła Oficerska Wojsk Lądowych im. gen. T. Kościuszki
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ocena zaangażowania jednostek organizacyjnych Regionalnej Dyrekcji Lasów Państwowych w Krakowie w kształtowanie rekreacyjnej i turystycznej funkcji lasu
Evaluation of the commitment of the Krakow Regional Directorate of State Forests and its organizational units to the development of recreational and tourist forest functions
Autorzy:
Kożuch, A.
Piszczek, M.
Kuc, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1311298.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Instytut Badawczy Leśnictwa
Tematy:
lesnictwo
lasy
funkcje lasu
funkcje rekreacyjne
funkcje turystyczne
zagospodarowanie terenu
zagospodarowanie rekreacyjne
zagospodarowanie turystyczne
naklady finansowe
koszty
nadlesnictwa
RDLP Krakow
Opis:
Forest management affects the scope of various functions provided by forests. Considering the increasing expectations of the society about utilizing non-productive forest, it is important to investigate the commitment of the State Forest units to the development of forest functions. The study’s aim was to evaluate the activity of particular organizational units, namely forest districts of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Kraków (RDSF Kraków), in adapting forests to serve tourism and recreation. Our analysis covered data from the years of 2005–2009, which was obtained from forest management plans, financial statements and department reports of the RDSF Kraków as well as a questionnaire survey. Both direct and indirect additional costs incurred in order to adapt forests for their recreational function, were included in the analysis. We also attempted to estimate the potentially lost profits. The zero unitarization method was used to identify units showing the greatest and lowest commitment. In the area of the RDSF Kraków, a total of 1 765 500 PLN was spent on tourism management and activities supporting recreation. Average direct costs amounted to 1.24 PLN/ha/year, while the workforce expenditure for maintenance of tourist infrastructure and historical buildings was estimated to be 60 700 PLN. Expenses incurred for cleaning up litter in forests attained 629 800 PLN in the considered time period. Profits potentially lost due to the lack of management in the protected zone “A” surrounding health resorts, reduced by the costs of timber harvesting and extraction, were estimated to total 58 200 PLN. Our study indicates that during the analyzed period, forest districts differed in their commitment to the development of recreational and tourist forest functions. The synthetic measure of commitment varied between 0.114 and 0.694 in the State Forest units. The greatest additional costs were incurred by forest districts with towns and areas of high natural and landscape value. The Directorate of State Forests took the financial responsibility for adjusting forest complexes to tourist and recreational needs, but should nevertheless seek external financial and specialist support. The issue of internalization of the positive outward effects of forest management also needs to be discussed.
Źródło:
Leśne Prace Badawcze; 2015, 76, 2; 144-152
1732-9442
2082-8926
Pojawia się w:
Leśne Prace Badawcze
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zastosowanie dekompozycji szeregów czasowych do analizy wahań podaży i cen drewna na przykładzie Nadleśnictwa Marcule
Time series decomposition of timber production volume and prices using the example of the Marcule Forest District
Autorzy:
Banas, J.
Kożuch, A.
Zaborski, K.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979561.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Panstwowe Gospodarstwo Lesne Lasy Panstwowe
Nadlesnictwo Marcule
rynek drzewny
drewno
podaz
ceny
zmiennosc sezonowa
szeregi czasowe
timber market
seasonal fluctuations
cyclic fluctuations
variation in timber prices
Opis:
The objective of the study was to identify and analyze long−term trends as well as cyclic, seasonal, and irregular effects in timber volume and prices by means of time series decomposition. The adopted multiplicative model was the product of all the time series components identified using the Census X11 method. The study material consisted of quarterly data on the volume and prices of timber sold by the Marcule Forest District (central Poland) in the years 2006−2018. Analysis was performed for the overall timber production volume, as well as separately for pine timber (constituting 86% of the total) and oak timber (5%), taking into account large−diameter saw timber (WC0) and medium−diameter industrial and general purpose timber (pulpwood, S2A). Over the analyzed period, the nominal prices of timber rose on average by 39% from 165 to 229 PLN/m3. The greatest price increase was recorded for large−diameter oak timber (by 100%), while the prices of WC0 pine timber, which accounted for the greatest proportion of the production volume, increased by 23% on average. Production characterized marked seasonality throughout the year, depending on the species. Pine timber sales were the lowest in 1st quarter and the highest in 3rd one, while oak timber sales were the lowest in 3rd quarter and the highest in 4th one. The seasonal effect accounted for the largest proportion of variation in timber production volume. The seasonality of timber prices was negatively correlated with production. The highest prices for pine and oak timber were obtained in 1st and 2nd quarters respectively, when the production volume of those timber species was the lowest. Conversely, the lowest prices were recorded in seasons characterized by the greatest production volume, i.e., in 3rd quarter for pine and in 4th quarter for oak. The decomposition of overall variation in timber prices into its components, which can be predicted (cyclic and seasonal fluctuations as well as long−term trend), and those that are difficult to forecast (irregular effect) is of great significance for timber sales management as the results can be used to improve timber price forecasting.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 10; 820-829
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja wykorzystania analizy ex post do sporządzania aneksu ekonomicznego planu urządzenia lasu
Application of an ex post analysis for the preparation of the economic annex to the forest management plan
Autorzy:
Adamowicz, K.
Kożuch, A.
Jaszczak, R.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989428.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
urzadzanie lasu
ekonomika lesnictwa
plan urzadzania lasu
analiza ex post
aneksy
aneks ekonomiczny
forest management plan
economic aspects of forestry
economical annex
ex post analysis
Opis:
The aim of the work is to present (i) the economic issues included in the forest management plans and (ii) the methodical bases of an ex post economic expertise, which may be carried out in order to evaluate the previous economic period, and should be a part of the economic annex to the forest management plan. Such expertise allows to formulate postulates and objectives to achieve in the near future, which are important for the forestry economics. The transformation in Poland occurred when the third revision of the forest management plans and instruction of the 1980 and 1994 were applied and caused significant changes in the Polish forestry. As a result, the concept of sustainable development of forestry appeared and the indicators and criteria for sustainable forest development were elaborated. However, they concerned mainly natural and social aspects, while the economic aspect was marginalized. Gradually, foresters began to appreciate the role of the economic analysis. The first versions of such expertise was already elaborated for the individual forest districts. The experience gained will certainly contribute to their dissemination and appreciation of included analysis and forecasts. The economic annexes should include information on value of the forest with an indication of the value of land and the stands themselves. The knowledge on the value of the forest, except for registration, is also required in determining changes as a result of business (in the income statement). The valuation of timber resources is also necessary in the evaluation of the effectiveness of economic projects in forestry affecting the changes in their value. In practice, the valuation of the forest is also essential in case of a change in the ownership or land use status. This usually applies to the sale, purchase, conversion or liquidation of the co−ownership, and also compensation for expropriation because of the road or residential construction. Furthermore, determination of the forest value is necessary in assessing the share of agriculture in national income. This applies particularly to the integrated economic and environmental national accounts in forestry, conducted in some European Union countries. The presented methodology of economic expertise points out the possibility of application the formula that introduces standardization of analysis of economy in the last economic period. It is also the contribution to the discussion on the elaboration of a single, synthetic parameter, which may influence on objectivity of economic conditions of the functioning of the forest holding.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2016, 160, 11; 883-892
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł

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