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    Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4
    Tytuł:
    Ekonomiczne konsekwencje wichury w 2016 roku w Nadleśnictwie Supraśl
    Economic consequences of the 2016 storm in the Supraśl Forest District
    Autorzy:
    Hryniewicka, A.
    Mandziuk, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979028.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2020
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
    Tematy:
    extraordinary costs
    timber price
    value of stand
    timber of disaster
    Opis:
    The purpose of the article is to determine the value of losses resulting from salvage cutting of stands and to estimate the amount of extraordinary costs and profits from the sale of removed wood in forests damaged by a wind−storm that occurred on June 17, 2016 in the Supraśl Forest District (NE Poland). We obtained the following data from the State Forests Information System: the size of disaster area, the volume and structure of harvested wood in the affected area, extraordinary costs as a result of damage caused by a wind−storm, average sales price of downed or broken wood separated into individual recipients and entrepreneurs. The renewal of the disaster area has not been completed as for June 5, 2019. To determine the value of losses due to salvage felling of stands, formulas included in the Regulation of the Minister of the Environment of 20 June 2002 on one−time compensation for salvage felling of stands were used. Tables of stand value indicators developed by the Forest Research Institute in 2013 were used for the calculations. The total area of forests damaged by a wind−storm in the Supraśl Forest District was 329 ha. The area in which harvesting was carried out using a clear−cutting method covered 284 ha, the removal of damage in the remaining area was performed in accidental cuts. The total extraordinary costs incurred by the Supraśl Forest District as a result of a wind−storm amounted to over PLN 10.9 million, the largest group were costs related to harvesting and skidding of trees in disaster areas (nearly PLN 9.5 million). The total value of sales of large− and medium−sized wood assortments to retail customers was approximately PLN 1.93 million and to entrepreneurs over PLN 44.7 million. The value of small−sized assortments was at the level of PLN 37.5 thousand for retail customers and PLN 39.8 thousand for entrepreneurs. The value of forests damaged by a wind−storm was estimated at over PLN 20.3 million. A comprehensive analysis of the economic effects of the natural disaster in the Supraśl Forest District has not been completed; it requires research conducted in subsequent years, as the consequences and related costs of the hurricane will be experienced in the near future.
    Źródło:
    Sylwan; 2020, 164, 04; 321-330
    0039-7660
    Pojawia się w:
    Sylwan
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Karbeny N-heterocykliczne : synteza i zastosowanie
    N-heterocyclic carbenes : synthesis and applications
    Autorzy:
    Malinowska, M.
    Hryniewicka, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/171528.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2015
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    karbeny N-heterocykliczne
    sole imidazolidyniowe
    katalizator metatezy
    organokataliza
    reakcja sprzęgania
    N-heterocyclic carbenes
    imidazolinium salts
    methatesis catalysts
    organocatalysis
    coupling reactions
    Opis:
    N-Heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are powerful tools in organic chemistry, with numerous applications in academic and industrial laboratories. They are usually defined as singlet carbenes, in which the divalent carbonic centre is connected directly to at least one nitrogen atom in the heterocycle [1]. They have played an important role in organic chemistry ever since the first evidence of their existence. The isolation of stable, free 1,3‑diadamantylimidazol-2-ylidene (IAd, Fig. 1) by Arduengo et al. in 1991 was a milestone in the chemistry of carbenes [2]. From the beginnings as academic curiosities, N‑heterocyclic carbenes today are very useful compounds in a variety of organic transformations (Fig. 13). NHCs are neutral σ-donors, which form very strong bonds with the majority of transition metals (stronger than phosphines). These compounds are easy-to-make ligands with great potential in homogeneous catalysis (mainly ruthenium and palladium complexes) for large number of reactions, including the coupling reactions (Heck, Negishi, Stille, Suzuki or Sonogashira reactions) and olefin metathesis [3]. Moreover, they are very useful as organocatalysts used in the benzoin condensation, the Stetter reaction and ring-opening polymerization (ROP) or transesterification [4]. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the properties and applications of NHCs, which we expect will be a useful introduction for chemists interested in studying and applying these important compounds. The first part of this review is devoted to the main synthetic routes to NHCs, their properties and reactivity. In the second part we describe the metal complexes with NHCs as homogeneous catalysts and their applications in various types of reactions. At the end of this part of the paper the use of NHCs as organocatalysts is presented.
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2015, 69, 3-4; 227-253
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Body mass analysis in patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis
    Autorzy:
    Popławska-Kita, A.
    Siewko, K.
    Telejko, B.
    Kościuszko-Zdrodowska, M.
    Hryniewicka, J.
    Szelachowska, M.
    Milewski, R.
    Górska, M.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1916450.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Uniwersytet Medyczny w Białymstoku
    Tematy:
    thyroid
    thyroiditis
    body mass index
    thyrotropin
    Opis:
    Introduction: Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is one of the most common autoimmune thyroid disorders and o the most common cause of hypothyroidism, but the relation between TSH and body mass is still unclear. Material and methods: The group studied consisted of 53 patients with HT in euthyreosis and 28 healthy individuals. All the patients underwent thyroid ultrasonography and body mass analysis with the use of a medical analyzer INBODY 200. Blood samples were also analyzed for TSH and anti-thyroid antibodies. Results: The patients with HT had higher body mass (p=0.008), body mass index (BMI) (p=0.02), Waist-Hip Ratio (WHR) (0.01) and fat mass (p=0.02) than had the controls. In HT group increased body mass was observed in 72% of the patients (overweight in 38% and obesity in 35% of them), as compared with 38% of overweight/obesity in the control group. Thyroid volume was significantly lower (p=0.01) and anti-peroxidase antibodies level was two times higher in the group with the treatment period > 2 years, but the patients with relatively short treatment period were 7 kg heavier and their fat mass was 6 kg higher than in the subjects treated longer than 2 years. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the patients with HT, even in euthyreosis, have significantly higher body mass, BMI, WHR and fat mass than healthy individuals, which is probably associated with previous disturbances that led to the increase in fat mass at the stage of hypothyroidism. The observed changes tend to normalize during L-thyroxine replacement therapy.
    Źródło:
    Progress in Health Sciences; 2014, 4, 1; 18-23
    2083-1617
    Pojawia się w:
    Progress in Health Sciences
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Synteza i zastosowanie nowych katalizatorów metatezy olefin
    Synthesis and application of new olefin metathesis catalysts
    Autorzy:
    Hryniewicka, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/172521.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne
    Tematy:
    metateza olefin
    katalizatory rutenowe
    pochodne chromanu
    sole imidazolidyniowe
    glikokoniugaty
    olefin metathesis
    ruthenium catalysts
    chromane derivatives
    imidazolinium salts
    glycoconjugates
    Opis:
    Olefin metathesis has emerged as a powerful tool for the formation of carboncarbon double bonds. The success of this methodology has spurred the intense investigation of new catalysts showing a better application profile. The syntheses and the application profiles of the seven new ruthenium metathesis catalysts have been described. Five of them were modified in benzylidene part with 6-hydroxychromane- and 2H-3,4-chromenemethylidene moiety. In chromanol – α-tocopherol model compound, some specific stereoelectronic effects have been observed. Introduction of this ligand to the catalyst may provide new advantageous properties. The other new catalysts contained modified N-heterocyclic carbene ligand (NHC), in which N,N’-mesityl substituents of NHC system were linked with diethylene glycol chain as a “clamping ring”. This ring would contribute to a steric shield of the NHC and ruthenium coordination center. Probably it may inforce a proper orientation of substituents in metallacyclobutane (all-cis), leading to Z-olefin formation. The obtained catalysts were investigated in model reactions: ring closing metathesis, cross metathesis and enyne metathesis. The experiments proved they efficiency. In many reactions the catalysts showed activity comparable or superior to that of commercially available Grubbs and Hoveyda 2nd generation complexes. Stereochemistry Z/E of the cross-metathesis products obtained using new and known complexes were similar as well. The catalysts were applied in the synthesis of a new type of α-tocopherol glycoconjugates. An efficient method of the synthesis Hoveyda 2nd type complexes starting from ruthenium trichloride was developed. It is possible to circumvent using special laboratory equipment and expensive reagents. Hoveyda type complexes can be achieved with very good yield in gram scale. Keywords:
    Źródło:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne; 2014, 68, 11-12; 961-980
    0043-5104
    2300-0295
    Pojawia się w:
    Wiadomości Chemiczne
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-4 z 4

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