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    Wyświetlanie 1-5 z 5
    Tytuł:
    Simplifying and improving protection of temporary and unusual bus configurations with microprocessor-based relays
    Autorzy:
    Labuschagne, C
    Fischer, N.
    Kasztenny, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/410565.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    microprocessor-based relays
    bus configurations
    bus protection
    Opis:
    Breaker substitution, stub bus, and station bypass are temporary substation configurations used to facilitate the maintenance of primary equipment while keeping assets in service and supplying loads. These configurations provide considerable operational advantages but create challenges for protection systems. Traditional solutions to temporary bus configurations required for electromechanical relays utilize test and bypass switches to ensure the affected relays are provided with the appropriate currents and voltages and the trip signals are routed to the appropriate breakers. In some cases, spare relays, settings changes, and the rerouting of pilot signals and communications have been required. All these manual operations increase the danger of misoperation when making changes, during temporary configurations, or when restoring to the normal configuration. As a result, temporary bus configurations have been carefully considered and often avoided, resulting in underutilization of the network assets. This paper shows how modern microprocessor-based relays can simplify applications under temporary bus configurations, eliminate the need for any manual reconfiguration, and improve the performance of protection. These benefits stem from the ability to connect multiple current and voltage inputs, the ability to trip multiple breakers, communication between relays, and programmable logic, allowing automatic detection and dynamic response to temporary bus configurations.
    Źródło:
    Present Problems of Power System Control; 2014, 5; 5-32
    2084-2201
    Pojawia się w:
    Present Problems of Power System Control
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Generator split-phase protection
    Autorzy:
    Kim, S.
    Finney, D.
    Fischer, N.
    Kasztenny, B.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/410559.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    protective relaying
    stator differential protection
    split-phase protection
    Opis:
    The stator winding of a hydrogenerator is often made up of coils with multiple turns in the same slot. It is therefore possible for faults to develop between adjacent turns on the same phase (turn-toturn faults). These faults cannot be detected by the stator differential protection because there is no difference between the neutral- and terminal-side currents. Split-phase protection, an overcurrent element responding to the difference between the currents in the winding parallel branches, is typically provided to detect these faults. Ideally, the split-phase element should be sensitive enough to detect a single shorted turn. Despite the fact that the current in this turn can be six to seven times the machine nominal current, the current seen by the split-phase protection can be quite small, in the order of one-twentieth of the generator full-load current. In addition, a spurious split-phase current can be measured due to current transformer (CT) errors, saturation during external faults in particular. Therefore, primary considerations in the application of split-phase protection are the method of measuring the difference in the currents between the parallel branches and the proper selection of the CT used for this purpose.
    Źródło:
    Present Problems of Power System Control; 2012, 2; 5-40
    2084-2201
    Pojawia się w:
    Present Problems of Power System Control
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Hydrazinium 5-Aminotetrazolate: an Insensitive Energetic Material Containing 83.72% Nitrogen
    Autorzy:
    Fischer, N.
    Klapötke, T. M.
    Scheutzow, S.
    Stierstorfer, J.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/358539.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2008
    Wydawca:
    Sieć Badawcza Łukasiewicz - Instytut Przemysłu Organicznego
    Tematy:
    hydrazines
    tetrazoles
    crystal structure
    energetic materials
    sensitivities
    Opis:
    Hydrazinium 5-aminotetrazolate (2) was synthesized via two facile routes. Both the reaction of 5-amino-1H-tetrazole (1) with hydrazine hydrate in aqueous solution and the reaction of 1 with diluted hydrazine solution in THF yield 2 in excellent purities and yields. 2 was characterized comprehensively by X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, elemental analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The heat of formation was calculated (CMS-4M) using the atomization method to be 373 kJ mol-1. With this value and the X-ray density several detonation parameter (heats of explosion, detonation pressure, detonation velocity, explosion temperature) were calculated with the EXPLO5 computer software. An incredible high value (9516 m s-1) was obtained for the detonation velocity. Therefore experimentally tests to determine the velocity of detonation were performed. In addition the use of 2 in solid propellant compositions was calculated and tested in combination with oxidizers, e.g. ammonium dinitramide. Lastly the sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrostatic discharge were determined with the BAM drophammer, friction tester and an ESD machine.
    Źródło:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials; 2008, 5, 3-4; 3-18
    1733-7178
    Pojawia się w:
    Central European Journal of Energetic Materials
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Tutorial on operating characteristics of microprocessor-based multiterminal line current differential relays
    Autorzy:
    Kasztenny, B
    Benmouyal, G
    Altuve, H J
    Fischer, N
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/410604.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2013
    Wydawca:
    Politechnika Wrocławska. Oficyna Wydawnicza Politechniki Wrocławskiej
    Tematy:
    protective relaying
    differential protection
    Alpha Plane principle
    Opis:
    Line current differential (87L) protection schemes face extra challenges compared with other forms of differential protection, in addition to the traditional requirements of sensitivity, speed, and immunity to current transformer saturation. Some of these challenges include data communication, alignment, and security; line charging current; and limited communications bandwidth. To address these challenges, microprocessor-based 87L relays apply elaborate operating characteristics, which are often different than a traditional percentage differential characteristic used for bus or transformer protection. These sophisticated elements may include adaptive restraining terms, apply an Alpha Plane, use external fault detection logic for extra security, and so on. While these operating characteristics provide for better performance, they create the following challenges for users: x Understanding how the 87L elements make the trip decision. x Understanding the impact of 87L settings on sensitivity and security, as well as grasping the relationship between the traditional percentage differential characteristic and the various 87L operating characteristics. x Having the ability to transfer settings between different 87L operating characteristics while keeping a similar balance between security and dependability. x Testing the 87L operating characteristics. These issues become particularly significant in applications involving more than two currents in the line protection zone (multiterminal lines) and lines terminated on dual-breaker buses. This paper is a tutorial on this relatively new protection topic and offers answers to the outlined challenges.
    Źródło:
    Present Problems of Power System Control; 2013, 3; s. 5-73
    2084-2201
    Pojawia się w:
    Present Problems of Power System Control
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    ZnO Thin Films Synthesized by Sol-Gel Process for Photonic Applications
    Autorzy:
    Znaidi, L.
    Touam, T.
    Vrel, D.
    Souded, N.
    Ben Yahia, S.
    Brinza, O.
    Fischer, A.
    Boudrioua, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1490964.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012-01
    Wydawca:
    Polska Akademia Nauk. Instytut Fizyki PAN
    Tematy:
    81.20.Fw
    61.46.-w
    78.20.-e
    Opis:
    Undoped and aluminum-doped ZnO thin films are prepared by the sol-gel process. Zinc acetate dihydrate, ethanol and monoethanolamine are used as precursor, solvent and stabilizer, respectively. In the case of Al-doped ZnO, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate is added to the precursor solution with an atomic percentage equal to 1 or 2 at.% Al. The multi thin layers are prepared by spin-coating onto glass substrates, and are transformed into ZnO upon annealing at 550°C. Films with preferential orientation along the c-axis are successfully obtained. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the thin films as a function of aluminum content have been investigated for different elaboration parameters (e.g. layer number) using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electronic microscopy. Waveguiding properties of the thin films have been also studied using m-lines spectroscopy. The results indicate that our films are monomodes at 632.8 nm with propagation optical loss estimated around 1.6 dB/cm.
    Źródło:
    Acta Physica Polonica A; 2012, 121, 1; 165-168
    0587-4246
    1898-794X
    Pojawia się w:
    Acta Physica Polonica A
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-5 z 5

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