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    Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9
    Tytuł:
    Changes of the 2-stroke aerosol in the exhaust sampling system
    Autorzy:
    Czerwinski, J.
    Comte, P.
    Mayer, A.
    Reutimann, F.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247914.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2012
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    scooters
    two-stroke direct injection
    carburettor
    2-stroke aerosol
    nanoparticulate emissions
    Opis:
    Nanoparticle emissions of two 2-stroke scooters were investigated along the exhaust- and CVS-system (Constant Volume Sampling) with closed and with open line (cone). Due to their technology, the scooters produce different kind of aerosol (state of oxidation & SOF-content) and in addition to that they were operated with and without oxidation catalyst. The scooters represent a modern technology with direct injection TSDI* ) (two stroke direct injection) and with carburettor. The tests were performed at two constant speeds of the vehicles (20 km/h & 40 km/h) according to the measuring procedures, which were established in the previous research in the Swiss Scooter Network. The nanoparticulate emissions were measured by means of SMPS (CPC) and NanoMet (abbreviations see at the end of this paper). The most important results are: - the changes of the PSD's of the aerosol along the exhaust and CVS-system are connected to the average gas temperature and PC-concentration, which result after the different dilution steps and cooling down in the connecting pipe, - in the "open" variant of exhaust gas extraction there is a dilution step with unfiltered ambient air directly after tailpipe. This causes a stop of agglomeration, reduction of diffusion loses and increased background NPconcentration. There is also lower post oxidation of CO & HC. In some cases spontaneous condensates due to the temperature drop are supposed, - with the "closed" variant there is a stronger reduction of SMPS PC's along the gas way, than with the open variant. This is to explain with the higher temperatures and concentrations in the closed system, which enable more intense thermophoresis - and diffusion losses, - the NP-concentrations measured with "open" variant are always higher, - most intense oxidation is observed with Peugeot Carb: due to the SAS, rich tuning and a relatively high temperature level there are oxidation effects already without catalyst (temp. approx. 350 centigrade). With catalyst the temperature is in the range of 400centigrade and the oxidation is so intense, that the particles are nearly eliminated. The type of sampling: "open", or "closed" as well as the sampling position in the exhaust installation have significant influence on the measured nanoparticles emission results.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2012, 19, 2; 109-119
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Investigations of emissions of reactive substances NO2 and NH3 from passenger cars
    Autorzy:
    Czerwinski, J.
    Comte, P.
    Güdel, M.
    Lemaire, J.
    Mayer, A.
    Heeb, N.
    Berger, H.
    Reutimann, F.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133799.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    exhaust emissions
    reactive substances
    NO2
    NH3
    emisje spalin
    substancje reaktywne
    Opis:
    Public concern and complaints regarding ambient air in zones of dense traffic pertains to two compounds of nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3); both are toxic and strongly irritant, such that legal limitations are under discussion. This paper contributes to measuring methods as already in part proposed by GRPE subgroup WLTP-DTP (Worldwide Light Duty Test Procedures – Diesel Test Procedures) for NO2. Despite legally lowered NOx emission levels, lumping both, NO2 and NO, levels of NO2 have risen in cities and agglomerations as a result of both, deployed catalytic exhaust after-treatment devices and low sulphur Diesel fuels. In present tests two different combinations of NO2 measuring methods as proposed by WLTP were checked on Diesel cars for practicability in handling and accuracy. These integral, indirect methods (NO2 = NOx – NO) have been found as useful tools for estimate of NO2 and with use of appropriate analyzers a satisfactory accuracy was attained. Furthermore, attention was brought to ammonia (NH3) emitted by gasoline engines with three way catalysts (TWC) which ought not to be ignored while on the other hand SCR systems for Diesel engines are strictly regulated. Emission levels of more recent TWC turned out to be mostly below 20 ppm NH3. Vehicle of older technology exhibited significantly higher levels, about 10 times more. As chemical reactions depend on pressure and temperature (= i.e. flow condition in CVS-tunnel) as well as concentrations, doubts need to be considered on accuracy of results based on chemical reactive substances. Nevertheless, clear tendencies regarding changes of concentrations of NO2 and NH3 along the path-way could not be observed.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2016, 55, 3; 24-33
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Investigations of nanoparticle emissions of two gasoline cars MPI & DI at stationary part load operation
    Emisja nanocząstek z dwóch pojazdów wyposażonych w silniki ZI – MPI i DI w warunkach stacjonarnych przy częściowym obciążeniu
    Autorzy:
    Czerwiński, J.
    Comte, P.
    Keller, A.
    Mayer, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133666.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    nanoparticles
    emission standards
    ambient air limits
    health benefits
    nanocząstki
    limity emisji
    normy jakości powietrza
    korzyści zdrowotne
    Opis:
    Starting from Euro 6 not only for diesel but also for gasoline vehicles, with direct injection technology (GDI) a solid particle number emissions limit of 6 × 1011#/km becomes effective. The limit was temporary extended for GDI to 6 x 1012#/km. Nuclei of metals as well as organics are suspected to significantly contribute especially to the ultrafine particle size fractions, and thus to the particle number concentration. In the project GasOMeP (Gasoline Organic & Metal Particulates) metal-nanoparticles (including sub 20 nm) from gasoline cars are investigated for different engine technologies. In the present paper some results of basic investigations of nanoparticles from two gasoline cars – an older one with MPI and a never one with DI – are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe, with varying sampling conditions and with different SMPS-systems, which enabled the mobility scanning in different size ranges. The results show that the older vehicle with MPI emits high particle count concentrations. The size distributions are decisively bimodal with high numbers in nuclei mode. In this case, the particle counting below 10 nm yields important information. The emissions of the newer vehicle with DI show no typical uniform shape of particle size distributions and are at lower level, than for the older vehicle. There is no visible nuclei mode and the ultrafine particle concentrations below 10 nm are insignificant. A sampling with a strongly increased primary dilution has a clear influence on the indicated (higher) particle concentrations.
    Począwszy od normy Euro 6 wprowadzone zostanie ograniczenie emisji cząstek stałych do 6 × 1011#/km nie tylko dla pojazdów wyposażonych w silniki ZS, ale także dla pojazdów z silnikami ZI z bezpośrednim wtryskiem paliwa (GDI). Dopuszczalna liczba cząstek stałych emitowanych przez pojazdy wyposażone w silniki GDI była tymczasowo zwiększona do 6 × 1012#/km. Cząstki metali, jak również substancje organiczne prawdopodobnie są powodem emisji bardzo małych cząstek stałych, przyczyniając się do zwiększenia liczby emitowanych cząstek stałych. W projekcie GasOMeP (cząstki organiczne i metalowe z silników benzynowych) badana jest emisja nanocząstek metali (również o średnicy < 20 nm) z samochodów wyposażonych w silniki benzynowe różnych generacji. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań emisji nanocząstek z dwóch samochodów wyposażonych w silniki benzynowe – starszy z wtryskiem MPI i nowszy z wtryskiem DI. Spaliny pobierano z układu wylotowego pojazdu przy różnych warunkach pomiarowych i z wykorzystaniem urządzeń do pomiaru emisji cząstek stałych o różnych zakresach pomiarowych. Wyniki badań wskazują, że stężenie cząstek stałych w spalinach starszego pojazdu z wtryskiem MPI jest duże. Rozkłady wielkości mają charakter bimodalny z dużymi wartościami w fazie nukleacji. Wtedy istotny jest pomiar liczby cząstek stałych o średnicy mniejszej niż 10 nm. Emisja z pojazdu z wtryskiem typu DI nie wykazuje typowego jednolitego kształtu rozkładu wymiarowego, również liczba cząstek stałych jest mniejsza niż z pojazdu starszego. Nie zauważono znaczącej emisji cząstek w fazie nukleacji, a stężenia cząstek najmniejszych o średnicy poniżej 10 nm są nieznaczne. Pobór próbki spalin przy zastosowaniu dużego współczynnika rozcieńczenia ma zauważalny wpływ na zwiększenie stężenia cząstek stałych.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2014, 53, 3; 3-11
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nanoparticle emissions from gasoline vehicles DI & MPI
    Autorzy:
    Czerwinski, J.
    Comte, P.
    Güdel, M.
    Bonsack, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/132995.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    particle number
    PN
    gasoline direct injection
    GDI
    multipoint port injection
    MPI
    gasoline particle filter
    GPF
    liczba cząstek
    bezpośredni wtrysk benzyny
    filtr cząstek benzyny
    Opis:
    The nanoparticles (NP) count concentrations are limited in EU for all Diesel passenger cars since 2013 and for gasoline cars with direct injection (GDI) since 2014. For the particle number (PN) of MPI gasoline cars there are still no legal limitations. In the present paper some results of investigations of nanoparticles from five DI and four MPI gasoline cars are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe and in CVS-tunnel. Moreover, five variants of “vehicle – GPF” were investigated. The PN-emission level of the investigated GDI cars in WLTC without GPF is in the same range of magnitude very near to the actual limit value of 6.0 × 1012 1/km. With the GPF’s with better filtration quality, it is possible to lower the emissions below the future limit value of 6.0 × 1011 1/km. The modern MPI vehicles also emit a considerable amount of PN, which in some cases can attain the level of Diesel exhaust gas without DPF and can pass over the actual limit value for GDI (6.0 × 1012 1/km). The GPF-technology offers in this respect further potentials to reduce the PN-emissions of traffic.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2017, 56, 3; 179-187
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Nanoparticle research on four gasoline cars
    Autorzy:
    Czerwinski, J.
    Comte, P.
    Mayer, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/247977.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2014
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    gasoline cars
    combustion engine
    nanoparticles measurements (NP)
    NP fluctuation
    Opis:
    The invisible nanoparticles (NP) from combustion processes penetrate easily into the human body through the respiratory and olfactory ways and carry numerous harmful health effects potentials. NP count concentrations are limited in EU for Diesel passenger cars since 2013 and for gasoline cars with direct injection (GDI) since 2014. The limit for GDI was temporary extended to 6 x 1012 #/km. Nuclei of metals as well as organics are suspected to significantly contribute especially to the ultrafine particle size fractions, and thus to the particle number concentration. In the present paper, some results of investigations of nanoparticles from four gasoline cars – an older one with MPI and three never with DI – are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe and in CVS-tunnel. The results show that the older vehicle with MPI emits high particle count concentrations. The size distributions of this vehicle are decisively bimodal with high numbers in nuclei mode. The emissions of the newer vehicles with DI show sometimes no typical uniform shape of particle size distributions and are at lower level, than for the older vehicle. There is no visible nuclei mode and the ultrafine particle concentrations below 10 nm are insignificant. Some of the newer, low-emitting vehicles show at constant speed operation a periodical fluctuation of the NPemissions. Increased NP-emissions at cold start were confirmed.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2014, 21, 1; 49-57
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Non-legislated emissions and PN of two passenger cars with gasoline-butanol blends
    Autorzy:
    Czerwinski, J.
    Comte, P.
    Engelmann, D.
    Bonsack, P.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/134045.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2018
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    alternative fuels
    alcohols
    nanoparticles
    ammonia
    cold start
    emissions gasoline
    alternatywne paliwa
    alkohol
    nanocząstki
    amoniak
    zimny rozruch
    emisja benzyny
    Opis:
    Increasing the sustainability of individual transportation and replacing a part of fossil energy in traffic by renewable energy carriers are worldwide important objectives. Bioalcohols are generally recognized as one of very useful alternatives. The global share of bioethanol used for transportation is continuously increasing. Butanol, a four-carbon alcohol, is considered in the last years as an interesting alternative fuel, both for diesel and for gasoline application. Its advantages for engine operation are: good miscibility with gasoline and diesel fuels, higher calorific value than ethanol, lower hygroscopicity, lower corrosivity and possibility of replacing aviation fuels. In the present work, the emissions of two gasoline vehicles – with older and with newer technology – were investigated in dynamic-, stationary and cold start operation.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2018, 57, 1; 64-72
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    PN-emissions with increased lube oil consumption of GDI car with/without GPF
    Autorzy:
    Czerwinski, J.
    Comte, P.
    Güdel, M.
    Kurzwart, M.
    Mayer, A.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/245468.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2017
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Tematy:
    PN-emissions
    road transport
    combustion engine
    air pollution
    environmental protection
    normy emisji
    transport drogowy
    silnik spalinowy
    zanieczyszczenie powietrza
    ochrona środowiska
    Opis:
    The particle number (PN) emissions are increasingly considered in the progressing exhaust gas legislation for onand off- road vehicles. The invisible nanoparticles penetrate like a gas into the living organisms and cause several health hazards. The present paper shows how the PN- and gaseous emissions of a modern GDI (Abbreviations see at the end of this paper) vehicle change, when there is an in-creased lube oil consumption. What are the potentials of a gasoline particle filter to reduce the emissions? The lube oil consumption was simulated by mixing 2% vol. lube oil into the fuel. A non-coated GPF was mounted at tailpipe, so only the filtration effects were indicated. The tests were performed at transient (WLTC) and at stationary (SSC) operating conditions. It has been shown that the increased lube oil consumption significantly increases the PN-emissions and the applied high quality GPF eliminates these emissions very efficiently.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2017, 24, 1; 102-112
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Sensor quality for low pressure indication - research and solutions
    Autorzy:
    Czerwinski, J.
    Comte, P.
    Hilfiker, T.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/246890.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2010
    Wydawca:
    Instytut Techniczny Wojsk Lotniczych
    Opis:
    In order to analyze the processes during the gas exchange in the engine, knowledge of pressure states in both inlet and outlet is required. This pressure measuring is known as "low pressure indication ". In the presented work, three examples of controlling the quality of low pressure measurement are presented. The projects performed during the collaboration with Kistler showed the high demands regarding accuracy, dimensions and lifetime of measuring chains and piezoresistive sensors for low pressure measurement. To gain reliable resultsfor use in simulation tools for calculating and modeling gas exchange phase the sensor and measuring chain must be designed in order to consider all possible influences on the signal such as thermal and mechanical stress, electrical parasitic induction and gas dynamic effects. The increasing demand regarding accuracy and low thermal drift for highly dynamic measurements and the restricted space available in most applications are further challenges. It was shown that: a small inaccuracy of measurement, lower than 10 mbar can be attained, the asymmetric course of the exhaust pulse can clearly be verified, and a protection screen for a sensor exposed to the exhaust blow-off pressure wave can be a tool to optimize between longlife and accuracy.
    Źródło:
    Journal of KONES; 2010, 17, 2; 67-80
    1231-4005
    2354-0133
    Pojawia się w:
    Journal of KONES
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
    Tytuł:
    Testing emissions of passenger cars in laboratory and on-road (PEMS, RDE)
    Autorzy:
    Czerwinski, J.
    Comte, P.
    Zimmerli, Y.
    Reutimann, F.
    Powiązania:
    https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/133475.pdf
    Data publikacji:
    2016
    Wydawca:
    Polskie Towarzystwo Naukowe Silników Spalinowych
    Tematy:
    PEMS
    portable emissions measuring systems
    RDE
    real driving emissions
    HD-vehicles
    LD-vehicles
    przenośne systemy pomiarowe emisji
    rzeczywista emisja cząstek
    Opis:
    In the present paper, the results and experiences of testing different PEMS on the chassis dynamometer and on-road are presented. In the first part of work the measuring systems were installed on the same vehicle (Seat Leon 1.4 TSI ST) and the results were compared on the chassis dynamometer in the standard test cycles: NEDC, WLTC and CADC. in the second part of work the nanoparticle emissions of three Diesel cars were measured with PN-PEMS. PN-PEMS showed an excellent correlations with CPC in the tests on chassis dynamometer and it indicated very well the efficiency of DPF in eliminating the nanoparticles in real world driving.
    Źródło:
    Combustion Engines; 2016, 55, 3; 17-23
    2300-9896
    2658-1442
    Pojawia się w:
    Combustion Engines
    Dostawca treści:
    Biblioteka Nauki
    Artykuł
      Wyświetlanie 1-9 z 9

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