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Tytuł:
New Types of the Oldest Polish Coins
Nowe typy najstarszych monet polskich
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16066337.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
early medieval period
Polish coinage
imitations
wczesne średniowiecze
mennictwo polskie
naśladownictwa
Opis:
This article presents discoveries of new types of coins that can be assigned to the oldest Polish coinage. In case of the PRINCES POLONIE die-chain, it was possible to identify one new die, in an extremely barbaric style, which once again shows that there is no uniform style to the oldest Polish coins and that there was chaos in Bolesław I the Brave’s coinage. In the case of the second – .VIDV die-chain as many as seven new dies have been revealed. Detailed analysis shows that the coins produced with these dies were not necessarily produced at the same time, and that production could have lasted up to several years. The newly revealed dies do not solve the problem of the attribution of denarii with the .VIDV inscription, but their ascription to the coinage of Bolesław I the Brave or Mieszko II is very likely.
Artykuł prezentuje odkrycia monet nowych typów, które można przypisać do najstarszego mennictwa polskiego. W przypadku łańcucha połączeń stempli PRINCES POLONIE udało się zidentyfikować jeden nowy stempel, w niezwykle zbarbaryzowanym stylu, co po raz kolejny ukazuje, że nie istnieje jednolity styl najdawniejszych monet polskich oraz, że w mennictwie Bolesława Chrobrego panował chaos. W przypadku drugiego łańcucha połączeń stempli – .VIDV ujawniono aż siedem nowych tłoków. Ich szczegółowa analiza wskazuje, że monety wybijane tymi stemplami nie musiały być produkowane w jednym czasie, lecz nawet przez kilkanaście lat. Nowo ujawnione stemple nie rozwiązały problemu atrybucji denarów z legendą .VIDV, lecz ich przynależność do mennictwa Bolesława Chrobrego lub Mieszka II jest bardzo prawdopodobna.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2022, 66; 181-197
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Poprawianie stempli monet Bolesława Chrobrego i Mieszka II
Correcting coin dies of Boleslaus the Brave and Mieszko II
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16463285.pdf
Data publikacji:
2010
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2010, 54, 2 (190); 172-192
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nieznana hybryda denara PRINCES POLONIE i nowy typ monety Bolesława Chrobrego
An unknown hybrid of the PRINCES POLONIE denarius and a new type of Bolesław the Braves coin
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16496231.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Opis:
In 2004 some early medieval coins were found in the vicinity of Tarnowo Pałuckie, Wągrowiec poviat, which probably made up a part of a hoard discovered in 18611. Most probably among them there was a denarius - a hybrid of Boleslav the Brave's PRINCES POLONIE type3 and a completely unknown type (Fig. 1). Its diameter is 18.5-19.5 mm, weight 1.22 g. A fragment of another coin (Fig. 2) struck with the same dies was found in the hoard of Maniów, Głogów poviat (t.p.q. 1037). There are also coins struck by means of a "church" die and other one, with circles between the arms of the cross. They occurred in the hoards of Ulejno, Środa poviat (t.p.q. 1006- Fig. 3), Oleśnica, Dalików poviat (t.p.q. 1037 - Fig. 4) and Zdwórz, Plock poviat (t.p.q. 1034 - Fig. 5). The hoards of Zakrzew II, Sochaczew poviat (t.p.q. 1030) and Żukowo, Plock poviat (t.p.q 1024?) comprise one-sided denarii (Fig. 6, 7), struck with the "church" die. The finding of three coins struck with the same dies alongside two one-sided denarii makes it possible to claim that not merely a coincidental hybrid of the PRINCES POLONIE die, but that we are dealing with a new type of Boleslav the Brave's coins. However, combination of the coins of the type in question and the PRINCES POLONIE denarii does not close the chain of die combinations. In the hoard of Lisówek, Słubice poviat (t.p.q. 1011), discovered in 1894 (Fig. 9), and in the hoard of Przyborów, Sulęcin poviat (t.p.q. 1011), there were coins struck with the "church" die (obverse) and the reverse die different from the foregoing ones. The reverse of those coins presents a cross with dots between its arms. The circle surrounding it is linear, with an imitation of a legend within the rim. So far no preserved coin struck with those dies have been found in collections. With considerable probability one more denarius from the Lisówek hoard, known merely from drawings by E. Bahrfeldt 14, might be added to the die combination chain. This is a denarius with a church with one step and five dots in the middle upon the obverse. On either side there are half-moons, turned outwards, and dots in the middle. The reverse had been struck with a die bearing a cross of a new type (Fig. 10). The described coins are made of the silver of good quality-94,2-96% Ag (see appendix 1). They weight between 0,64 and 1,29 g, which means that they belong to the lighter group of Boleslav the Brave's coins. This might be the argument for their earlier chronology. The dispersion of the new type of denarii is very similar to the other Boleslav's coins (Fig. 15). It is impossible to indicate the exact mint place. However, it is likely that it was Poznań, Gniezno, Ostrów Lednicki or Plock, as for all the other types of Boleslav the Brave's coins. Apart from coins included in the die combination chain, two groups of denarii described by P. Ilisch17 must be pointed out which exhibit considerable similarity to the new type. This concerns denarii with a Bavarian temple and inscription VIDY upon the obverse and a cross upon the reverse (Fig. 11, 12), as well as denarii bearing the inscription +JIVA stylistically resembling them (Fig. 13). The combination with the barbarised variant of the PRINCES POLONIE type is of primary importance for the chronology of the new type. Having analysed the wear of the die, the hybrid might be inferred to have come into being the moment the PRINCES POLONIE obverse and the reverse with the cross of a new variant had already been damaged or separated. The fact that at least two specimens of the hybrid are known might suggest that they were being struck for a time. The coins of regular church type might be regarded as older specimens. The one-sided denarii are younger, the hybrids of the two types having come into being latest. The variant Hatz IV20 denarii of Otto and Adelaide, which provided the pattern, have been dated to the turn of the 10th century, i.e. starting from 99511. With a great deal of probability, one may suggest that the barbarised variant of the PRINCES POLONIE denarius came into being at the time the dies of the correct variant were still in use, i.e. after 1002, which is pointed out by similarity to the reverse die which imitates the denari of Yladivoy. The oldest hoards with the new church type are Ulejno (t.p.q. 1006), Lisówek (t.p.q. 1011) and Przyborów (t.p.q. 1011 ). Taking into account the sporadic, not continuous character of Boleslav the Brave's coinage, one may suggest that the church type came into being before the PRINCES POLONIE, therefore it should be dated to the years 1000-1010. The foregoing new coin type paves the way to completely new directions of investigations into Boleslav the Brave's coinage. As it is, it turns out that a large group of the imitations might actually have been issued by the duke's mint. Although this was suspected long ago, it is only today that those justified suppositions have been backed up with unquestionable proof in the form of the die combination chain (Fig. 14).
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2006, 50, 2(182); 181-194
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wczesnośredniowieczny skarb monet z miejscowości Oterki koło Reszla
The early medieval coin hoard from Oterki near Reszel
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2117559.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Opis:
In 1936 an early medieval hoard was found at an unspecified spot in the vicinity of Klein Ottern, Kreis Roessel (now Oterki, commune Reszel, Warminsko-Mazurskie Voivodeship). In the literature there was no information on the size and composition of the find. In 1978 the Museum of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn purchased 10 early medieval coins which allegedly came from the hoard dug out or ploughed out before the war at a place called 'Olerki' or something like that, near Reszel. Originally it was supposed to been part of a 'potful of coins'. The purchased coins are sure to be a small part of the Klein Ottern hoard. Here is the list of coins: Upper Lorraine: No 1, Verdun, Henry I (919-936) or an early imitation. This is the most interesting coin in the hoard. It differs from typical and popular imitations struck in Deventer in Ottonian times or that of Henry II. The specimen from Oterki might be supposed to have come from another older series of imitations; Lower Lorraine: No 2, Brussels, from the time of Conrad II (1024-1039); Franconia: No 3, Spira, from the years 1024-1044; No 4, Spira, from the years 1005-1044; No 5, Worms, from the time of Otto II or III (973-1002); No 6, Worms, from the time of Otto III and Henry II (983-1024). Upon the specimen there is a so far unrecorded form of the name of the mint: +VVORM CIVITAS, +VVORM CIVS or similar; No 7, Worms from the time of Conrad II (1024-1039); No 8, Worms, from the time of Conrad II (1024-1039); Hungary: No 9, Esztergom, Stephen I (1001-1038); No 10, imitation of the Cologne denarius. The Terminus post quem (1024) is marked out by coins struck during the reign of Conrad II.Since hoards of western European coins are pretty scarce in Prussian lands, for the sake of comparison similar finds from North–western Poland have been presented. The small number of 11th century hoards from Masuria seems to point out the fact that silver was not of particular importance in local markets or did not then perform the function of a means of commercial exchange. One might also suppose that the hoards are not connected with the Prussian market, i.e. they are 'outliers' from the Baltic zone. They might have been brought to Prussian lands by Merchant who certainly reached the Masurian interior. (1 figure)
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2004, 48, 2 (178); 193-204
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recenzje: Rory Naismith, Money and Power in Anglo-Saxon England. The Southern English Kingdoms, 757–865, Cambridge Studies in Medieval life and thought, Fourth Series (No. 80), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2012, 351 s.
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2091060.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2013, 57, 1-2 (195-196); 262-269
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
O fragmentaryzacji srebra wczesnośredniowiecznego: na ile wiarygodne są dane metrologiczne? Przypadek skarbu z Mózgowa na Warmii (t.p.q. 1009)
How reliable are metrological data ? The case of the treasure from Mózgowo in Warmia (T.P.Q. 1009)
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1037926.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020-01-01
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu
Tematy:
Polska
Viking-Age
Hoards
Coin Circulation
Hacksilver
Metrology
Opis:
For years, a discussion has been held about the circulation of silver in the early Middle Ages and the role played by fragments of coins and ornaments. This multi-faceted discussion has also revolved around the function of the smallest fragments. Metrological research has indicated certain regularities in the incidence of fragments of a specified weight depending on region and chronology. New data for this discussion was provided by a treasure trove originally discovered in 1868 in Mózgowo in Warmia. Only slightly more than 400 coins have survived from the items discovered in the 19th century; they are a part of a collection of the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum in Braunschweig. The place where the treasure was discovered was identified in 2010; more than 800 coins and fragments thereof were unearthed. In 2012, the area was examined as a site of excavation where subsequently over 370 specimens were discovered. The treasure trove must have been hidden sometime after 1009, most probably around 1015. The coins from the museum in Braunschweig are not suitable for metrological analysis because they were intentionally separated for a systematic collection. Following an analysis of the specimens discovered in 2010 and 2012, considerable discrepancies in weight frequencies were observed. It turns out that in the collection of objects excavated by professional metal detector operators, very small fragments of silver prevail. Before, they were rarely registered in early medieval treasures (fragments weighing more than 1 gram represent only 6.66%, pieces weighing less than 1 g represent 93.33%, fragments of up to 0.5 g represent 87.61%, while pieces weighing less than 0.1 g represent a whopping 55% of the entire collection).The differences in the weight of silver fragments in the specific parts of the treasure trove from Mózgowo shed new light on both the methodology of examining treasure troves and how representative the data used so far in statistical and metrological analyses are.
Źródło:
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim; 2019, 60; 221-238
0080-9993
Pojawia się w:
Slavia Antiqua: rocznik poświęcony starożytnościom słowiańskim
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Denar Ludwika Pobożnego znaleziony w Janowie Pomorskim -Truso
The Carolingian coin of Louis the Pious found in Truso
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2117736.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Opis:
The settlement in Janow Pomorski near Elblag, identified with the historical Truso has produced one of the largest assemblages of early medieval coins (515 specimens) found on a single site in Poland until today. These are almost exclusively oriental coins and their small fragments. From among those that have already been described, only 4 early medieval coins were struck in western Europe. In January 2005, a denarius of emperor Luis the Pious, type XPISTIANA RELIGIO from the years 822-840, was found on the site. The coin had been provided with silver loop riveted on it. The denarius of Truso is the easternmost documented find of a Carolingian coin. In the light of the existing data the occurrence of the foregoing coins in Truso seems to be associated with Danes, who were the main founders and inhabitants of the Truso emporium.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2006, 50, 2(182); 173-180
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nieznana hybryda denara PRINCES POLONIE i nowy typ monety Bolesława Chrobrego
An unknown hybrid of the PRINCES POLONIE denarius and a new type of Bolesław the Braves coin
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2117739.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czytelnia Czasopism PAN
Opis:
In 2004 some early medieval coins were found in the vicinity of Tarnowo Paluckie, Wagrowiec poviat, which probably made up a part of a hoard discovered in 1861. Most probably among them there was a denarius - a hybrid of Boleslav the Brave's PRINCES POLONIE type and a completely unknown type. A fragment of another coins struck with the some dies was found in the hoard of Maniow, Glogow poviat. There are also coins struck by means of a 'church' die and other one, with circles between the arms of the cross. They occurred in the hoards of Ulejno, Sroda poviat, Olesnica, Dalikow poviat and Zdwórz, Plocko poviat. The hoards of Zakrzew II, Sochaczew poviat, and Zukowo, Plock poviat comprise one sided denarii, struck with the 'church' die. The finding of three coins struck with the same dies alongside two one-sided denarii makes it possible to claim that not merely a coincidental hybrid of the PRINCES POLONIE die, but that we are dealing with a new type of Boleslav the Brave's coins.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2006, 50, 2(182); 181-194
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Denar Ludwika Pobożnego znaleziony w Janowie Pomorskim - Truso
The Carolingian coin of Louis the Pious found in Truso
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16492168.pdf
Data publikacji:
2006
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Opis:
The settlement in Janów Pomorski near Elbląg, identified with the historical Truso has produced one of the largest assemblages of early medieval coins (515 specimens) found on a single site in Poland until today. These are almost exclusively oriental coins and their small fragments. From among those that have already been described, only 4 early medieval coins were struck in western Europe. In January 2005 a denarius of emperor Louis the Pious, type XPISTIANA RELIGIO from the years 822-840, was found on the site. The coin had been provided with a silver loop riveted on it. Weight 1.5 g., diameter 23-29 mm. Coins found in hoards from western Slav lands, for years regarded as Carolingian, have actually turned out to be their 10th century imitations. The finds of original Carolingian coins in the Baltic zone are considerably rare and concentrated in Denmark and southern Sweden. Among the hoards containing Carolingian coins the following should be mentioned: the find from Peoschendorf/Krinkberg (Schleswig-Holstein), Grisebjerggard (Zealand), Haljarp (Scania) and Lejre (Zealand). In the same areas several dozen single Carolingian denarii have been found. The more interesting are: loose coins from the royal settlement in Tisso (Zealand), Gudme (Fyn), Maletofta Ravlunda (Scania) and Uppakra (Scania). Perhaps a denarius of Louis the Pious of the XPISTIANA RELIGIO type was found in the burial ground in Motevolevo, raion Zelenogradsk (formerly Mogahnen, Kreis Fischhausen) in Samland. Against such a background the denarius of Truso is the easternmost documented find of a Carolingian coin. Quite unique in this respect, on the other hand it perfectly fits the existing pattern of the discoveries of European coins in Truso, whence other coins are known: a Frisian sceatt of the Wodan/Monster type, a penny of /Ethelwulf from Wessex struck in Rochester and two Danish denari of Hedeby (types KG3 and KG5). Just like the aforementioned coins, the Carolingian denarius in question was also turned into an ornament. In the light of the existing data the occurrence of the foregoing coins in Truso seems to be associated with Danes, who were the main founders and inhabitants of the Truso emporium. Those were the mobile Danes, reaching England on the one hand, Truso on the other, that brought to Truso the denarius by Louis the Pious and provided the English court with information on the large trading centre on the Estmere. However, the said data must have been so vague that Alfred, while collecting information on Europe, decided to send Wulfstan on his voyage.
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2006, 50, 2(182); 173-180
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Northumbryjska styca Æthelreda II z Janowa Pomorskiego
A Northumbrian styca of Æthelred II from Janów Pomorski (ancient Truso) in Poland
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16530153.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Tematy:
Æthelred II
Janów Pomorski
Leofthang
styca
Truso
Opis:
Since 1982 extensive excavations have been held in the Viking Age emporium at Janów Pomorski on the south coast of the Baltic Sea, near the town of Elbląg. The site is most probably the well known historical Truso, described by Wulfstan around 880 A.D. Up to 2007, among c. 1000 dirhams, only nine western European coins have been found there, i.e. one Wodan/ monster sceat, four Danish coins of KG 3 and KG 5 types, two XPISTIANA RELIGIO deniers of Louis the Pious and one penny of King /Ethelwulf of Wessex, struck in Rochester. The latest western European coin found at Truso is a Northumbrian styca of £thelred II. The coin was found in August 2007 in the “harbour” area, in the ploughed soil. The styca from Truso belongs to a very popular series of £thelred II’s coins struck by moneyer Leofthagn. Nine die-identical specimens are known. Three coins have been found in a hoard at Saint Leonard's Place in York in 1843. Two specimens constituted a part of a hoard from Bolton Percy, North Yorkshire. Two others come from the biggest hoard of stycas, discovered in Hexham, Northumberland. Additionally, two other coins of uncertain provenance are known (Leeds City Museum, National Museum in Copenhagen). During the eight and the ninth centuries only a small number of western European coins arrived at the coast of the Baltic Sea. Those are mostly Carolingian deniers, Anglo-Saxon pennies and Frisian sceattas. The finds of Northumbrian stycas here are truly exceptional. Outside the British Isles, only 17 specimens have been recorded. Four of them were found in Frisia: three, struck by Eanred around 810-840 AD., come from the Dorestad emporium; the fourth, struck by Wigmund in the years 837-854, has been found at Schouwen. Two other stycas have been found in the basin of the river Rhine: Eanred's coin has been found in Mainz; another one in Zutphen. Two further coins, still unpublished, have been found in Menzlin. Seven stycas have been found in Scandinavia. Two of them, struck by Eanred, were mounted on lead weights; they were discovered in a warrior's grave in the Norwegian Vig, Fjaere. A third such styca has been recently found in Norway in Hjelle, Sogn og Fjordane. Two more specimens were discovered in southern Denmark: one in the harbour of Hedeby, another in the settlement of Schuby. Both were struck during the reign of Eanred. Two £thelred II stycas have been found in graves number 29 and 176 in Birka in Sweden. So far, the eastern-most find of such a kind has been recorded in Staraia Ladoga in northern Russia. Returning to the styca found in Truso, it has to be emphasized that, unlike other European coins from this site, it has not been re-made into a piece of jewellery. That can be explained by the fact that it is a bronze coin, not silver. That this styca was kept in its original form can be of significance in the explanation of the function of other European coins deprived of their monetary character. So it is very likely that this coin was brought to Truso by tradesmen who regarded it as a means of payment. There it was lost or rejected in trade. Other silver pennies might have been re-made into jewellery already in Scandinavia; it is therefore difficult to say whether they were brought here to function also as money, or exclusively as jewellery. However the bronze styca shows that European coins could have been brought to the southern coasts of the Baltic Sea to function as means of payment, and only there might they have lost their monetary function. As to the area from which the styca could have been brought to Truso, the most likely source is Denmark, and especially southern Jutland with its main settlements in Ribe and Hedeby. Those settlements were involved in the trade between the British Isles and other parts of Europe. This, and the well known fact of the journey undertaken by Wulfstan to Truso around 880, show that the ties between Truso and southern Jutland were strong. The chronological correspondence of the styca with another Anglo-Saxon coin, a penny of £thelwulf struck between 842 and 845 AD, is notable. Only a little bit older are four Danish coins and two deniers of Louis the Pious. The Wodan/monster sceat, almost a century older, is exceptional. Still, such chronological coherence of European coins from various countries proves that the contacts between Truso and Western Europe were established in the second quarter of the ninth century through Danish tradesmen. It is impossible to determine, however, whether those artefacts are merely "souvenirs from England", as R. Wiechmann described them, or evidence of lasting ties between the Elbląg Heights, southern Jutland and the British Isles in the ninth century AD. The comparison of coins with other artefacts from Truso suggests that the latter possibility is the more likely. The West-Saxon penny and the Northumbrian styca are among the latest coins found at Truso. Today it is still uncertain, despite the publication of many theories, what caused the cessation of coin usage in Truso after the mid-ninth century, at a time when long-distance trade contacts were still alive. (10 figures).
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2008, 52, 1(185); 34-41
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Forged coins in early medieval Poland
Moneta fałszywa w Polsce średniowiecznej
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16530169.pdf
Data publikacji:
2008
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Opis:
It was in the early medieval period that appeared such phenomena in coinage as: the imitative issues made of pure silver; legal pennies with intentionally reduced amount of silver; relatively scarce forgeries. The latter had usually cores made of copper, brass or bronze and covered with a thin layer of silver or other base metal, such as tin, so as to resemble the original silver coins. Such forgeries could be produced both in the official mints and illegal workshops. They were made with the purpose of deceiving their recipients. Although the finds of Early Medieval forgeries from Poland have already been the subject of several studies (Kiersnowski 1959, pp. 197-203; Suchodolski 1998, pp. 37-47), a new analysis is possible thanks to the increase in the number of such finds. Until today, sixty forged coins from Poland have been registered. They should be dated to the 11th and the early 12th century. They were found in hoards or single finds in the regions of Pomerania, Great Poland, Kuyavia, Mazovia, Silesia and Lesser Poland. The oldest recorded forgeries were found at the emporium in Janow Pomorski (Truso). These are the three forged early Abbasid dirhams (dated to the former part of the 9th century), with copper core covered with silver. A bit later forgeries are dated to the 10th and the former part of the 11th century; these are forged German (mostly Saxon and Bavarian) pennies. There is also one forgery of £thelred II’s coin. It is difficult to determine the place of origin of these coins, but it seems that the vast majority of them were made outside the Polish lands. Some of them probably came out of the official German mints. There was a significant change in the latter part of the 11th century, when German-like coins dissappeared and forgeries of cross pennies, mostly younger types V and VI, began to dominate. Forgeries of cross pennies in Bavarian and Łupawa type are represented by one specimen each from the period in question. Although some of the forged cross pennies had still Saxon origin, the vast majority seems to be work of the local workshops. Hipothesis about local origin of the forged cross pennies of younger types is supported by several hints. The settlement in Zgłowiączka yielded ten out of 39 specimens of such forgeries and coins from the Kuyavia (partly identified hoard or group of single finds from Kruszwica and Wloclawek) and Mazovia (hoard of Naruszewa) account for 40 percent of all forged cross pennies of younger types. Among them are at least four pairs of coins struck with the same dies. All these facts are allow to conclude that at the end of the 11th century, perhaps even until the turn of the 12th century, there was a local production of the forged cross pennies of younger types in Kuyavia. The possible places of their production were first of all local centers of political power: Kruszwica, Wloclawek and Brest Kujawski. But they could have been also minted in smaller settlements, like Zgłowiączka, which was an important place of production salt since the latter part of the 11th century. Judging on the collected material and its nature, cross pennies were forged rather on a limited scale in the 11th -12th century. The total number of all forged cross pennies is only 0.078 percent of all cross pennies of the types in question. Those die links that have been so far identified (there are probably many more of them, yet difficult to identify because of corrosion) certify that the forged cross pennies constituted a small fraction of the mass of coins in circulation on the market. Most propably the representatives of the elite of that time, ruling in the peripheral, but still important centers of local power, were the forgers. Apart of some stylistic variations, Polish finds have many similarities in comparison with other forgeries, discovered in Mecklenburg, Latvia and Estonia. In all cases, it were coins in circulation on the market that were forged. They were produced in the local centers of power and they constituted a very small part of the total monetary mass on the market. The appearance of forgeries in the circulation marks the approximate time when it came to the monetization of the market in Slavonic lands in the early Middle Ages. It was thus the latter part of the 11th century in the case of the territory under the rule of Polish Piast dynasty. If so, we should assume that a currency economy based on the gross value of noble metal had to be introduced earlier. R. Kiersnowskiego stated that this moment was marked by the appearance of a large number of hack silver hoards, i.e. the end of the 10th century (3 figures, 2 plates with 41 coins illustrated).
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2008, 52, 2(186); 209-236
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dlaczego we wczesnym średniowieczu powstawały skarby złomu srebrnego?
Why would hoards of hack silver occur in the early middle ages? Remarks on works by Jacek Kowalewski and Przemysław Urbańczyk
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16530208.pdf
Data publikacji:
2004
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2004, 48, 1 (177); 49-76
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Monety z prac wykopaliskowych przy kościele w Szestnie, gm. Mrągowo (1998, 1999 r.)
The coins from the excavations at the church at Szestno, commune of Mrągowo (1998, 1999)
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Florjanowicz, Paulina
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16530335.pdf
Data publikacji:
2001
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2001, 45, 1 (171); 86-93
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Skarb dirhamów z X wieku z grodziska w Truszkach Zalesiu, pow. Kolno, woj. podlaskie
The 10th century dirham hoard from the stronghold at Truszki Zalesie, Kolno poviat, Podlaskie Voivodeship
Autorzy:
Bogucki, Mateusz
Malarczyk, Dorota
Marczak, Ewa
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/16530189.pdf
Data publikacji:
2005
Wydawca:
Polska Akademia Nauk. Czasopisma i Monografie PAN
Źródło:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne; 2005, 49, 2 (180); 173-190
0043-5155
Pojawia się w:
Wiadomości Numizmatyczne
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Wyświetlanie 1-15 z 17

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