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Tytuł:
State Aid Trends in Poland and Finland - Similarities and Differences
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2165504.pdf
Data publikacji:
2023-01-31
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
State Aid
Polska
Finland
European Union
Opis:
State aid is one of the financial instruments available to EU member states for intervention in domestic markets. On the one hand its use is prohibited by Article 107(1) TFEU, but on the other hand there are many exemptions, including regional and horizontal state aid. Given the centralised system for State aid in the EU, one could expect that the volume and structure in terms of forms and purposes of public aid granted should be similar from one member state to the next. Considering the diversity among what are now 27 member states, both from the perspective of experience in managing the economy and the directions of its development, the objective of this article is to capture and evaluate the similarities and differences in the approach taken to State aid as an instrument of intervention in two relatively different countries - Poland and Finland. To this end the comparative analysis will not only cover Poland and Finland themselves but also their respective groups of countries - the Visegrád Group and Scandinavian members of the EU. The above analysis permits the conclusion that the structure of public aid relative to the main purposes of granting differs significantly between Poland and Finland, in favour of Finland, from the perspective of the achievement of the EU objectives associated with the successive economic strategies.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2022, 26, 4; 217-232
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The position of China in trade in services within the European Union
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam A.
Stefaniak, Joanna
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/19322536.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
trade in services
China
European Union
comparative advantage
trade position
Opis:
Research background: In recent decades, services in international trade have been growing steadily in importance, and there has been strong growth in China's trade in services as a result of the 'opening up' policy. China has become the European Union's second biggest trading partner in services with the European Union (EU), being China's largest trading partner. The EU is one of the addressees of the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative, which creates opportunities and threads to the European Internal Market in services. Purpose of the article: The aim of this paper is to contribute to the literature and fulfil the research gap on the position of China in intra-EU trade in services. Methods: We identified the most important types of services offered by China to purchasers from the EU countries. By using the Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) and trade balance (LFI) indices, we classified the Chinese exports to the EU Internal Market by types of services and by their trade position. Findings & value added: We found out that China might be perceived as a strong competitor for intra-EU trade in selected services, especially those concerning low-end service tasks, that use relatively low-skilled labour and are less knowledge- and capital-intensive. However, China's attitude is changing towards more sophisticated services for example R&D. It creates a need for a new approach to the EU economic policies (in terms of both protectionism and interventionism) in trade relations in services with China.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2022, 13, 2; 335-354
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Does the European Single Market Exist in the Era of a Coronavirus Pandemic? The Case of Intra and Extra-EU Trade in COVID-19-related Products
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1039218.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Technical Barriers
Opis:
The COVID-19 pandemic has been an extraordinary event for the EU Member States and a period wherein EU legislation and the efficiency of EU institutions have been put to the test. The crisis triggered by the decisions made by governments in Europe (which were motivated by their wishes to protect the health and lives of their peoples and to satisfy the rapid demand for drugs, personal protective equipment, and medical devices) disrupted market forces. Although most of these measures were based on both domestic and EU legislation, they seriously hindered the smooth functioning of the EU Single Market, including the free movement of goods. This paper aims to find out whether EU legislation succeeded in coping with the challenges triggered by COVID-19 in the field of international trade and whether measures taken by the European Commission with a view to complying with the rules of the EU Single Market adequately took care of the needs stemming from the COVID-19 outbreak and whether it properly tackled protectionist instruments adopted by the Member States. We have focused on international trade and the free movement of goods within the EU as they both constitute the cornerstone of EU economic integration. We found that although EU legislation was not tailored specifically for the times of a COVID-19 pandemic, in the area of international trade (including intra-EU trade), as well as in the field of placing goods on the market, it provided extraordinary solutions. Apparently, the explanations and guidelines provided by the Commission have limited the scope of individual protectionist and interventionist actions of the Member States.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2021, 25, 1; 63-83
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
The impact of Special Economic Zones on local labour markets in Poland
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam A.
Dziemianowicz, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/1069032.pdf
Data publikacji:
2021
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Wydział Geografii i Studiów Regionalnych
Tematy:
Local labour market
special economic zones
unemployment rate
economic growth
regional development
Opis:
Studies conducted so far suggest that SEZs are not treated by local authorities as the main mechanism of job creation in a given region. The objective of this paper is to highlight potential mechanisms through which SEZs impact labour markets in poviats (counties) in Poland. To this end we conducted a comparative analysis of changes that had taken place in the labour market over the period 2004-2016 in two groups of poviats with the highest unemployment rate reported in 2004: with and without SEZs. The study does not allow us to unambiguously conclude that SEZs contributed to the improvement of labour market situation in poviats with the highest unemployment rate in Poland. That can be attributed to the fact that SEZs in Poland are highly fragmented as well as to SEZs investors being able to select locations for their investment projects in relatively better developed regions.
Źródło:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development; 2021, 25, 2; 93-98
0867-6046
2084-6118
Pojawia się w:
Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Foreign Capital Originating from the EUin Investment and Trade Activities of Polish Regions
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/969419.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
FDI;
Regions;
Regional Development;
Foreign Trade;
Poland;
Opis:
Foreign capital inflow is viewed as a driving force of economic growth and development. To a large extent, the effects it may potentially produce dependon the l ocation choice or, in other words, on the economic advancement of the region in question, available skills on the labour market, and the quality of infrastructure. Capital flows usually lead to the intensification of foreign trade, however, the ultimate potential outcomes of social and economic transformation within a given territory depend on the structureof tr ade flows. In relation to the above, this paper is motivated by the wish to grasp the pattern of foreign investment location choices (paying special attention to investors from other EU Member States) and their basic effects on the internationalisation of regions in the light of public interventions admissible in Poland. To this end, a statistical analysis of the following data will be carried out into: a) the evolution in the location pattern observed for companies with foreign capital based in Polish voivodeships (NUTS-2) in the period 2004–2017 and b) their foreign trade performance. Statistical analyses have led to the conclusion that foreign capital not only targeted better-developed regions of the country (even though their State aid offer is more limited) as the location for its investment but also companies established in these locations as a result of such investments are more strongly engaged in international trade (and are affiliates within the organisational structure of a single business entity) than foreign companies which chose to locate their businesses in poorer regions of the country.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2019, 4; 109-124
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Single European Market after Brexit
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam. A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558172.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
EU Internal Market
Servitization
Manufacturing
Intra EU Trade
Opis:
Present economic situation in the EU after the crisis of 2008–2010, escalating protectionism among EU Member States, voices in favour of reindustrialization of the EU economy in a traditional style of the 1970s and the 1980s, and the British leadership in services and new business models are the most important challenges for the future development of the EU Internal Market, as well as for the EU economy, as a whole. Therefore, the aim of the paper is to evaluate changes in the structure of the EU economy and intra EU trade in the context of Brexit. To this end, we will analyse changes in values and shares of selected sectors directly linked to the EU Internal Market in value added and intra EU trade in 2010–2014. Moreover, in order to grasp potential consequences of Brexit, we will compare data for the EU-28 and the EU-27 (without the UK). Our research allows us to conclude that Brexit may result in reduced supply of innovative and business services with the highest added value in favour of higher shares of regular manufacturing sectors within the internal market of the EU (both in value added and intra EU-27 trade). Therefore, after the UK leaves, the EU-27 will lose its competitiveness and a strong position in intra EU trade vis-à-vis third countries.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2018, 1; 89-116
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
„Pakiet usługowy” Komisji Europejskiej – remedium na bariery na unijnym rynku usług?
Autorzy:
Stefaniak, Joanna
Ambroziak, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/584029.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Tematy:
usługi
rynek wewnętrzny UE
Unia Europejska
Opis:
Unijny rynek usług jest częścią rynku wewnętrznego UE, która w największym stopniu doświadcza obecności licznych barier. Po latach zastoju, od początku nowego wieku podjęto działania w kierunku realizacji idei swobody świadczenia usług, jednak mimo przyjęcia dyrektywy usługowej w 2006 r. wciąż na rynku usług występuje wiele barier. Kolejne konkretne kroki na rzecz urzeczywistniania jednolitego rynku usług zostały podjęte dopiero przez Komisję Europejską pod przewodnictwem J.-C. Junckera. Celem artykułu jest wstępna ocena inicjatyw zaproponowanych przez Komisję Europejską w ramach tzw. „pakietu usługowego” w kontekście wciąż istniejących barier na unijnym rynku usług. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy unijnych dokumentów programowych i pozalegislacyjnych ustalono, że propozycje Komisji ukierunkowane są na redukcję barier zarówno administracyjnych, jak i regulacyjnych, jednakże, jak się wydaje, są zbyt mało ambitne, aby zapewnić swobodny przepływ usług na rynku wewnętrznym UE.
Źródło:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu; 2017, 487; 306-317
1899-3192
Pojawia się w:
Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Kondycja finansowa przedsiębiorstw jako czynnik wpływający na wycofanie spółek z Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie w latach 2010–2015
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam
Deryło, Marta
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/518009.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Gdański. Wydział Ekonomiczny
Tematy:
kondycja finansowa
wycofanie
GPW
giełda
Opis:
Artykuł przedstawia kondycję finansową przedsiębiorstw wykluczonych z Giełdy Papierów Wartościowych w Warszawie. Opisuje przyczyny wyprowadzenia spółek z obrotu giełdowego z uwzględnieniem podstawowych wskaźników finansowych. Artykuł składa się z pięciu części. We wprowadzeniu oraz części pierwszej zaprezentowano skalę zjawiska, w części drugiej zdefiniowano wyprowadzenie spółki z obrotu giełdowego, zaś w trzeciej części przedstawiono klasyfikację przyczyn wyjścia z giełdy. Przyczyny te to połączenie spółki z innym podmiotem, wyprowadzenie z rynku, wykluczenie z rynku, upadłość oraz inne. W części czwartej zawarto natomiast wykresy prezentujące średnie wartości wskaźników finansowych dla dwóch kategorii: upadłości oraz połączenia spółki. Zilustrowano następujące wskaźniki finansowe: mnożnik kapitału własnego, wskaźnik rotacji aktywów, wskaźnik rentowności aktywów, stopa zwrotu z kapitału własnego, wskaźnik rentowności sprzedaży, zysk na akcje.
Our research concerned the financial condition of the companies delisted from The Warsaw Stock Exchange. It describes the reasons for delisting with regard to the basic financial indicators. The article consists of five parts. In the introduction and the first part we present the scale of the phenomenon, in the second part delisting companies from the exchange was defined, while the third part presents the classification of the causes of delisting. The reasons for this are merger with another entity, delisting, foreclosure, bankruptcy and others. The fourth part contains charts showing the average values of the financial indicators for the two categories: bankruptcy and merger. The following financial ratios were illustrated: capital multiplier, total asset turnover, return on assets, return on equity, return on sales, earnings per share.
Źródło:
Zeszyty Studenckie Wydziału Ekonomicznego „Nasze Studia”; 2017, 8; 13-21
1731-6707
Pojawia się w:
Zeszyty Studenckie Wydziału Ekonomicznego „Nasze Studia”
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Nowe ukierunkowanie pomocy publicznej na B+R+I w Unii Europejskiej na lata 2014–2020
New Targets in State Aid for R&D&I in the European Union in 2014–2020
Autorzy:
A Ambroziak, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/558327.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Public Aid,
State Aid for Research,
Development and Innovation,
European Union,
R&D&I
Opis:
State aid for R&D&I is one of governmental interventions which change companies’ behaviour from market-orientated to driven by government’s orders. Therefore there is an extended dispute between supporters of government interventions and free market economy believers. When seeking a golden solution we come across the concept of market failures, which proves the admissibility of public intervention, such as state aid. One of the exemptions in the field of public aid applies to state aid for research, development and innovation activities, which should assist and encourage the EU entrepreneurs to R&D&I activities. New guidelines on state aid for R&D&I substantially change conditions on admissible public support to entrepreneurs. Therefore, the aim of this article is to evaluate new directions of changes in assumptions, designated benefi ciaries and expected outcomes of state aid for research, development and innovation. On the basis of the research we can conclude that EU prefers to support R&D&I activities, which, at least partially, support the EU2020 goals and are expected to improve the availability of innovation techniques.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2017, 2; 95-118
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Servitization or Reindustrialization of the EU in the Context of the Economic Crisis of 2008–2010
Autorzy:
A Ambroziak, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/419556.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
EU industrial policy
EU Internal Market
servitization
services
International trade
JEL codes
Opis:
Recently, following the period of fascination with services, we can hear more and more often about the need for reindustrialization in the European Union, as an opposition to the rapid development of the service sector. As a result of economic crisis of 2008–2010, instead of introducing new business models which implement a concept of servitization that would facilitate the functioning of the EU internal market, we have witnessed reinforced protectionist and interventionist tendencies in both the manufacturing and service sectors. The aim of this paper is to verify whether the European Union is facing deindustrialization and/or servitization processes in the context of the economic crisis of 2008–2010. We therefore analyse and evaluate changes in the contribution of certain manufacturing and service sectors to the EU economy and internal/external EU trade in the period of 2004–2012. The research shows an increasing importance of the service sector, especially manufacturing-related services, and especially in the period of the economic crisis. It seems that the expansion of the service sector has allowed entrepreneurs to join servitization and improve their competitiveness in the EU internal market. Thus, servitization may lead to reindustrialization rather than deindustrialisation in Europe.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Polish European Studies; 2017, 20; 129-151
1428-1503
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Factors Influencing Immigration to Poland As an EU Member State
Autorzy:
A Ambroziak, Adam
Schwabe, Michał
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/419589.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
Migration
Polska
Economic migrants
Migrants’ relocation
Opis:
The European Commission has lately been exposed to increasing pressure from the Italian and Greek Governments to actively participate in solving the problem of growing immigration from African and Middle East countries. This surging pressure has resulted in actions aimed at redistributing immigrants among the EU Member States. The implementation of this solution would mean that the immigration issue is most likely to also affect countries which have not had to deal with large immigrant populations in the past. This article focuses on potential immigration to Poland, as one the largest economies in the EU Member States. It aims to answer the question whether Poland needs and is ready, in social, economic and cultural terms, to accept international immigrants from developing countries. Another problem tackled by this paper is the European Union’s attitude towards immigration. It is argued that the redistribution of migrants will be pointless unless other accompanying actions are taken simultaneously. The twin issues of the immigration crisis and the distribution of immigrants have revealed problems resulting from differences between the Member States in terms of their quality of life, including differences in wages and social benefits. This article posits that had the EU met the cohesion goal many economic and social problems, including migrants’ distribution, would not have arisen.
Źródło:
Yearbook of Polish European Studies; 2016, 19; 151-185
1428-1503
Pojawia się w:
Yearbook of Polish European Studies
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
INCOME TAX EXEMPTION AS A REGIONAL STATE AID IN SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES AND ITS IMPACT UPON DEVELOPMENT OF POLISH DISTRICTS
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/488881.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Instytut Badań Gospodarczych
Tematy:
regional state aid
special economic zones
regional development
public support
Opis:
Special Economic Zones (SEZs) were established to attract entrepreneurs to invest in Polish regions in order to increase their social and economic development. One of the most important incentives offered in SEZs is state aid in the form of an income tax exemption. The objective of this paper is to verify if the regional state aid granted to entrepreneurs in SEZs has had a positive impact on the social and economic development of Polish poviats. The conducted research allowed for the conclusion that regional state aid in SEZs in the form of an income tax exemption was of a relatively higher importance to the poorest regions, while its significance was much lower in better developed areas in Poland. Moreover the intensity of regional state aid granted to entrepreneurs in SEZs had a positive influence on the social and economic development of the poorest and sometimes less developed poviats in Poland, while the more developed poviats with SEZs did not record better or much better results compared to poviats without SEZs.
Źródło:
Oeconomia Copernicana; 2016, 7, 2; 245-267
2083-1277
Pojawia się w:
Oeconomia Copernicana
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Recent Changes and Developments in State Aid for Research, Development and Innovation in the European Union
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/557883.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Uniwersytet Warszawski. Centrum Europejskie
Tematy:
State Aid
R&D&I
Research
Development
Innovation
Public Intervention
Opis:
Competitiveness involves a variety of factors, however recently special attention has been paid to innovative solutions that have become crucial for the development of firms and economies. Due to the fact that there are many market failures identifi ed within research and development activities, many theorists, entrepreneurs and politicians accept granting R&D&I state aid to companies assuming that it should simultaneously contribute to the enhancement of innovation and, consequently, competitiveness of the EU economy. The paper is aimed at assessing the focus of state aid policy on research, development and innovation in the light of theory and practice (based on the recent experience). To this end we will analyse theoretical arguments for interventions supporting R&D activities, legal bases and criteria of admissibility for state aid for R&D&I, as well as, importance of R&D&I public aid in the EU Member States. The analysis of legal changes in conditions of admissibility of aid granted for research, development and innovation confirms that such aid belongs to the concept of improved economic competitiveness, also of the EU industry. However, like any government intervention, the aid should target only enterprises with real development potential and only when they are faced with market failures. As regards a position of state aid to R&D&I in public spending, remarkably, in the times of economic crisis more developed countries with higher GDP engaged more public budget resources into R&D&I activities.
Źródło:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs; 2016, 4; 73-94
1428-149X
2719-3780
Pojawia się w:
Studia Europejskie - Studies in European Affairs
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Koncepcja krajowej pomocy regionalnej w latach 2014-2020
The Scope and Concept of Regional Aid for 2014-2020
Autorzy:
Ambroziak, Adam
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/454518.pdf
Data publikacji:
2013
Wydawca:
Polski Instytut Ekonomiczny
Tematy:
polityka konkurencji
polityka pomocy publicznej
regionalna pomoc publiczna
rynek wewnętrzny UE
Competition Policy
State Aid Policy
Regional State Aid
EU Internal Market
Opis:
Konieczność unowocześnienia zasad udzielania pomocy publicznej wynika zarówno z nowych wieloletnich ram finansowych na lata 2014-2020, strategii „Europa 2020", doświadczeń w realizacji dotychczasowej perspektywy finansowej 2007-2013 oraz interwencji państw członkowskich w okresie kryzysu finansowego i gospodarczego. Głównym dokumentem stanowiącym podstawę do udzielania pomocy inwestycyjnej na poziomie regionów, jak i często określania dopuszczalności innych rodzajów pomocy są wytyczne w sprawie krajowej pomocy regionalnej na lata 2014-2020. W nowych wytycznych Komisja ograniczyła wielkość pomocy, wprowadzając zarówno wyłączenia sektorowe spod obowiązywania tego dokumentu, jak też i ograniczenia podmiotowe. Komisja wprowadziła również system oceny pomocy publicznej, uwzględniając takie kwestie jak: zawodność rynku, zachowanie proporcjonalności środka pomocowego, wpływ na wymianę między państwami członkowskimi oraz konkurencję na rynku wewnętrznym UE. Wydaje się, że Komisja chciała wprowadzić bardziej restrykcyjne przepisy w celu wyeliminowania pomocy publicznej zniekształcającej konkurencję, jednakże państwa członkowskie zmusiły ją do pewnego uelastycznienia zasad wspierania przedsiębiorców.
The need to modernise state aid rules results from the new multiannual financial framework 2014-2020, "Europe 2020" strategy, experience in implementation of the current financial perspective 2007-2013 and governmental interventions in Member States in the period of financial and economic crisis. The Regional Aid Guidelines 2014-2020 (RAG) determine the rules concerning investment aid in regions and the rules of admissibility of other types of state aid in the European Union. The European Commission limited the admissibility of state aid in regions: excluded some sectors from the RAG and included selected subjective restrictions in the RAG. The Commission also foresees implementation of the state aid evaluation system which covers issues concerning: market failure, proportionality of state aid, impact on the exchange among Member States and on the competition in the Internal Market. It seems that the Commission wanted to implement more restrictive rules in order to eliminate the state aid which could distort competition; however, Member States forced it to make more flexible principles of supporting entrepreneurs.
Źródło:
Unia Europejska.pl; 2013, 3; 16-25
2084-2694
Pojawia się w:
Unia Europejska.pl
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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