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Tytuł:
Forest functions and abiotic threats in private forests : conclusions from an empirical analysis of stakeholder opinions
Funkcje lasu i zagrożenia abiotyczne w lasach prywatnych: wnioski z empirycznej analizy opinii interesariuszy
Autorzy:
Wysocka-Fijorek, Emilia
Gołos, Piotr
Gil, Wojciech
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/2172308.pdf
Data publikacji:
2022
Wydawca:
Fundacja Ekonomistów Środowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych
Tematy:
public forest function
timber production
weather phenomena
abiotic damage
social research
stakeholder
funkcja lasu publicznego
produkcja drewna
zjawiska pogodowe
uszkodzenie abiotyczne
badanie społeczne
interesariusz
Opis:
The study aimed to recognise the preferences of various stakeholder groups representing three regions of Poland towards the most important forest ecosystem services and to determine the threats to performing these functions resulting from the occurrence of extreme weather phenomena. The study was based on surveys conducted in 2019 among various stakeholders in three regions of Poland. The respondents assigned a point weight value to each of the seven indicated forest functions and reported the occurrence of extreme weather events causing damage to forests owned or supervised by them. The survey results indicate that for all stakeholders, the most important function of the forest is timber production. However, respondents from the southern region paid more attention to water protection through forests than respondents from other regions.
Celem artykułu jest określenie preferencji różnych grup interesariuszy reprezentujących trzy regiony Polski wobec najważniejszych leśnych usług ekosystemowych oraz określenie zagrożeń dla pełnienia tych funkcji wynikających z występowania ekstremalnych zjawisk pogodowych. Opinie zostały zebrane w badaniach ankietowych przeprowadzonych w 2019 r. Respondenci przypisali wartość wagową każdej z siedmiu wymienionych funkcji lasu oraz zgłaszali występowanie ekstremalnych zjawisk pogodowych powodujących szkody w lasach będących ich własnością lub przez nich nadzorowanych. Wyniki oceny istotności funkcji wskazują, że dla przedstawicieli wszystkich grup interesariuszy najważniejszą funkcją lasu była produkcja drewna. Respondenci z regionu południowego przykładali większą wagę do ochrony wód przez lasy, niż respondenci z innych regionów.
Źródło:
Ekonomia i Środowisko; 2022, 3; 342--360
0867-8898
Pojawia się w:
Ekonomia i Środowisko
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagrożenia dla ekosystemu leśnego i odwiedzających obszary leśne w opinii turystów w Nadleśnictwie Krynki
Threats to the forest ecosystem and visitors in forest areas in the opinion of tourist in the Krynki Forest District
Autorzy:
Konieczny, A.A.
Gołos, P.
Sikora, A.T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/974060.pdf
Data publikacji:
2020
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lasy
leśnictwo
zagrożenia lasu
zagrożenia człowieka
turyści
opinia społeczna
ekosystemy leśne
Nadleśnictwo Krynki
quantitative survey of public opinion
threats to the forest ecosystem
threats to tourists
Opis:
The paper presents declarative opinions of 239 tourists who visited the area of the Krynki Forest District in July−September 2013. The opinions were collected in direct interviews using of a questionnaire. The analysis distinguished two groups of respondents: 135 people (56,5%) who visited the forest district for the first time, and 104 respondents (43,5%) for whom it was the subsequent visit. We analysed the opinion of tourists on such problems as: (1) anthropogenic threats to the forest ecosystem, (2) factors constituting a threat to visitors to forest areas, and (3) forms of recreation and rest that can be implemented in forest areas. To examine the significance of mean differences between analysed groups of respondents that differ in experience and hypothetical readiness to declare the amount of WTP> 0, the Mann−Whitney test was used. Respondents considered forest fires and garbage left in the forest as the greatest threat to forest ecosystems, while among factors threatening people resting in forest areas, respondents pointed to the natural factors such as vipers, ticks and mosquitoes. Respondents considered that admissible forms of recreation and rest in forest areas are sport and cross−country races, horse riding and cycling, while ones that pose a threat to forest ecosystems, e.g. organization of mass events or bonfires and family events with barbecue, should be prohibited. No impact on differences in the opinions declared by the respondents, their tourist experience or readiness to declare the amount of WTP was disclosed.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2020, 164, 01; 25-31
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Czy wprowadzanie w odnowieniach sadzonek z zakrytym systemem korzeniowym wszędzie znajduje uzasadnienie – punkt widzenia fitopatologa
Is the introduction of covered root seedlings in every renewal reasonable – phytopathological point of view
Autorzy:
Sierota, Z.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985743.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
odnowienia lasu
sadzonki z zakrytym systemem korzeniowym
stan zdrowotny
uprawy lesne
zagrozenia upraw
container cuttings
threats to the development of trees in cultures
Opis:
Seedlings produced with a covered root system were intended to be used in the afforestation of ‘difficult’ soils in post−agricultural lands, on post−fire areas, in wastelands, within zones of industrial damage or on mining heaps. It is assumed that the suitable substrate and properly grown seedling ensure a good start for a plant in a new, unfavorable environment. In many forest districts so−called ‘container nurseries’ were established and produced millions of seedlings with a covered root system, including seedlings equipped with mycorrhiza under them, controlled mycorrhization. In recent years, however, more and more often such seedlings are also introduced into forest soils during the renewal of logging or gaps. Phytopathology sees many weaknesses of such an approach. The article indicates potential and actual threats in the production cycle of planting material in containers and after planting trees in cultures.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 12; 989-996
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Lokalizacja kompleksów leśnych zagrożonych ze względu na sąsiedztwo różnych form zagospodarowania przestrzeni
Location of the forest complexes endangered by the vicinity to diverse form of land management
Autorzy:
Cieślak, I.
Szuniewicz, K.
Czyża, S.
Ogrodniczak, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985694.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
kompleksy lesne
lasy
zagrozenia lasu
analiza wielokryterialna
zagospodarowanie przestrzenne
obszary zagrozone
lokalizacja
pokrycie terenu
vicinity of forest areas
land cover
threats to forests
analytic hierarchy process
corine land cover
Opis:
The article presents a method of assessing the effect of vicinity on forest areas and provides a comprehensive procedure for distinguishing vicinities with a negative impact on forest areas. The study was carried out in four districts of Warmia and Mazury province (Pisz, Szczytno, Giżycko and Mrągowo). Diversification of land cover in the selected districts was identified using Corine Land Cover (CLC) databases for 2012. The authors used Analytic Hierarchy Process (a decision−making method) in order to assess significance of vicinity for a group of spatial forms. The main objective of this work was achieved by using OL indicator, which was developed by the authors as a measure of burden exerted on forest areas due to their vicinity. The indicator was determined for all forest areas under study. Based on the classification of the indicator, affected areas were isolated and the ones particularly exposed to negative vicinities were identified. The developed assessment procedure and method may become a useful tool in sustainable forest management. It allows to predict potential conflicts and threats to the natural environment and considerably improves the process of monitoring and protecting forest areas, which is especially important for environmental, social and economic reasons.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 04; 300-310
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Rozpad drzewostanów świerkowych w Beskidzie Żywieckim
Dieback of Norway spruce stands in the Beskid Zywiecki Mts.
Autorzy:
Dmyterko, E.
Bruchwald, A.
Mionskowski, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/979601.pdf
Data publikacji:
2019
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Beskid Zywiecki
drzewostany swierkowe
rozpad drzewostanow
swierk pospolity
Picea abies
struktura drzewostanu
struktura wiekowa
struktura gatunkowa
pozyskiwanie drewna
struktura pozyskania
zagrozenia lasu
wiatry
szkody od wiatru
forest dieback
picea abies
species structure
age structure
timber harvest
threat to forests by wind
Opis:
In the Beskid Żywiecki, the combination of abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors unfavourable for the growth of trees led to the dieback of spruce stands. The intensification of this process began after the hurricane in November 2004, followed by years of negative climatic water balance. The deterioration of tree growth conditions occurred after the drought in July 2006 and damage caused by the Kyril hurricane in January 2007. The weakened spruces were attacked by the bark beetles, the outbreak of which caused a massive dieback of spruce stands. In order to assess the volume of harvested timber in years 2004−2016, the volume of allowable cut (model volume) was calculated from the stand growth model for each forest district of Beskid Żywiecki. The comparison of the volume of harvested timber with the model volume allowed to determine the rate of dieback of spruce stands. The volume of harvested timber in 2007−2009 exceeded the model volume even 2.5 times. The cuts included mainly deadwood, wind−broken and wind−fallen trees, while the harvest of live trees was scarce. In the period 2010−2013, the harvested volume of live trees accounted for 50−70% of the model volume, the volume of deadwood in the same period was ca. 100% and additionally the volume of blown−down timber after the hurricane was 20−40% of the model volume, which taken together accounted approximately to 200% of the model volume. The execution of such harvesting operations, including silvicultural tasks, did not allow to carry out optimal forest management. The period 2010−2013 saw a downward trend. It was disrupted by the hurricane in December 2013, after which the volume of harvested timber, consisting mainly of wind−broken and wind−fallen trees, increased to 280% of the model volume. Again, the high volume of harvested timber was noted in 2016, (ca. 220% of the model volume). The process of damage to spruce stands in Beskid Żywiecki is likely to continue. A decline in its intensity may occur in the absence of old stands, which to a large extent already takes place in the forests of the Węgierska Górka Forest District. Currently, the most threatened by wind are forests in Ujsoły, Jeleśnia and Nowy Targ forest districts. The least threatened are forests in the Węgierska Górka. This forest district and in the future the remaining forest districts of Beskid Żywiecki, will face enormous challenges to obtain high yield and appropriate species composition.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2019, 163, 02; 130-140
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Charakterystyka popytu na rekreację konną w polskich lasach
Demand for the horse recreation in Polish forests
Autorzy:
Mazurek-Kusiak, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985883.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lasy
rekreacja konna
popyt
zagrozenia lasu
jezdzcy
swiadomosc ekologiczna
badania ankietowe
ecological awareness
forest
horse riding
recreation
Opis:
The aim of the research was to determine the frequency of horse recreation in the forests and the awareness of threats resulting from this kind of activity for the forest ecosystem. Horse recreational activities were analyzed in terms of gender, age, education, place of residence, and occupational status. The research used an original questionnaire and was conducted in 2016 among 1203 inhabitants of Poland, who were able to ride a horse. During the initial stage, a random selection was used using a layered sample. The population was divided taking into account their place of residence into rural, small towns up to 20 thousand, and cities over 20 thousand inhabitants. At the subsequent selection stage, the number of women and men was proportionally determined. These actions allowed to determine the sample size with the maximum error probability at 0.05. In the next stage, the non−random selection was used, consisting of responding to the respondent’s availability, up to a certain number of respondents in individual groups. Statistical comparisons were carried out using chi−square test. Forest areas are an important place for practicing recreation and horse tourism due to the large space, specific microclimate and a small number of acoustic stimuli, thus creating a friendly environment for the rider and horse. The frequency of horse riding in the forests depends on age and occupational status. The most frequent users of forest horse trails are students and pupils (9.94% of responses ‘very often’ and 12.50% ‘often’), young people up to 30 years old (8.20% of responses ‘very often’ and 12.48% ‘often’). It should be noted that these are people with high ecological awareness, who know the dangers to the forest resulting from the practice of horse riding (8.34%). On the other hand, the least ecological awareness is held by the unemployed (30.77%) and people practicing free profession (48.94%). In order to increase the ecological awareness among tourists and horse riders, it would be necessary to set along the trails signs with information about the risks that horses bring to the forest and how to behave on the designated paths and horse trails.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2018, 162, 09; 785-792
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Dynamika rozpadu drzewostanów świerkowych w Beskidzie Śląskim
Decline of Norway spruce stands in the Beskid Slaski Mts.
Autorzy:
Dmyterko, E.
Bruchwald, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/986624.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Beskid Slaski
drzewostany swierkowe
zamieranie drzew
swierk pospolity
Picea abies
rozpad drzewostanow
System Informatyczny Lasow Panstwowych
model wzrostu drzewostanu
rozmiar uzytkowania rebnego
zagrozenia lasu
szkody od wiatru
modele ryzyka uszkodzenia
Nadlesnictwo Wisla
Nadlesnictwo Wegierska Gorka
Nadlesnictwo Ustron
Nadlesnictwo Bielsko
forest decline
picea abies
stand growth model
harvest volume model
wind damage risk model
forest
threat measure
Opis:
The dynamics of decline of Norway spruce forests in the Beskid Śląski Mts. (S Poland) in a 2007−2016 period was analysed based on data from the State Forests Information System. For that purpose we used modified growth model and wind damage risk model. The harvested timber volume (salvage cuts) exceeded the allowable harvest modeled with the stand growth model by 270% in years 2007−2010 (earlier period) and by 89% in the 2011−2016 (later period) period. The highest volume exceed (503 and 307% for earlier and later period respectively) was recorded for the Wisła Forest District. For the deadwood, the harvested volume exceeded the modeled one by 45% (162 in earlier, and 59% in later period). In the Węgierska Górka Forest District the harvested volume amounted to 287% of the modeled one (438 in earlier, and 70% in later period). The largest amount of wind−broken and wind−fallen trees was found in Wisła. Their volume amounted to 48% of the modeled volume (59 in earlier, and 40% in later period). The highest exceed occurred in Węgierska Górka (89 and 70% in the later period respectively). The species composition in the analysed region changed significantly as the share of spruce decreased and share of beech and fir increased (tab. 1). Changes in the aeral fraction of stands in age classes in the Bielsko and Ustroń forest districts were insignificant (tab. 2). For Węgierska Górka, share of stands in age class <20 years increased from 11 to 40%, while the older stands fraction decreased. Major changes occurred in Węgierska Górka and Wisła as far as structure of the stands in the risk damage factor classes is concerned. Fraction for the risk factor classes I and II increased, while for class VI decreased (tab. 3, fig. 4). The highest dynamics of the wind threat measure was recorded especially in Węgierska Górka, where its value decreased from 42 in 2009 to 19 in 2016 (fig. 5). The biggest changes are likely to occur in Wisła in the next years due to the very high fraction of spruce. A significant damage caused by wind may also be expected in Ustroń, where the threat measure is high.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2018, 162, 03; 189-199
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Wpływ gradacji kornika drukarza na zagrożenie pożarowe Puszczy Białowieskiej
Influence of bark beetle infestation on the forest fire risk in the Bialowieza Forest
Autorzy:
Szczygieł, R.
Kwiatkowski, M.
Kołakowski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/985927.pdf
Data publikacji:
2018
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
Puszcza Bialowieska
zagrozenia lasu
zagrozenie pozarowe
drewno martwe
owady
kornik drukarz
Ips typographus
gradacja
Opis:
The Białowieża Forest, considered as the last primeval forest on the European Plain and in Poland mostly known as the oldest national park, in recent years has faced the bark beetle (Ips typographus) infestation located mostly in its managed part of three forest districts: Białowieża, Browsk and Hajnówka. Undertaken protection measures, mostly consisted of dead and infested trees removal, has induced the dispute regarding the question whether man should actively counteract the degradation of precious habitats or just passively observe the nature left alone. Even the European Court of Justice has stated that besides emergency situations and absolute necessity to ensure safety for citizens all trees removal must be suspended until the end of dispute. The succession of the bark beetle infestation is manifested by the increase of forest fire risk due to the large amount of dead wood (before the infestation it was around 24.9 m3/ha and in 2017 it increased up to 231.8 m3/ha). Due to the forest stands disintegration and canopy openness grass cover has spread over 10 000 ha – when dried it stimulates the origin and development of the fire. Before 2012, in the middle of which the infestation begun, the Białowieża Forest was protected by con− ventional forest fire protection system according to the actual forest fire risk degree. In the framework of the project ‘The development of the fire protection rules for the protected objects and the use of the prescribed burning as an active method of nature protection’ ordered by the General Directorate of the State Forests National Forest Holding, forest fire risk analysis was taken after the infestation of bark beetle. That was the base for the modification of forest fire protection system including current risk. The amount of the dead wood, its size and the decomposition stage as well as type of the soil cover were taken into consideration together with the data derived from dead wood inventory in years 2016−2017 (based on the 1400 sample plots, 400 m2 each), annual dead wood inventory conducted by forest districts and own research regarding fuel load (amount of the biomass according to the area unit).
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2018, 162, 11; 955-964
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Patogenne lęgniowce z rodzaju Phytophthora - nowe zagrożenie lasów w Europie
Pathogenic oomycetes of Phytophthora genus - a new threat to forests in Europe
Autorzy:
Ajchler, M.
Łobocka, M.
Oszako, T.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/986789.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
fitopatologia lesna
zagrozenia drzewostanow
czynniki chorobotworcze
legniowce
Oomycetes
Phytophthora
fytoftoroza
identyfikacja
epidemiologia
Phytophthora alni
Phytophthora cactorum
Phytophthora cambivora
Phytophthora cinnamomi
Phytophthora citrophthora
Phytophthora quercina
Phytophthora plurivora
Phytophthora ramorum
ochrona lasu
zwalczanie chorob roslin
oomycetes
phytophthora
molecular typing
plant pathogens
biocontrol
Opis:
Pathogenic oomycetes represented mainly by the species of Phytophthora genus are among the most dangerous plant pathogens. They pose a serious threat for agricultural as well as wild plants, and are involved in forest decline worldwide. Over 140 pathogenic Phytophthora species have been identified so far. The common infection symptoms include rotting of below− and above− ground parts of plants, causing weakness and slow decline of infected trees. The economic losses caused by certain Phytophthora species may rich even 100%. Globalization and border opening have facilitated the transport of plant material between countries and continents, thus increased the risk of transfer of various Phytophthora genus representatives to new geographical locations. Global warming (e.g. mild winters) have facilitated the expansion of species from southern to northern Europe. Among Polish Phytophthora isolates are species that have previously been known only in nurseries (e.g. P. cactorum), but nowadays they are also isolated from forests (e.g. oak stand in the Krotoszyn Plateau). It suggests the pathway from nurseries to stands with plant for plantings and attached soil. There are also new species, that have not been isolated so far in the world (P. polonica) or found far away from Poland (P. fragaliaefolia in Japan on strawberry). The possible natural pathways are birds and water courses. In Mazowsze and Wielkopolska regions (C and W Poland) the polyphagous P. cinnamomi was found on pedunculate oaks (Quercus robur). This species causes significant damage to red oak forest in France, but also threats Jarrah forests in the Australian ecosystem (it attacks ca. 1000 species of plants). Fortunately, in addition to time consuming and laborious classic methods of Phytophthora identification, based on morphology and physiological properties, molecular methods that are based on immunological tests and chromosomal or mito− chondrial DNA markers identification have come into common use. Despite morphological similarity to true fungi, oomycetes are more closely related to diatoms and brown algae, and have several structural features that differentiate them from fungi, including the cell wall composed of cellulose instead of chitin. That is one of the reasons that fungicides have a limited use in the fight with Phytophthora infections. Additionally, type of ecological niches that are settled by pathogenic oomycetes (root remnants in soil, watercourses) hinders the chemical combating. Biocontrol, i.e. the use of interspecies interactions between microorganisms (bacteria, fungi) to limit the growth and development of pathogens, seems to be a reasonable alternative.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2017, 161, 10; 870-880
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Potencjalne i realne zagrożenia dla środowiska leśnego wynikające z organizacji zawodów w biegu na orientację
The potential and real threats to the forest environment resulting from organization the foot-orienteering events
Autorzy:
Cych, P.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/881792.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny. Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej w Rogowie
Tematy:
lasy
zagrozenia lasu
zawody sportowe
bieg na orientacje
organizacja zawodow sportowych
oddzialywanie na srodowisko
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej; 2017, 19, 1[50]
1509-1414
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Ustalanie zagrożenia pożarowego lasu na poligonach wojskowych
Determining the Forest Fire Risk in Military Training Areas
Autorzy:
Szczygieł, R.
Kwiatkowski, M.
Kołakowski, B.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/373660.pdf
Data publikacji:
2017
Wydawca:
Centrum Naukowo-Badawcze Ochrony Przeciwpożarowej im. Józefa Tuliszkowskiego
Tematy:
zagrożenie pożarowe lasu
poligony wojskowe
metoda ustalania zagrożenia
forest fire risk
military training areas
forest fire risk determination method
Opis:
Cel: Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie problematyki oceny ryzyka pożarowego na poligonach oraz zaprezentowanie nowej metody alarmowego oznaczania stopnia zagrożenia pożarowego lasu (SZPL). Wprowadzenie: Poligony wojskowe zajmują blisko 167 000 ha lasu charakteryzującego się dużym zagrożeniem pożarowym z powodu stosowanych tam środków zapalających. W latach 2008–2015 na tych terenach doszło do 475 pożarów na powierzchni 2500 ha. Rodzaj prowadzonych szkoleń i użytej amunicji bojowej zależy od stopnia zagrożenia pożarowego lasu. Stopień ten był oznaczany według metody Instytutu Badawczego Leśnictwa (IBL), stosowanej w Lasach Państwowych (LP). Terminy jego ustalania oraz wielkość stref prognostycznych, szczególnie w przypadku zmiennych warunków pogodowych, powodowały rozbieżności w rzeczywistej ocenie zagrożenia pożarowego lasu na poligonach, co rzutowało na możliwość przeprowadzenia ćwiczeń. Metodologia: Na wstępie przeanalizowano podstawy formalno-prawne prowadzenia ćwiczeń wojskowych oraz dokonano analizy zagrożenia pożarowego poligonów. Przy rozpatrywaniu możliwości opracowania metody alarmowego ustalania stopnia zagrożenia pożarowego lasu na potrzeby wojska uwzględniono istniejące i sprawdzone krajowe metody określania zagrożenia. Przyjęto, że metoda powinna: być prosta w stosowaniu, być kompatybilna z systemem prognozowania zagrożenia pożarowego funkcjonującym w Lasach Państwowych i trafnie ustalać zagrożenie na poligonie na dowolną godzinę. Na końcu opracowaną metodę zweryfikowano(porównując ją z dotychczas stosowaną metodą IBL) na podstawie danych archiwalnych oraz dzięki pilotażowemu jej wdrożeniu w 2015 r. w trakcie ćwiczeń Noble Jump na poligonie w Żaganiu. Wnioski: Opracowana metoda alarmowego ustalania stopnia zagrożenia pożarowego lasu na potrzeby wojska pozwala określić ten stopień na dowolną porę doby z inicjatywy użytkownika poligonu. Trafniej niż pozostałe metody odzwierciedla rzeczywiste zagrożenie, co umożliwia efektywniejsze i tańsze szkolenie wojsk własnych i sojuszniczych. Dzięki racjonalnemu dostosowaniu rodzaju ćwiczeń do występującego miejscowego zagrożenia pożarowego na poligonie pozwala lepiej zadbać o bezpieczeństwo i ochronę środowiska. Metoda została zastosowana na 11 poligonach i ujęta w znowelizowanym Porozumieniu Ministra Obrony Narodowej i Ministra Środowiska oraz praktycznie wykorzystana w 2016 r. w trakcie manewrów wojsk NATO pod kryptonimem Anakonda.
Aim: The aim of this paper is to discuss the issue of forest fire risk determination method for military purposes and to present a new emergency forest fire risk projection method. Introduction: Military areas cover about 167,000 hectares of forest with a high forest fire risk due to the different types of incendiaries in use. A total of 475 fires broke out in the military training areas in 2008-2015, covering an aggregate area of 2,500 ha. The type of conducted training and ammunition used for shooting and bombing depends on the forest fire risk level. The hours at which these levels were determined and the size of the prognostic zones (especially under variable weather conditions) created discrepancies between the forecasted and the actual fire risk levels, thus potentially putting constraints on the types of training which could be conducted. Methodology: At the introductory stage of the work, the procedural requirements for the military training were analysed and the forest fire risk in the military training areas was scrutinised. First, the existing and proven Polish methods for forest fire risk determination for military purposes were examined when considering the development of a new method. It was assumed that the method should be easy to apply, compatible with the forest fire risk projection system in place in State Forests, and suitable for accurately determining the fire risk at any hour of the day. At the last stage, the method was verified (by comparison with the FRI (Forest Research Institute method) using archival data and a pilot project implemented in 2015 during the NOBLE JUMP exercise in the Żagań military training area. Conclusions: The newly developed forest fire risk level determination method for military purposes can be used to determine the risk level at any hour of night or day on request by the military training area user. It is more accurate in reflecting the actual risk and thus can make the training of both the Polish and allied militaries more effective and less expensive. Moreover, as the method can be used to make rational choices as to the type of exercises to be conducted based on the local fire risk within the military training area, it benefits environmental safety and protection as well. The method was applied in 11 military training areas and included in the amended Agreement between the Minister of National Defence and the Minister of the Environment, and also applied in 2016 during NATO manoeuvres, codename Anaconda.
Źródło:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza; 2017, 45, 1; 26-37
1895-8443
Pojawia się w:
Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
W poszukiwaniu perspektywicznej koncepcji ochrony lasu
The search of perspective concept of forest protection
Autorzy:
Szabla, K.
Szujecki, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/880863.pdf
Data publikacji:
2016
Wydawca:
Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie. Leśny Zakład Doświadczalny. Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej w Rogowie
Tematy:
lesnictwo
ochrona lasu
zagrozenia drzewostanow
ochrona ekosystemow
hylosozologia
gospodarka lesna
lesnictwo wielofunkcyjne
zmiany klimatyczne
zmiany globalne
Opis:
Ochrona lasu już w swej pierwotnej formie dostrzegała powiązania stanu zagrożenia drzewostanu ze stanem środowiska leśnego. Nie znalazła jednak koncepcji uporządkowania metodologicznego tej dyscypliny zgodnie z jej proekologiczną perspektywą. Zasadniczy wpływ na kształt ochrony lasu miała przez dziesiątki lat schwerdfegerowska idea nawiązywania metodologii ochrony lasu do metodologii nauk medycznych, co w Polsce rozwinął Witold Koehler wprowadzając do przestrzeni intelektualnej koncepcję hylopatologii. Następnie dyskutowano nad ochroną lasu jako ochroną ekosystemów leśnych lub hylosozologią wykorzystującą możliwości inżynierii ekologicznej. Były to próby twórcze, ale nie zakończone powszechną akceptacją. Tymczasem zmiana charakteru gospodarki leśnej na proekologiczną i wielofunkcyjną i silne zmiany w środowisku globalnym wykazały niedostatki dotychczasowej klasyfi kacji celów ochrony lasu, możliwości ich osiągania zarówno w zakresie nauki jak i działań praktycznych. Istnieje więc uzasadnienie, by do tej tematyki powrócić poddając ją osądowi zawodowemu jak i z punktu widzenia metodologii naukowej.
The search of perspective concept of forest protection. The forest protection just in it’s primeval form notices the link between treats to a forest stands and the state of forest ecosystem. But it has not found a methodological way to order this branch according to ecological perspective yet. The Schwerdfeger idea of forest protection methodology referring to a medical science methodology has signifi cant impact on the forest protection consistence for many decades. This idea was developed in Poland by Witold Koehler who introduced it into intellectual sphere of the hylopathology. Than the forest protection was discussed as a forest ecosystem protection or hylosozology using a potential of the ecological engineering. Those were fruitful approaches but not universally accepted. Meantime the character changes of a forest economy to an ecological and sustainable direction and signifi cant changes in a global environment have demonstrated the imperfection of up to now forest protection tasks classifi cation and the possibility to gain them from the scientific as well as practical point of view. Therefore there is a reason to come back to this issues taking under the consideration professional as well as scientific methodology.
Źródło:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej; 2016, 18, 1[46]
1509-1414
Pojawia się w:
Studia i Materiały Centrum Edukacji Przyrodniczo-Leśnej
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Leśny efekt domina
Autorzy:
Bogdziewicz, M.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/855378.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Przyrodników im. Kopernika
Tematy:
ekologia lasu
ekosystemy lesne
drzewa lesne
nasiona
lata nasienne
dostepnosc pokarmu
lancuchy troficzne
gryzonie
wzrost liczebnosci
drapiezniki
lasy
zagrozenia zdrowia
borelioza
Źródło:
Wszechświat; 2015, 116, 04-06
0043-9592
Pojawia się w:
Wszechświat
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Urządzanie i monitoring lasu a ustalanie stref uszkodzenia lasu i stopni uszkodzenia drzewostanów
Forest management and monitoring versus establishment of forest damage zones and degrees of stand damage
Autorzy:
Gołojuch, P.
Beker, C.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989694.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
lasy
monitoring
uszkodzenia drzewostanow
strefy uszkodzen lasu
stopien uszkodzenia
zagrozenia lasu
forest damage
management
Opis:
In years 1970−2002, in Poland forest damage zones were distinguished within the framework of forest management works. Since 2003 degrees of stand damage have been determined. This study presents basic characteristics of the methods employed for these purposes concerning the necessity to elaborate a new method of determination of degrees of stand damage. The establishment of forest damage zones and degrees of stand damage cannot be treated as one of the forms of monitoring because in order to determine their range, no observations on the permanent plots and – within their confines – on the same sample trees were and are carried out. Over the time, evaluation criteria or/and ways of establishment of the extent of damages have been undergoing considerable and significant methodological changes and modifications. In terms of dynamically altering quantitative and qualitative impact of different factors affecting forest environment, 10 years period of observation repeatability is far too long to use this information as an indicator of occurring changes. In practice, it was and it still is impossible to determine objectively trends and directions of changes taking place in a given object, which is one of the objectives of forest monitoring. The concept of damage zone should be understood not only as an area of grouping the stands of the same or similar damage, but, equally importantly, as those which happen to be under the influence of the same factor exerting its influence at the same level. Therefore, when determining the range of zones, the following three actions should be taken into consideration simultaneously: complex crown evaluation, dendrometric measurements and monitoring of the effect of the causative agent. In order to trace the trends of the changes on the study plots, the same sample trees must be subjected to evaluations and measurements. From the point of view of the time perspective, examinations should be carried out every 5 years (assessment of the crown condition and dendrometric measurements) or on a continuous basis (monitoring of the effect of the causative agent) irrespective of the forest taxation. It is also advisable to consider possible use of contemporary remote sensing techniques to determine the range of zones and degrees of damage, which preliminary can be used to establish the range, intensity and kind of the damages.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2015, 159, 01; 13-21
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
Tytuł:
Zagrożenie lasów Polski na podstawie modelu ryzyka uszkodzenia drzewostanu przez wiatr
Risk of the wind damage to the forests in Poland on the basis of a stand damage risk model
Autorzy:
Dmyterko, E.
Mionskowski, M.
Bruchwald, A.
Powiązania:
https://bibliotekanauki.pl/articles/989828.pdf
Data publikacji:
2015
Wydawca:
Polskie Towarzystwo Leśne
Tematy:
lesnictwo
zagrozenia lasu
wiatry
huragany
uszkodzenia drzewostanow
modele ryzyka uszkodzenia
Polska
wind damage
stand damage risk model
poland
Opis:
On the basis of the wind damage risk model for forests using the data of the State Forests Information System, the stand damage risk factor Wr for each of the 430 forest districts in Poland and the threat measure Ms for a given forest district were determined. The measure of threat to forest Ms for a forest district is a methodical basis for assessing the potential damage to forests in Poland. Its value ranges from 8.1% for the Brzózka Forest District to 48.9% for the Ujsoły Forest District (fig. 1), giving the average value of 24.6% and standard deviation of 7.03%. The measure Ms was the basis for differentiating the levels of threat of wind damage to forest for forest districts. Level 1 (Ms≤10%) indicates low threat, level 2 (10%40%) – very high threat. Low threat to forests was found only in two forest districts located in the western part of the country. 113 forest districts, which form large concentrations particularly in western and central Poland, are exposed to an elevated threat. Most forest districts (233) are classified to a group of moderate threat. They are located across the country and are mostly concentrated in the northern and southern regions of Poland. 71 forest districts exposed to high threat are concentrated in the south of Poland in the Carpathians and the Sudetes, with scattered presence in the north of the country. Most of the 11 forest districts with a very high threat to forests are located in the mountains (tab., fig. 1). For the forest districts with a particularly high and very high threat, new silvicultural procedures and the basis for decision making in the field of forest management should be developed to reduce the risk of damage to forest.
Źródło:
Sylwan; 2015, 159, 05; 361-371
0039-7660
Pojawia się w:
Sylwan
Dostawca treści:
Biblioteka Nauki
Artykuł
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